Pinus massoniana

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Pinus massoniana
Pinus massoniana 2.jpg

Pinus massoniana

Systematics
Class : Coniferopsida
Order : Conifers (Coniferales)
Family : Pine family (Pinaceae)
Subfamily : Pinoideae
Genre : Pine ( Pinus )
Type : Pinus massoniana
Scientific name
Pinus massoniana
Lamb.

Pinus massoniana is an evergreen conifer from the genus of the pines ( Pinus ) with 12 to 20 centimeter long needles and 3 to 9 centimeter long seed cones. The distribution area is in the center and southeast of China in the warm-temperate climate and extends up to 2000 meters above sea level. Adistinction is made betweentwo to three varieties . The species is one of the economically most important conifers in China, the wood is used in a wide variety of ways, and rosin is madefrom the resin.

description

Habitus

Pinus massoniana grows as an evergreen tree up to 45 meters high with a straight trunk and a trunk diameter of up to 150 centimeters. In older trees, the trunk bark turns gray-brown to red-brown, thick, rough, scaly with long vertical cracks. The cracks are up to 4 inches deep and 3 to 4 inches wide. The plates are flat and 3 to 5 inches wide. The bark in the upper area up to the crown is reddish brown, thin and flakes off. Cork pores are only indistinctly developed. The first-order branches are horizontal or upright and shorten over time. Higher-order branches are more or less pendulous and form a rounded or dome-shaped crown. The needled branches are thin and rough after the needles have been dropped by Pulvini . Young shoots are yellowish brown, sometimes overlaid with bluish tones ( glauk ) and have two growth cycles per year. In the second and third years, they turn light brown in color.

Buds and needles

Branches with needles and seed cones

The winter buds are brown, small, ovate-cylindrical to cylindrical and pointed. Terminal buds reach a length of 10 millimeters and are resin-free. The bud scales are brown. The needles usually grow in pairs, rarely in threes, in a permanent, 15 to 20 millimeter long, basal needle sheath. The needles are light green, straight or slightly curved, thin, flexible, slightly twisted, 12 to 20 centimeters long and about 1 millimeter thick. Its cross-section is semicircular, the edge of the needle finely sawn. Four to eight external resin channels and two vascular bundles are formed for each needle . There are fine stomata lines on all needle sides .

Cones and seeds

illustration

The pollen cones grow spirally in groups near the base of young shoots. They are short-cylindrical and yellow to orange-brown. The seed cones are pendulous and usually grow individually on short stems. They are initially green, chestnut brown when ripe, 3 to 9 centimeters long, closed narrowly ovoid and open symmetrical or almost symmetrical, ovoid with diameters of 2.5 to 5 centimeters. They fall from the tree soon after the seeds are released. The seed scales are thin, woody, stiff, elongated to ovoid-elongated and do not open wide. The apophysis is flat or slightly raised, with a more or less rhombic circumference, keeled transversely and, when ripe, maroon. The umbo is flat or slightly recessed and blunt or short spiky towards the end. The seeds are obovate, 4 to 8 millimeters long and dark brown. The seed wing is 12 to 21 millimeters long, 5 to 7 millimeters wide and persistent. Pollination takes place in April and May, the seeds ripen in the second year from October to December.

Young plants form five to eight cotyledons that are 1.5 to 3.6 centimeters long.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.

Distribution, ecology and endangerment

The natural range of Pinus massoniana is in the center and southeast of China in the provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hainan , in the west of Henan , in Hubei and Hunan , in the south of Jiangsu , in Jiangxi , in the southeast of Shaanxi , in Sichuan , east of Yunnan , in Zhejiang and on Taiwan . The species prefers sunny and well-watered locations and avoids shady locations. Pinus massoniana grows both in the lowlands and in the mountains up to heights of 2000 meters in different climatic zones, for example in moist river valleys in the lowlands to the dry plateaus in the interior of China. In general, they can be assigned to a warm, temperate climate. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 7 with mean annual minimum temperatures of −17.7 to −12.3 ° C (0 to 10 ° F). In several areas without much agriculture there are extensive stocks, for example in hilly and rocky areas and on nutrient-poor, acidic soils on mountain slopes and ridges. However, they are not found on limestone . It often grows together with deciduous trees such as representatives of the genus Lithocarpus and the oaks ( Quercus ) and with conifers such as Keteleeria davidiana and Cunninghamia lanceolata . Pinus massoniana is a pioneer species that repopulates abandoned fields and clearings early on.

In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus massoniana be deemed not at risk ( "Lower Risk / least concern"). However, it should be noted that a reassessment is pending.

