Ring-necked Parakeet

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Ring-necked Parakeet
Perruche à collier (Psittacula krameri) .jpg

Ring-necked Parakeet ( Psittacula krameri )

Systematics
Order : Parrots (Psittaciformes)
Superfamily : Real parrots (Psittacoidea)
Family : True parrots (Psittacidae)
Subfamily : Eclectic parrots (Psittaculinae)
Genre : Noble Parakeets ( Psittacula )
Type : Ring-necked Parakeet
Scientific name
Psittacula krameri
( Scopoli , 1769)

The ring-necked parakeet ( Psittacula krameri ), also called the little Alexander parakeet , is the most widespread parrot species . It comes both in Africa south of the Sahara and in Asia , starting with Pakistan and India,. As a neozoon , he lives in Europe and North America, among others .

Subspecies

Ring-necked Parakeet ( Psittacula krameri manillensis ) in India

There are four generally recognized subspecies :

  • African ring-necked parakeet ( Psittacula krameri krameri ( Scopoli , 1769))
  • Neumann's ring-necked parakeet ( Psittacula krameri borealis ( Neumann , 1915))
  • Indian ring-necked parakeet ( Psittacula krameri manillensis ( Bechstein , 1800))
  • Abyssinian ring-necked parakeet ( Psittacula krameri parvirostris ( Souancé , 1856))

In addition, there are domesticated and neozoa forms that are a mixture of several subspecies, especially Psittacula krameri borealis , Psittacula krameri manillensis and Psittacula krameri krameri . According to genetic analyzes, the neozoa in Europe come from populations of origin in northern India.

The species name "krameri" is based on the first Latin description by the German-Austrian ornithologist Wilhelm Heinrich Kramer (1724–1765), who did not, however, provide a valid Latinized species name. Scopoli took over the description and generated a valid name. Kramer described a green parrot with a black beak that lived in the imperial menagerie. Since there is no type specimen, the interpretation here is very open. Later designations were discarded.

In rare cases there are hybrids with the Alexander Parakeet , also known as the Greater Alexander Parakeet.

Appearance

The ring-necked parakeet is predominantly green, yellow-green on the head, on the belly and under the wings, the neck and back of adult males show a more or less pronounced bluish tinge depending on the subspecies. The adult males also have a characteristic "collar" that begins as a black stripe under the chin and changes into a pink neckband.

Ring-necked parakeets have a dark red to coral red upper bill and a red to blackish lower bill, depending on the subspecies. The tail feathers are dark green on top, the middle blue-green, the small yellowish. The long tail feathers are yellow at the tip. Also striking is the orange-red lid ring, which surrounds the eye with a red-lined, light wax skin and a bluish iris. The waxy skin and iris of fledglings are dark. Young animals resemble females in plumage (except for hidden features). The total length of the tailed bird is about 40-43 cm, with the tail being slightly more than the length of the body.

Original spread

Natural range

Ring-necked parakeets come in four subspecies. The natural range of the African subspecies Psittacula krameri krameri extends in Africa from Senegal and Guinea in a wide band through the Sahel to South Sudan , where the range of the second African subspecies, P. k. parvirostris , through Ethiopia to Djibouti and Somalia . The subspecies P. k live in Asia . borealis and P. k. manillensis in an area that includes the entire Indian subcontinent as well as Pakistan , Bangladesh , Myanmar and Sri Lanka .

Neozoon

Ring-necked parakeet chirping in Cologne
Ring-necked Parakeet in Heidelberg
Biting horse chestnuts ensures a closed crown

As a new citizen ( neozoon ) who was able to build up stocks of captive refugees, he is increasingly to be found in urban areas of the northern Mediterranean countries as a cultural follower . Alexander the Great brought it from Asia to Greece more than 2,300 years ago, hence the name "Alexander Parakeet". It can also be found in the Paris area , in the larger cities of Belgium , the Netherlands and in the south and east of England , where it has been known since the 1930s. An estimated 15,000 ring-necked parakeets live in the Netherlands. Some critics advocate allowing the birds to be shot or controlling their population by other means. The parliament in The Hague once had to break off a debate because the animals were creaking too loudly in the trees in front of the building. Between the 1970s and 1990s there were two breeding settlements in Austria , in the Wiener Türkenschanzpark and in the Innsbrucker Hofgarten . It has also spread to Spain, the largest colony has been identified in Barcelona. In Italy, the parakeets have been found in Rome, Palermo and Genoa, among others. There are also naturalized occurrences in the USA , South Africa and Japan .

In Germany , the first ring-necked parakeets appeared in Cologne in 1969 ; in 2014 an estimated 3,000 specimens lived there. Other independent occurrences are along the Rhine , especially in Düsseldorf , Wiesbaden (together with Mainz 2011: approx. 1500 animals sleeping in summer), Worms , Mannheim , Ludwigshafen am Rhein (Ludwigshafen sleeping area - probably with parakeets from Worms, Frankenthal and the few Animals from the Rhine-Neckar area in summer 2011: 1640 animals) and Heidelberg . Based on these, new populations formed in Bonn , Mainz , Speyer and Zweibrücken. The settlement of the Rhine-Neckar area began in 1973. The first sightings in Frankfurt am Main date back to 2012. In Germany, the population in 2006 was 6000–7000 individuals and 650–880 breeding pairs. For 2011, the herd size for Germany was given as 7500 animals and around 1500 breeding pairs. In 2014, estimates were based on a total population of 30,000 animals in Germany.

