Reinhard Gaisser

Silhouette of Gaisser's place of work and Volland's hometown Grüningen

Behind the hospital complex protrudes the Bartholomäuskirche , which Gaisser presided over as dean. At that time the largest church in the duchy

From this pulpit Gaisser spoke out about corrupt clergymen, honesty and the bailiff. His sermon on the slogan "I send you like sheep among the wolves!" Was understood as a call to rebellion.

Reinhard Gaißer (* around 1474 in Fellbach ; † after 1533), also Gaißlin , was a Swabian reform theologian , university lecturer and rector of the University of Tübingen . He was transferred from the university to the parish of Grüningen , today Markgröningen , in order to contribute to church reform and to support the "common man" against the early capitalist acting honesty . He was the intellectual head of the rebellion of poor Konrad and an opponent of Ambrosius , Philipp and Aberlin Volland , three representatives of a very rich and influential Grüninger patrician family . For the Reformation in Esslingen he was appointed as an expert in 1531.

Origin and academic career

Gaisser's family relationships

Little is known about Gaisser's family origins. Since he could afford to study, it can be assumed that his family was either part of the aspiring respectability or the lower nobility threatened with relegation. Before him, a Johannes Gaisser from Waiblingen had already enrolled at the University of Tübingen on January 13, 1485. His place of origin Fellbach , his close connection to the Remstäler and in particular the similarity of the name suggest that he was related to the leading figures of the "Remstal rebels", Peter Gaiß from Beutelsbach and the likewise academically trained Magister Georg Gaißer from Schorndorf . This assumption confirms the recorded testimony of a traitor among Gaisser's chaplains in Grüningen: After the riot broke out, Gaißer summoned the chaplains and triumphed that his "cousins ​​in the Rems Valley, the Anfenger der Ufruhr", had made it, and they (the chaplains) He was also warned "not to stand idle in the uproar." Among his spiritual entourage in the Bartholomäuskirche was another relative: his nephew Wilhelm Gaißer, who had also studied theology in Tübingen since 1506 and had come to Grüningen with him as a helper . He supported Gaisser as a contact person in the Rems Valley, but also to other nests of resistance, and apparently had to flee the country because of his continued indecency.

Gaisser's academic background

Gaißer enrolled on September 22, 1490 as "Renhardus Gaisser de Felbach" at the Artistic Faculty of the University of Tübingen and completed this first degree on August 13, 1493 as a Magister Artium . The “Theol. Reinh. Gaisser ex Stuttgardia "then again on January 10, 1499 as" Magister sententiarius "and on April 7, 1503 as" Licentiate ". At the time, it was a very long study period, which he may have interrupted for practical experience in Stuttgart. On November 27, 1504 he was finally awarded a doctorate in theology together with the later professor Peter Brun . He is then listed as professor of theology and elected rector in 1504. However, with a reduced salary, since in addition to teaching he also worked as a preacher at the Tübingen collegiate church .

Among the Tübingen theologians, shaped by professors such as Gabriel Biel , Konrad Summenhart , Johann von Staupitz or Paul Scriptoris , who was dismissed from his offices at the university and in the Franciscan convent in 1501 for heresy , a “pre-Reformation” school emerged that was critical of itself Dealt with undesirable developments in church and monasteries, state and economy and is said to have influenced Martin Luther significantly. In the course of this school's grappling with the prevailing circumstances, Gaißer had apparently decided to leave the academic circle in order to take action against the criticized abuses such as indulgences, aristocratic arbitrariness and the lack of economic ethics of the prosperous patricians at the expense of the lower class.

It is not known whether he had dealings with the young Philipp Melanchthon in Tübingen shortly before he left for Grüningen .

Revolutionary work as a city pastor

The dreaded Councilor and Chancellor Ambrosius Volland was previously a colleague of Gaisser

Coat of arms and initials of the patron Philipp Volland - prominently placed in the hospital choir

Gaisser's opponent

A rich city and an old friend from an influential family

The fact that Gaißer only appeared as a pastor shortly before the riots and of all places in wealthy Grüningen can hardly be due to chance. Because this is where the " Fuggers " of Württemberg sat , the Volland family, the richest and most influential among taxpayers . In addition, one of them was an “old acquaintance”: Ambrosius Volland was a clergyman in Grüningen after his extensive studies in Tübingen, Heidelberg and Padua, but Gaisser's colleagues, who had doctorates in both rights, did not last too long there. He first allowed himself to go to Tübingen, where he must have met Gaisser, and a year later he was appointed professor at the new University of Wittenberg by Gaisser's companion Johann von Staupitz . He soon returned from there to serve as a councilor and later chancellor in the service of Duke Ulrich .

A speculator as a representative of state power

In the meantime, his younger brother Philipp Volland, who was also academically educated, had taken over the management of the lucrative Volland trading house and soon also the office of Vogt of the town and office of Grüningen. In this way, he combined executive power and his legislative function as a Grüninger landscape delegate with the then still young power of money. There was plenty of capital at Vollands, and a sovereign who lived far beyond his means promised plenty of interest gains.

