Pyotr Kuzmich Anochin

Pyotr Kuzmich Anokhin ( Russian Пётр Кузьмич Анохин ; born January 14 ^{. Jul} / 26. January  1898 ^greg. In Tsaritsyn , † 5. March 1974 in Moscow ) was a Russian neurophysiologist and university teachers .

Life

Anochin came from a working-class family. In 1913 he left school and worked as a clerk on the railroad to support the family. He then passed the examination for entry into the post - telegraph service. In addition, he passed the final exam of the six-class secondary school as an external student. In autumn 1915 he began studying at the agricultural school in Novocherkassk . After the October Revolution he took part in the Russian Civil War. During the first years of Soviet rule he was press commissioner and chief editor of the Red Don newspaper in Novocherkassk.

At a chance meeting with Anatoly Wassiljewitsch Lunacharsky , who was traveling to the southern front for agitation , Anochin expressed his desire to understand human thinking and the processes in the brain . In autumn 1921 Anochin was sent to Petrograd to study at the State Institute for Medical Sciences (GIMS, now St. Petersburg State Medical Mechnikov Academy ) with Vladimir Mikhailovich Bechterew . During the first course, Anochin wrote his first scientific work on the effect of the major and minor chords in the cerebral cortex . He heard the lectures of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov in the Military Medical Academy and began to work in his laboratory 1,922th

After completing his studies at GIMS in 1926, Anochin became senior assistant at the Department of Physiology at the Leningrad Institute of Veterinary Medicine and in 1928 a lecturer . He also worked in Pavlov's laboratory. At the Department of Physiology, he studied the blood circulation in the brain and the effect of acetylcholine on the function of the salivary gland . He received his doctorate in medical sciences .

In 1930, on Pavlov's recommendation, Anochin was appointed to the Chair of Physiology at the Medical Faculty of Nizhny Novgorod University (NNGU). When the medical faculty of the NNGU became the independent medical institute, Anochin continued to head the chair for physiology and at the same time the chair for physiology of the biological faculty of the NNGU. He developed novel methods for studying the conditioned reflexes . In 1935 he published his fundamentally new concept of feedback .

In 1935, Anochin set up the Neurophysiology Department at the All Union Institute for Experimental Medicine (WIEM) in Moscow with some of the staff there and carried out investigations in cooperation with the Department of Micromorphology, headed by BI Lavrentiev, and the Department of Neurology , headed by Mikhail Krol . From 1938 onwards, at the invitation of Nikolai Nilowitsch Burdenko , he also headed the Department of Psychoneurology of the Central Neurosurgical Institute , where he dealt with the theory of scarring of nerve tissue . He referred to the work of Alexander Wassiljewitsch Vishnevsky on the novocaine blockade . He developed the theory of functional systems . He made important contributions to psychophysiology and cybernetics .

After the start of the German-Soviet War , Anochin was evacuated with the WIEM to Tomsk , where he headed the Department of Neurosurgery of Injuries to the Peripheral Nervous System . In 1942 he returned to Moscow and became head of the physiological laboratory of the Institute of Neurosurgery. He was appointed professor at the Department of Physiology at Moscow University. Shortly before the establishment of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (AMN-SSSR, now Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMN)) in 1944, on the basis of the Department of Neurophysiology and the Laboratory of the WIEM, the Institute of Physiology was established, in which Akhinov headed the Department of Physiology of the Nervous System. In 1945 he was elected a real member of the AMN-SSSR.

At the conference on problems of Pavlov's doctrine in the fall of 1950, the research results of Leon Abgarowitsch Orbelis , Iwan Solomonowitsch Beritaschwilis , Alexei Dmitrijewitsch Speranski and others were criticized. Anochin's theory of functional systems was sharply rejected. Anochin was then released from the Institute of Physiology and sent to Ryazan , where he worked as a professor at the Department of Physiology at the Medical Institute until 1952.

In 1953 Anochin became head of the Department of Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous System at the Central Institute for Advanced Medical Education in Moscow. In 1955 he became professor of the chair of normal physiology at the 1st Moscow Medical Setschenow Institute (now Setschenow University). In 1966 he was elected a Real Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (AN-SSSR).

Anochin was married to the physician Anastassia Petrovna Anochina (1902-1993). Her daughter Irina Petrovna Anochina became a specialist in addiction medicine . The grandson Konstantin Vladimirovich Anochin became a neurobiologist .

Anochin was buried in Moscow's Novodevichy Cemetery. The Research Institute for Normal Physiology of the ANM-SSSR or RAMN, founded in 1974, bears Anochin's name.

Honors, prizes

• Order of Lenin (1966)
• Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1966)
• Pavlov Gold Medal of the AN-SSSR (1967)
• Lenin Prize (1972)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Loren Graham : П. К. Анохин . In: Естествознание, философия и науки о человеческом поведении в Советском Союзе . ( Гл. V [accessed September 10, 2018]).
2. ↑ ^{a b c} В.А.Макаров: Петр Кузьмич Анохин: Жизнь и научная деятельность . In: Вестник Новгородского государственного университета . No. 8 , 1998 ( novsu.ac.ru [accessed September 10, 2018]).
3. ↑ Большая российская энциклопедия: АНО́ХИН Пётр Кузьмич (accessed September 10, 2018).
4. ↑ Анохин П.К .: Проблема центра и периферии в современной физиологии нервной деятельности . In: Проблема центра и периферии в нервной деятельности . 1935, p. 9-70 .
5. ↑ Anokhin, PK: Systemogenesis as a General Regulator of Brain Development . In: Progress in Brain Research . tape 9 , 1963, pp. 54-86 .
6. ↑ Александров В. Я .: Трудные годы советской биологии: Записки современника . Nauka , St. Petersburg 1993 ( Гл. 1 [accessed September 10, 2018]).
7. ↑ М. А. Аршавский: О СЕССИИ "ДВУХ АКАДЕМИЙ" (accessed September 10, 2018).