In Germany, the ring-necked parakeet particularly likes to breed in caves of old trees, such as those found in parks, cemeteries and large gardens. He prefers plane trees , which he also uses as sleeping trees. Ring-necked parakeets have been breeding for several years, v. a. in Heidelberg, also in the styrofoam layer of the external facades of thermally insulated buildings. Not enough is known about the effects of the ring-necked parakeet. Above all, there is fear of competition with other cave-breeding bird species and food competition with other fruit-eating bird species, as well as noise pollution and excrement under mass sleeping places. In early summer, the animals migrate in swarms of 10–30 specimens each while foraging through the city and the surrounding fruit-growing areas.

Ornamental bird

Blue mutant of the ring-necked parakeet, which is green in its wild form

In the ornamental bird attitude are by mutation and breeding of the collar parakeet originated several different colored mutants in aviaries are held.

literature

  • Michael Braun, Detlev Franz, Michael Schmolz: Propagation tendencies to the west. Ring-necked parakeets in Rhineland-Palatinate. In: The falcon. November 2011, pp. 460-461.
  • M. Braun: Neozoa in urban habitats: ecology and niche expansion of the ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri SCOPOLI, 1769) in Heidelberg . Philipps University of Marburg, 2004 ( uni-heidelberg.de [PDF] Diploma thesis in the field of biology).
  • U. Ernst: Afro-Asian parakeets in a central European city. Niche and impact on the bird fauna . University of Cologne, 1995 (diploma thesis).
  • D. Franz, T. Krause: Biology and distribution of the ring-necked parakeet in Germany - Part 1 . In: Parrots . No. 5 , 2003, p. 163-167 .
  • D. Franz: Parrots on the doorstep . 2004 ( papageien.org ).
  • T. Krause: On the distribution of the ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri) in the Rhineland in the context of the entire Western European distribution . Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn 2001 (diploma thesis at the Geographical Institute).
  • S. Wegener: GIS-based area analysis of the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) population in Heidelberg . Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 2004 (Diploma thesis Geographical Institute).
  • D. Zingel: 25 years of free living parrots in Wiesbaden . In: Yearbooks of the Nassau Association for Natural History . No. 121 , 2000, pp. 129-141 .
  • Tony Juniper, Mike Parr: Parrots: a guide to parrots of the world. Yale University Press, 1998, p. 405.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Giovanni Antonio Scopoli: Annus I historico-naturalis . Sumtib. Christian. Gottlob Hilscheri, Leipzig 1769 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Johann Matthäus Bechstein: Natural history of the house animals . Carl Willhelm Ettinger, Gotha 1800 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Rose-ringed Parakeet  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Leonardo Ancillotto, Diederik Strubbe, Mattia Menchetti, Emiliano Mori: An overlooked invader? Ecological niche, invasion success and range dynamics of the Alexandrine parakeet in the invaded range . In: Biological Invasions . 18, No. 2, 2015, ISSN  1573-1464 , pp. 1-13. doi : 10.1007 / s10530-015-1032-y .
  2. ^ Juniper, Parr, p. 405.
  3. ↑ W. Grummt, H. Strehlov: Zoo animal husbandry , animals in human care - birds. 1st edition. Verlag Harry Deutsch, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8171-1636-2 , p. 408.
  4. ↑ a b c Sunday, April 1, 2018, p. 8.
  5. ↑ M. and J. Pollheimer, M. Föger, I. Pack: Occurrence and population development of the ring-necked parakeet Psittacula krameri in Innsbruck / Tyrol / Austria 1978 to 2006 (PDF; 2.5 MB)
  6. ↑ Thomas Urban , Louder than all others , sz.de , February 18, 2019.
  7. ↑ Michael Wink, Julia Schroeder, Michael P. Braun, Detlev Franz, Tamer Albayrak: Rose-ringed Parakeet Populations and Numbers in Europe: A Complete Overview . In: The Open Ornithology Journal . tape 9 , no. 1 , April 27, 2016, doi : 10.2174 / 1874453201609010001 ( openornithologyjournal.com [accessed May 6, 2019]).
  8. ↑ City birds are shy. On: ksta.de from April 14, 2014.
  9. ↑ a b Braun / Franz / Schmolz, 2011, p. 461.
  10. ↑ [1]
  11. ↑ Michael Braun: What influence does building insulation have on the breeding biology of tropical ring-necked parakeets ( Psittacula krameri ) in temperate Central Europe? In: Ornithological Annual Books Baden-Württemberg. 23, 2007, pp. 87-104 ( ogbw.de ( Memento of December 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) PDF).
  12. ↑ Oliver Lingemann: Ring-necked parakeets in Frankfurt (April 2012) on nabu-frankfurt.de ( Memento from December 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive );
    Frankfurter Neue Presse ( memento of December 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) of March 22, 2012: Exotics conquer Heddernheim.
  13. ↑ Hans-Günther Bauer, Friederike Woog: Non-native bird species (Neozoa) in Germany, Part I: Occurrence, stocks and status . (PDF) In: Vogelwarte. Ornithology Journal . 46, No. 3, August 2008, pp. 157-194. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
  14. ↑ Braun / Franz / Schmolz, 011, p. 460.
  15. ^ Ring- necked parakeet 2014 at heimische-tiere.de, accessed on January 15, 2017.
  16. ↑ Klemens Steiof: Requirements for action in dealing with non-native and invasive bird species in Germany. In: Reports on bird protection. 47/48, 2011, pp. 93-118.