When Duke Ulrich wanted to increase the wealth tax, however, the representatives of “ honesty ” in the “ landscape ” managed to convert it into a consumption tax that was primarily intended to affect the common people. In addition, Philipp Volland was apparently unable to resist the temptation to exacerbate the effects of inflation, which was galloping anyway due to several bad harvests and unsound budgetary policies: despite the rampant famine, he is said to have withdrawn scarce grain from the market in order to hoard it and sell it on at enormous price premiums. He had also used his abundance of power on site to claim the fishing grounds of the Glems , which once belonged to the common land, for himself.

It therefore seems like selling indulgences that Philip, on the other hand, had distinguished himself as a benefactor, especially of the local Heilig-Geist-Hospital . Yet he suddenly found himself exposed to a tremendous spiritual furor and turmoil.

A "revolutionary" in the pulpit

Political activities in the wake of the poor Konrad

When Gaißer took over the pastoral office of the Grüninger Bartholomäuskirche around 1513, he soon turned out to be a dangerous opponent of the powerful Volland trading house and its representative in politics. This "first Social Revolutionary in a Württemberg pulpit", as Römer called him, was also the intellectual head of poor Konrad : he held conspiratorial meetings before the riot and corresponded with other resistance groups through his helper Wilhelm Gaißer and through carrier pigeons - especially in the Rems Valley , but also in Stuttgart and Leonberg - and traveled a lot myself to organize a coordinated nationwide uprising. The regional historian Wilfried Setzler emphasizes Gaißer as a “thought leader” and charismatic agitator: “Gaisser was a brilliant, rhetorically gifted speaker who not only knew how to articulate, but also how to inspire, he made contacts with other groups and a flag for the poor Konrad designed. "

When the situation came to a head, he openly called on the common man in Grüningen to revolt against the early capitalist honesty and especially against the Vogt Philipp Volland. On May 7, 1514, he accused him of abuse of office and grain speculation to the detriment of the poor from the pulpit. The next day two thirds of the citizens of Grüningen tried the uprising. And in fact, there was not much that was missing for the well-defended bunch of craftsmen, service providers and poorer agricultural citizens to have "blown over" Volland after the city and gate guards had already been replaced by rebels. But the Vogt was smart enough not to leave his house and play for a while. During the critical phase he had to make some concessions on site, for example the distribution of stately supplies of grain and the return of his fishing grounds to Allmende, but initiated investigations against Gaißer and his allies and reported the alarming testimony to the Duke.

The deeply worried Grüninger Vogt and the judge Aberlin Volland not only reported on Gaisser's extensive activities and his Bundschuh conspiracy, but also documented his revolutionary theses in their three reports. Among them the outrageous and repeated statement at the time that the poor are at least as wise as the rich and that they have the same right to have a say. In addition, Gaisser went on to claim that God sent the Holy Spirit to the poor and Lucifer to the rich. Volland referred to several informers and the priest Wernher Weysshar, who acted like a secret agent among Geisser's chaplains and apparently reported regularly to the bailiff.
In spite of all this, the theologian, always called "Gaißlin" or "Doctor Renhart" by Volland, got away with a "lecture" in the Stuttgart State Chancellery and the reduction of his salary because he was only responsible to the Bishop of Speyer and thus enjoyed immunity in Württemberg.

Like the Vogt, the clamor Duke Ulrich initially played for a while, knowing how to neutralize the uprising, which was now dangerously flaring up all over the country, through clever tactics and the promise of arbitration in the form of an extraordinary state parliament. In the interests of honesty , he moved this to Tübingen in order to exclude the undesirable representatives of the common man from the negotiations and to leave them to themselves or to their own advice. The fact that poor Konrad also split up "estates" could not be in Gaisser's sense: while the bourgeois envoys from 14 of the 16 rural towns in the Unterland met for the "City Day" in Marbach am Neckar , the representatives of the predominantly rural rural population met in Stuttgart and elsewhere for yourself. Their written demands, which had to be submitted , were even less of interest to the landscape meeting with the Duke in Tübingen and the moderators sent by the imperial government than those of the city representatives.

Gaißer on the Treaty of Tübingen

Like Duke Ulrich , Ambrosius and Philipp Volland had to flee into exile in 1519

In 1514, the Speyer bishop Georg von der Pfalz held his protective hand over Gaißer. He was open to church reforms and was one of Duke Ulrich's opponents

After the honesty had agreed on the Tübingen contract for their own benefit with Duke Ulrich and thereby largely ignored the demands of poor Konrad , Volland, as Keller vom Asperg , spoke up again on October 13, 1514 to give Gaisser's comments on this “lazy compromise "To report: Gaisser accused the Duke of breaking his word because he had promised his subjects in advance that he would" let them stick to their old custom and tradition and that he wanted to get money from them ". Conrat Schryner, judge to Grüningen and member of the local government of Tübingen, had told "Doctor Renhart" that the Duke of Tübingen had "gambled a lot" and that Schryner personally accused that the councilors and the landscape "that should defend it" had failed to do so. Therefore, “the matter is still not in the right place” and will not stay there. Because the conspirators of poor Konrad had “a good thing” and “the right master and captain”: “The uff of the blue bunin (the one in heaven) will not leave them, they have put their thing to it”.