Systematics and research history

Pinus massoniana is a species from the genus of the pines ( Pinus ), in which it is assigned to the subgenus Pinus , section Pinus and subsection Pinus . It was first scientifically described in 1803 by Aylmer Bourke Lambert in Description of the genus Pinus: illustrated with figures, directions relative to the cultivation, and remarks on the uses of the several species . The generic name Pinus was already used by the Romans for several types of pine. The specific epithet massoniana is reminiscent of the botanist Francis Masson (1741–1805), who probably never was in China, but became known for his plant collections on the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa in the 1770s.

There are two or three varieties :

  • Pinus massoniana var. Massoniana : the bark of the trunk base is gray-brown, irregularly scaly and flaky. The first-order branches are horizontal or ascending. The needles are thin, 12 to 20 centimeters long, and flexible. The seed cones are open ovate to conical-ovoid, 4 to 7 inches long with a diameter of 2.5 to 4 centimeters. The distribution area is in the plains, hills and mountains from sea level to 2000 meters. Synonyms of the variety are Pinus argyi Lemée & H.Lév. , Pinus canaliculata Miq. , Pinus cavaleriei Lemée & H.Lév. , Pinus crassicorticea Y.C.Zhong & KXHuang , Pinus nepalensis J.Forbes and Pinus sinensis D.Don .
  • Pinus massoniana var. Hainanensis W.C.Cheng & LKFu : The bark of the stem base is reddish brown and flaking. The needles are thin, 12 to 20 centimeters long, and flexible. The seed cones are open ovate-cylindrical, 4 to 7 centimeters long with a diameter of 2.5 to 5 centimeters. The distribution area is in the hilly landscape in the west of the island of Hainan in two disjoint areas in the Yajia area. The trees grow individually or in small groups on the edge of montane tropical rainforests and mountain forests. There, the species is considered critically endangered, as it occurs in only a limited area that is threatened by deforestation. The variety was first scientifically described in 1975.
  • Pinus massoniana var. Shaxianensis D.X.Zhou : The trunk is straight and the bark is red-brown and flaky. The winter buds are red-brown and lightly coated with wax. The seed cones are egg-shaped-ellipsoid, 5 to 9 centimeters long with a diameter of 2 to 3 centimeters. The seed scales are obovate to wedge-shaped. The apophysis is slightly raised, the umbo reinforced. The seeds are black-brown, almost obovate and about 9 millimeters long. The seed wing is 2.5 to 3 inches long. The distribution area is in Sha County in Fujian Province. The variety was first scientifically described in 1991. Aljos Farjon does not recognize this variety and assigns it to the variety massoniana .

use

tree

Pinus massoniana is one of the economically most important conifers in China. The wood is of high quality, with sapwood and heartwood being different. The heartwood is yellow-brown with large vessels and a lower density of 390 to 490 kilograms per cubic meter. Freshly cut sapwood is pale yellowish white to pale orange-red, the rays of the wood are inconspicuous. The wood contains 62 percent cellulose , which makes it suitable for further processing into paper and fibers. The species grows rapidly and is often cultivated in forest plantations. The wood from natural stocks is used as construction timber , for railway sleepers, as plywood , as packaging material, for the manufacture of furniture, as veneer and for the manufacture of musical instruments. The wood from the plantations is mostly processed into pulp , and resin and other products are also extracted from the trees. China is the world's largest producer of rosin , the majority of which is obtained from Pinus massoniana . The species covers 95% of the demand for resin in China and employs around 200,000 workers (as of 2003). Are from the bark tannins obtained from the needles oils are made on the needles edible mushrooms are grown and all parts are used in traditional Chinese medicine. It is used for reforestation in southern China. The species is rarely cultivated outside of China, but there are plantings in some Vietnamese provinces.

swell

literature

  • Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 706-707 .
  • Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 14-15 (English).
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 706.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Christopher J. Earle: Pinus massoniana. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 23, 2012, accessed March 9, 2013 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus massoniana , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 14.
  4. ↑ Illustration by Aylmer Bourke Lambert from Aylmer Bourke Lambert: Description of the Genus Pinus, with directions relative to the cultivation, remarks on the uses of the several species and descriptions of many other new species of the Family of Coniferae , 1832, online
  5. ^ Tropicos. [1]
  6. ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, pp. 706-707.
  7. ↑ Pinus massoniana in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Accessed March 10, 2013.
  8. ↑ Pinus massoniana. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, accessed March 10, 2013 .
  9. ↑ To be precise: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. P. 487.
  10. ↑ a b c d e Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 707.
  11. ^ Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus massoniana var. Massoniana , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 14.
  12. ↑ Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus massoniana var.hainanensis , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 15.
  13. ↑ Pinus massoniana . Var hainanensis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Accessed March 10, 2013.
  14. ↑ Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus massoniana var.shaxianensis , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 15.

Web links

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