In doing so, Gaißer had underestimated the new room for maneuver that the Tübingen Treaty, ratified on July 8, 1514, opened up to the Duke. With the support of honesty - the countryside had excused him - the duke could now finance mercenaries and face the rebellious lower class in a completely different way. The resistance groups, weakened by the decline during the mediation phase, had not been able to implement the march through the Remstäler to Grüningen that Gaißer had concocted. Ulrich's troops had nothing more to oppose and were dismantled. Now their leaders were threatened with execution, fellow travelers draconian punishments - and their intellectual heads?

After the uprising of poor Konrad had been countered politically and finally collapsed without a single word, Gaißer, disappointed by the strategic clumsiness of his comrades-in- arms , escaped the fate of around 1,700 peasants and urban petty bourgeoisie, who were tortured, imprisoned, beheaded or called "lesser lights" They were sentenced to hefty fines, lost their honorary rights and were sometimes branded. Unlike other leading figures in the rebellion, he did not have to move abroad, but remained unmolested until at least under the protective hand of Bishop Georg von der Pfalz, who was not averse to church reform, despite the requests of Philipp Volland that the "Good Shepherd of Speyer" should depose Gaißer 1533 parish priest in Grüningen.

As dean stood Gaisser the country Chapter Grüningen of Speyer archdeaconry Trinity before that along the former Franco-Alemannic border to about Leonberg reached out

Arguments with clergy

As early as January 1514, Gaisser had barely taken office with the hospital master Johannes Betz, who carried out a complete renovation of the aging hospital complex with Volland's financial support. Apparently Betz had the young Stuttgart provost gone to arrive late Dietrich, abkanzelte the Gaisser as unqualified to him not genehmes understanding of ministry. As a reform theologian, Gaißer showed himself to be a permanent “thorn in the flesh” of the over-consuming and downright “building-mad” friars of the wealthy Grüninger Heilig-Geist-Spital , whose faulty “monk's Latin” he liked to make fun of. In the spirit of Gaißer, Sebastian Frank criticized the behavior of the friars in his 1531 chronicle: "Are great masters and lead a great splendor in Gröningen from begging."

In June 1514, Gaißer let his twelve chaplains know that it was rumored in certain circles that the bailiff was among the priests and that the bailiff would feel the halberd if they caught him. That is why he wants to "have warned them about it".

In 1517 Gaißer denied the hospital master Johannes Betz the sale of indulgences not only for moral and ethical reasons, but also because of the lack of a legal basis. Ultimately with success, because the Archbishop of Mainz, who was superordinate to the order , had exclusively acquired this source of income to supposedly support the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. If he violated this, he threatened in 1517 to arrest the complaining friars.

In 1520 the apparently still rebellious " dean " Gaißer had to let the newly installed and honorable government of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria in Stuttgart "let himself be roused" because he had refused to pray for them and promise nothing more against them to be announced.

The bishop of Speyer , Georg von der Pfalz, decided in favor of the pastor in the dispute that broke out between dean and hospital master Betz in 1521 about the spiritual ranking in Grüningen . He assessed the position of the dean, who was also the “lord of the church” of the Grüninger Landkapitels , as one of the highest ecclesiastical ranks in the Duchy of Württemberg, because the hospital master ranked ahead of the provost of the Stuttgart collegiate church .

Foreign rule, peasant war and Reformation

From 1520 Gaißer worked as a chaplain in Esslingen's Frauenkirche

Gaisser's declaration of commitment to chaplaincy in the Esslingen Frauenkirche

Herzog, Volland brothers and Gaißer in exile

Five years after the defeat of the poor Konrad, Duke Ulrich and his dreaded Chancellor and "executioner" Ambrosius Volland had to flee the country from the troops of the Swabian League . After the Duke's brief return, Philipp Volland shared this fate. After Duke Ulrich's recapture, which was undertaken in 1519, failed after the battle of Untertürkheim , the representatives of the Swabian Federation wanted to keep their supporters harmless. So Ambrosius Volland's Grüninger assets were completely expropriated. Philip was able to set the course on site to protect some things from the access of the new rulers by bequeathing it to the hospital and the “ Beginenklosterle ” in order to regain it when the time came. The tax list from 1545 shows his son and successor in the regained office of Vogt as the richest Grüninger citizen.

Gaißer remained unruly even during the foreign rule of the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, who was appointed by Emperor Charles V , and was therefore warned and apparently even temporarily suspended by the Stuttgart State Chancellery. Because in this case he could not count on the support of Bishop Georg von der Pfalz, whose family supported the Habsburg government in Stuttgart. In the imperial city of Esslingen , Gaißer received the chaplaincy St. Martin and St. Bernhard in the Frauenkirche in September 1520, which he was to exchange in 1521 for the better endowed St. Leonhards chaplaincy in the same church. In the document sealed by Gaißer, he had to undertake, among other things, not to leave the imperial city, so he must have lost his office as Grüninger Dean for the time being.

Spared in the peasant war

In the Peasants' War , which broke out in Württemberg in 1525 , Duke Ulrich allied himself with his former subjects and moved into the country with Swiss mercenaries, but had to give way to the Swabian Confederation's army, which was mainly financed by the Fuggers , and left the country again. The fact that Grüningen was spared by the "peasant army" raging up and down the country, unlike other cities and monasteries, through negotiations in front of the city, could well be due to the intercession of Gaisser's fellow campaigners in Armen Konrad.

Restoration and Reformation

In the course of the Reformation to be implemented by Ambrosius Blarer in the imperial city of Eßlingen , the mayor and council of Eßlingen appointed the reform theologian Gaißer as an expert on December 12, 1531 on the question “whether the papal mass is based on the holy scriptures and whether the pictures are not annoying should be tolerated ". Gaißer, who is referred to as the Grüninger city pastor and owner of the Sankt-Leonhards-benefice in the Esslinger Frauenkirche, suggests moderate tones on this question and recommends, "after the mass has been celebrated for 1000 to 1200 years, the images of saints have been tolerated for 700 years" not to rush anything and to await the decisions of the council promised by the emperor. "Especially since our salvation is not based on those points and we all hang on to the unique Cristum." Obviously, it was important to him to prevent the threatening iconoclasm .

Gaißer also offered to submit a scientific "disputation" on this and the fundamental question of the extent to which the desired Reformation in the imperial city could collide with the emperor's claim to allegiance. The reformer Blarer, on the other hand, took a clear, secular point of view: The emperor had "vowed" to the imperial cities to protect their privileges and freedoms, for which they owed him obedience "in real matters", "but not where the glory of God was at stake" . How Gaißer said after the allowed reflection period of one week is not recorded.

In 1533 Gaißer of all people got into a private dispute with the Reformed imperial city of Eßlingen, which wanted to steal his benefice from him. Still as the “Lord of the Church” in Grüningen, he wrote to the Mayor and Councilor of Eßlingen on June 19, “His endowment certificate expressly stipulates that he should read mass once a week at the Sankt Leonhard Altar in the Frauenkirche. He would be happy to comply with this provision if he was assured of safe conduct. In no case, however, would he voluntarily renounce the benefice he was legitimately granted and hoped that the council would no longer threaten him, but would rather feel bound by the Reich's farewell to Nuremberg ”.

It is not clear whether the now around sixty-year-old Gaisser was replaced by “Pastor Eble” or “Martin Eblin” for reasons of age or in the course of the restoration of Duke Ulrich's rule and the Reformation that was initiated with it . It is possible, however, that his resignation coincided with the return and reinstatement of his opponent Philipp Volland as bailiff and church overseer in Grüningen. On the other hand, Gaißer's dual role as Grüninger dean and Esslingen chaplain was limited to 1533 according to the Esslinger Bürgerbuch, which referred to him as a citizen of the imperial city in 1530. There is no evidence of an obvious involvement in the Reformation that began in 1534. Where and when he died is also unknown. It is said of his nephew and vicar Wilhelm Gaißer that he returned to Grüningen and started a family here. In 1555 and 1556 he even belonged to the Württemberg court as a member of the Landscapes of Grüningen.

The short "Gaißergäßle" leads along the former Latin school (right), which Gaißer also headed, via a staircase to the church square at the Bartholomäuskirche

Special stamp: 500 years of Reinhard Gaißer in the poor Konrad

reception

In Markgröningen, the short Gaißergässle , which leads past the former Latin school to the Bartholomäuskirche, reminds of this committed reform theologian and "brilliant speaker", who as the intellectual head of the poor Konrad and "advocate of the poor" embodied what the lower class of Martin Luther was Should promise in vain during the Peasant Wars. However, according to Gerhard Liebler, Gaißer was “centuries ahead of his time. His ideas had no chance of being realized ”. Even in the 19th century, the Markgröningen historian and pastor Ludwig Heyd still felt a certain discomfort when describing Gaisser's disrespect for the authorities. His successor Hermann Römer , who 100 years later dealt extensively with Gaißer, on the other hand, could not hide his admiration and highlighted him as "the first social revolutionary on a Württemberg pulpit": "His courageous stand up for the people and their human rights remains great."

500 years after his call for resistance, Markgröningen paid tribute to him in 2014 in the course of lectures, guided tours and as part of the four-week-long sold-out theater walk through the Schwabenaufstand through the brickyard. A guided tour of Gaisser's work took place on June 1, 2014 in the Fellbach City Museum.

On June 27, 2014, a stamp issued by the Working Group on History Research and Preservation of Monuments in Markgröningen was issued for the first time, highlighting Gaisser's commitment to the poor Konrad.

Additional information

Gaißer dossier: Volland's minutes of Gaißer's activities and sermons can be viewed in the Markgröningen city archive.

Philipp Volland's signature on the Gaisser dossier

Report of the court chancellery on the "Uffruhr der Arm Conradt called"

swell

• "Gaißer-Dossier" by Vogt Philipp Volland : How the ufrur zu Grüningen happened and which figure the pastor Renhart Gaißlin made it look like . Grüningen 1514 (Main State Archives Stuttgart A 348, Bü 7 and City Archives Markgröningen, secular, Bü 1). Transcript by Wilhelm Bertz, 1984
• Report of the court chancellery on the "Uffruhr der Arm Conradt genant", Stuttgart 1514 (Main State Archives Stuttgart A 45, Bü 9).
• Transcript of the Tübingen contract
• Gaisser's declaration of commitment to the mayor and council of Eßlingen to award the Martin and Bernhard altar in the Frauenkirche (document dated September 6, 1520, Esslingen city archive), see digital copy .
• Certificate from the Katharinen Hospital Eßlingen for the handover of the Leonhard Altar to Gaißer as a replacement for the Martin and Bernhard Altar of the Frauenkirche on September 26, 1521 (Esslingen City Archives, Katharinen Hospital, Certificate 709)
• Entry from April 5, 1530 in the civil register of the city of Eßlingen on Gaisser's work as Grüningen pastor, who was limited to 1533 (Stadtarchiv Esslingen, Reichsstadt, fasc. 28 II, Bürgerbuch, fol.
• Minutes of the council of the city of Esslingen on Gaisser's position on December 12, 1531 in Esslingen (Esslingen city archives, council minutes 1529–1533, sheet 133b, 134).
• Gaisser's letter to the mayor and council of Eßlingen dated June 19, 1533 (Esslingen City Archives, Reichsstadt inventory, fascicle 205 no. 49).

literature

• 450 years of the Reformation in Esslingen (exhibition catalog with two documents on Gaißer from 1531 and 1533), ed. v. Esslingen City Archives, p. 119f u. P. 143, Sigmaringen 1981.
• Wilhelm Bertz: The rich Philip and the poor Konrad. Dossier of the Gröninger Vogt Philipp Volland on the key role of pastor Reinhard Gaisser in the turmoil. In: Through the city glasses - historical research, stories and preservation of monuments in Markgröningen , Volume 10, ed. v. AGD Markgröningen , pp. 72–81, Markgröningen 2016.
• Wolfgang Dietz: Wisdom does not consist in wealth, but in poverty. Reinhart Gaisslin - pastor and revolutionary . In: 500 years of poor Konrad. To assist righteousness . Stadt Fellbach (Ed.), Tübingen 2014, pp. 136–159.
• Peter Fendrich: The city and its citizens in the late Middle Ages. On the social structure of the Württemberg district town of Markgröningen in the context of state history. In: Volume 3 of the series "Durch die Stadtbrille", ed. v. AGD Markgröningen, pp. 94-119, Markgröningen 1987.
• Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special consideration for the general history of Württemberg, mostly based on unpublished sources . Stuttgart 1829, 268 p., Facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992.
• Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: Ulrich , Duke of Württemberg. A contribution to the history of Württemberg and the German Empire in the Age of Reformation , Tübingen 1841. Volume 1 (of 3), pp. 228–383. Digitized .
• Gerhard Liebler: Dr. Reinhard Gaißlin and the uprising of poor Konrad . In: Markgröningen - poetic forays through the city and its history . Markgröningen 2001, pp. 40-45.
• Hermann Römer : Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933.
• Hermann Römer: The Gröningen Hospital for the Holy Spirit in the Middle Ages. In: Spitalkirche zum Heiligen Geist Markgröningen from 1297 to 1981. 25 years of the Holy Spirit Congregation , July 28, 1957 to July 28, 1982 , pp. 68–75. Ed .: Katholische Kirchengemeinde Markgröningen, Markgröningen 1982.
• Petra Schad: Markgröningen at the time of the poor Konrad . In: Ludwigsburger Geschichtsblätter 68/2014, pp. 29–58.
• Petra Schad: How the uffrur happened there - poor Konrad and Pastor Gaißer in Markgröningen. In: Through the city glasses - historical research, stories and preservation of monuments in Markgröningen , Volume 10, ed. v. AGD Markgröningen, pp. 48–71, Markgröningen 2016.
• Andreas Schmauder : Württemberg in the uprising - the poor Konrad 1514. A contribution to the rural and urban resistance in the Old Kingdom and to the territorialization process in the Duchy of Württemberg at the turn of the early modern period ( writings on southwest German regional studies 21). Leinfelden-Echterdingen 1998, ISBN 3-87181-421-0 .
• Schmauder, Andreas u. Wilfried Setzler: 500 years ago: Württemberg in revolt. The poor Konrad and the Tübingen Treaty of 1514 . In: Schwäbische Heimat , Heft 1, 2014, pp. 15–23.
• Wilfried Setzler: Historical significance . In: The Tübingen Treaty of July 8, 1514 . Supplement to the 100th edition of the Tübinger Blätter , ed. v. Citizens and Tourist Association of Tübingen. Tübingen 2014. pp. 27–31.

Remarks

1. ↑ This picture by an unknown painter, created around 1800, almost reproduces the state of the city in the 16th century, because Grüningen gradually fell into stagnation after this wild era and the departure of the Vollands.
2. ↑ Sermon of May 7, 1514 according to Matthew 10, 16ff (Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of Landesgeschichte I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 198)
3. ↑ In contrast to Oswald Gabelkovers Thummischer Chronik (from 1527) and the matriculation lists of the University of Tübingen, where he is also called "Gaisser" as a professor, he calls himself "Gaißlin" in his documents stored in the Esslingen city archive. A lapel 1520 preserved there bears his coat of arms, which shows an ascending goat. In the Stuttgart region, the family names "Gaiß" or "Gais [s]" and "Gaißer" or "Gais [s] er" are still common today, but Gaißlin is no longer at all.
4. ^ See Heinrich Hermelink : The matriculations of the University of Tübingen: 1477-1600 . Leipzig 1906, p. 56.
5. ↑ Peter Gaiß, also called "Gaispeter", carried out a divine judgment on May 2, 1514 in Beutelsbach , the so-called water test, in protest against Duke Ulrich's new measures and weights , which could only result in favor of the cheering crowd. He was one of the main ringleaders and was able to flee after the uprising was put down, but is said to have been arrested in exile and ultimately executed.
6. ↑ The "conspiratorial master" (Magister) "Jörg Gaißeler" or "Georg Gaißer" called himself as one of the speakers of the Remstäler "mayor of the poor Konrad", but was not executed like other ringleaders in Schorndorf. See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 200.
7. ↑ Different spellings of the same name at that time were often low and nobles did not enrolled in general by .
8. ↑ Quotation from Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 199.
9. ↑ See Heinrich Hermelink: The matriculations of the University of Tübingen: 1477-1600 . Leipzig 1906, p. 152 (1506): “48. Wylhelmus Gaysser ex Geisslingen (March 19) ”.
10. ↑ Name for assisting pastor: "In the Roman Catholic Church the term vicar designates the holder of an auxiliary office to whom certain powers have been delegated." (WP)
11. ↑ After Wilhelm Gaißer had rejoined the rebels on Engelberg (near Leonberg ) despite the oath of allegiance to the Duke before July 24, 1514 , he fell under the newly introduced and deathly accused offense of high treason and, according to Römer, fled after the suppression of the uprising outside the country.
12. ↑ See Heinrich Hermelink: The matriculations of the University of Tübingen: 1477-1600 . Leipzig 1906, p. 81
13. ↑ See note from Heinrich Hermelink: The matriculations of the University of Tübingen: 1477-1600 . Leipzig 1906, p. 81: “Theol. Reinh. Gaisser ex Stuttgardia principiavit in bibliam 10 Jan. 1499 et habuit collegam dom. priorem Joh. Stüpitz (= Johann von Staupitz , the author) [39,19]; in sentencias vero principiavit April 1, 1501 et habuit conkathedralem M. Leonh. Wernheri; licentiam “ digitized
14. ↑ Like Brun, Gaißer could for a time have belonged to the Tübingen “Brothers of Common Life” who were closely connected to the university and whose philosophy was largely reflected in his later actions. For pastoral care, for example, they require a sound academic education. See Gerhard Faix: Gabriel Biel and the Brothers from Common Life : Sources and Research on the Constitution and Self-Image of the Upper German General Chapter. Tübingen 1999
15. ↑ See Heinrich Hermelink: The matriculations of the University of Tübingen: 1477-1600 . Leipzig 1906, p. 142: "Anno domini 1504 sub rectoratu insignis viri Renhardi Gaisser (see theologie professoris) a Phil. Jacobique usque ad festum S. Luce anni eiusdem sunt infrascripti intitulati ..." (May 1st to October 18th 1504) see Irmela Bauer-Klöden, The Rectors 15th - 21st Century. In: Historical-statistical manual of the University of Tübingen , Tübingen 2010, p. 18 digitized
16. ↑ See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 200, referring to Heinrich Hermelink : The theological faculty in Tübingen before the Reformation 1477-1534 Stuttgart 1906, p. 83, and Johannes Haller : The beginnings of the University of Tübingen 1477-1537 , Vol. I, 1927, P. 194; Vol. II, 1929, p. 75 refers.
17. ↑ See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 201f.
18. ↑ See Hugo Ott: On the business ethics of Konrad Summenhart approx. 1455–1502 . In: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Vol. 53/1966, No. 1, ISSN  0340-8728 , pp. 1–27. P. 1ff.
19. ↑ See Heinrich Hermelink: The matriculations of the University of Tübingen: 1477-1600 . Leipzig 1906, p. 191 (1512): “46. Philippus Schwartzerd ex Preten (17th Sept.) "-" by a later hand: Melanchthon "
20. ↑ At this time, the Grüninger citizens had the highest average wealth in Württemberg (see Peter Fendrich: The city and its citizens in the late Middle Ages. On the social structure of the Württemberg official city of Markgröningen in the context of the state's history. (= Durch die Stadtbrille Vol. 3, ed. v. Working Group on Historical Research and Preservation of Monuments Markgröningen), Markgröningen 1987, pp. 94–119).
21. ↑ See Peter Fendrich: The city and its citizens in the late Middle Ages. On the social structure of the Württemberg district town of Markgröningen in the context of state history. , P. 102ff.
22. ^ History of the secret farmers' associations Bundschuh and Poor Konrad .
23. ↑ See Ludwig Heyd, Der Wirtembergische Canzler Ambrosius Volland , Stuttgart 1828, p. 14ff ( digitized version ).
24. ↑ See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, pp. 190ff.
25. ↑ The first evidence in Markgröningen comes from January 1514.
26. ↑ See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 190ff, who made the Vollands jointly responsible for early capitalist grievances and described Gaisser's activities in detail.
27. ↑ See Wilfried Setzler: Historical meaning . In: The Tübingen Treaty of July 8, 1514. Ed. Citizens and Tourist Association of Tübingen. Tübingen 2014. pp. 27–31.
28. ↑ Quotation from Römer, 1933, p. 198: “On the following Sunday Jubilate, May 7th, a member of the poor Konrad, the city pastor Reinhard Gaisser, appeared in Markgröningen in a sensational, violent sermon - about the Sunday text Matthew 10, 16ff : "I send you like sheep among the wolves" - so openly for the poor man that on Monday 200 of the 300 or so citizens of the city revolted against so-called respectability. "
29. ↑ Since civil rights also included the duty to defend the city, they were all more or less “armored”, that is, mostly with armor and halberd, but some were also equipped with muskets .
30. ↑ Among the troublemakers listed by the Vogt there are several craftsmen as well as a council member and a knight: Hans von Neuneck , who appeared as a mounted standard bearer.
31. ↑ See Wilhelm Bertz: The four reports from Vogts Philipp Volland to Duke Ulrich, concerning the pastor Reinhard Gaisser, because of his participation in poor Konrad in the summer of 1514 . Markgröningen 1984.
32. ↑ Aberlin was a cousin of Ambrosius and Philipp Volland, at least from 1514 to 1525 a judge in Grüningen and a regional deputy to Stuttgart and also involved in disputes with Gaißer, who is said to have thrown his accusations and warning to the wind on June 26, 1514 with a laugh. See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 225f
33. ↑ Gaißer always referred to the teaching and life of Jesus Christ and the gospel.
34. ↑ See Wilhelm Bertz, 1984, on the Gaißer dossier, and HStA Stgt. A 348 Bü 7
35. ↑ Weysshar (also known as "Weisser") came from Grüningen and was pastor in Unterriexingen from 1535 on, who was matriculated in Tübingen in 1504 (see Heinrich Hermelink: Die Matrikel der Universität Tübingen: 1477-1600 . Leipzig 1906, p. 145) and graduated as a Magister in 1510 , where he died in 1557. See the inscriptions of the Ludwigsburg district , collected and edited by Anneliese Seeliger-Zeiss and Ulrich Schäfer (German inscriptions, vol. 25). Wiesbaden 1986, pp. 194f
36. ↑ Ecclesiastical rulers of the Bartholomäuskirche were the Counts of Grüningen and Württemberg from time immemorial. In this function, Duke Gaißer was able to reduce the salaries.
37. ↑ The “Marbacher Städtetag” and the creation of the 41-point catalog of requirements were largely coordinated by Gaisser's fellow student Alexander Seitz .
38. ↑ See Philipp Volland's 4th advertisement (HStA Stgt. A 348 Bü 7).
39. ↑ See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, pp. 199f
40. ↑ The State Chancellery around Ambrosius Volland pleaded with neighboring gentlemen for assistance in the persecution and extradition of the rioters who had fled. Partly with success, which for example led to the execution of "Gaispeter".
41. ↑ See Hermann Römer: The Gröninger Hospital for the Holy Spirit in the Middle Ages. Reprinted in: Spitalkirche zum Heiligen Geist Markgröningen from 1297 to 1981. 25 years of the Holy Spirit Congregation, July 28, 1957 to July 28, 1982 . Edited by the Catholic parish of Markgröningen. Markgröningen 1982, p. 73.
42. ↑ See 2nd notification from Vogt, court and council; Source: HStA Stgt., A 348 Bü 7.
43. ↑ Heavily indebted as he was, the archbishop is said to have used this exclusive claim to repay debt.
44. ↑ See Ludwig Heyd: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg . Stuttgart 1829 (facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992), p. 238f.
45. ↑ The Grüninger city pastor was also dean of several neighboring parishes and "parish lord" of the Grüninger "chapter", which "wanted to say more than diocese" and included considerable extra income. See Ludwig Heyd: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg . Stuttgart 1829 (facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992), pp. 190–192
46. ↑ See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 238.
47. ↑ See Ludwig Heyd: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg . Stuttgart 1829 (facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992), p. 191f.
48. ↑ See Hermann Römer: The Gröninger Hospital for the Holy Spirit in the Middle Ages. Reprinted in: Spitalkirche zum Heiligen Geist Markgröningen from 1297 to 1981. 25 years of the Holy Spirit Congregation, July 28, 1957 to July 28, 1982 . Edited by the Catholic parish of Markgröningen. Markgröningen 1982, p. 73, and Ludwig Heyd: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg . Stuttgart 1829 (facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992), p. 236f.
49. ↑ In 1516 Volland steered the high treason proceedings and used the confessions extorted through torture to execute uncomfortable, supposedly “allied” representatives of respectability - including the governors of Tübingen, Cannstatt and Weinsberg.
50. ↑ See Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: The Wirtemberg Chancellor Ambrosius Volland . Stuttgart 1828 ( digitized version), p. 155ff.
51. ↑ See Peter Fendrich: The city and its citizens in the late Middle Ages. On the social structure of the Württemberg district town of Markgröningen in the context of state history. , P. 110ff.
52. ↑ See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 238f.
53. ^ The bishop's brother Palatine Ludwig V had a sister of Emperor Maximilian as a wife. Her cousin Count Palatine Philipp was in the service of Archduke Ferdinand and became his governor in Württemberg. See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 244f.
54. ↑ Here he ended up possibly due to family connections: On July 13, 1459, a "Hans Gys [er] vo [n] Sachsenhaim " was granted citizenship in Esslingen. Source: Esslinger Missive Books from 1451 to 1482; see Südwestdeutsche Blätter für Familien- und Wappenkunde , Volume 30, 2012, pp. 11f.
55. ↑ Source: Sealed declaration of commitment to the mayor and council of Esslingen for the Kapellpfründe in the "Frauenkirche" belonging to the Eßlinger citizenship dated September 6, 1520 (document in the Esslingen city archive), sealed by "Renhardus Gaißlin, the Holy Scriptures Doctor and Priest of Fellbach".
56. ↑ Gaisser's seal shows a rising goat.
57. ↑ Heyd's doubts (Ludwig Heyd: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg . Stuttgart 1829 (facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992), p. 191) on an interim pastor supposedly present in 1526 named " Dr. Ludwig Dollmetsch ”are thus eliminated. Gaißer is only secured in the office of Grüninger Dean again from 1530 to 1533. See Esslingen City Archives, Reichsstadt, Fasz. 28 II, Bürgerbuch, fol. 74v.
58. ↑ “Poor Konrad” and “Peasant War” are always misleadingly portrayed as a peasant uprising, although there were a great many retailers, craftsmen and small businessmen among the rebels. “Farmer” is obviously used as a synonym for the lower class (cf. Andreas Schmauder: Württemberg im Aufstand - der Arme Konrad 1514. A contribution to the rural and urban resistance in the Old Kingdom and to the territorialization process in the Duchy of Württemberg at the turn of the early modern period . Leinfelden-Echterdingen 1998).
59. ↑ The names of the negotiators have not been passed down. According to Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 240ff, many citizens of the city expressed their solidarity with the rebels who, provided with provisions from Grüningen, moved on to Stuttgart. Some of Gaisser's former comrades-in-arms, for example the knight Hans von Neuneck , who lives in Grüningen , are said to have openly sympathized with or joined them. See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 229.
60. ^ The Free Imperial City of Esslingen initiated the Reformation as early as 1531, three years before Württemberg (from 1534).
61. ↑ See 450 Years of the Reformation in Esslingen (exhibition catalog), ed. v. Esslingen City Archives, Sigmaringen 1981, p. 119.
62. ↑ See 450 Years of the Reformation in Esslingen (exhibition catalog), ed. v. Esslingen City Archives, Sigmaringen 1981, p. 120.
63. ↑ "Kirchherr" is to be understood here as a synonym for "Dean".
64. ↑ Source: 450 Years of the Reformation in Esslingen (exhibition catalog), ed. v. Esslingen City Archives, Sigmaringen 1981, p. 143
65. ^ Background to the Nuremberg Reichs Farewell : Armin Kohnle : Reichstag and Reformation. Imperial and class religious policy from the beginnings of the Causa Lutheri to the Nuremberg Religious Peace. Gütersloh 2001, ISBN 3-579-01757-8 , (excerpt) ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . 
66. ↑ "In 1534 we find the pastor Eble." See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 229.
67. ↑ See Esslingen City Archives, Reichsstadt, Fasz. 28 II, Bürgerbuch, fol. 74v and Moritz von Campenhusen: The clergy of the imperial city Esslingen 1521 to 1531 , Esslingen 1999, p. 159 u. 244f.
68. ↑ There is no evidence of Gaißer's marriage in the course of the Reformation in Esslingen, from which "Joannes Geyslin Esslingensis", who was matriculated in Tübingen in 1547, could have come (source: Heinrich Hermelink: Die Matrikel der Universität Tübingen: 1477-1600 . Leipzig 1906, p. 333).
69. ↑ A daughter of Wilhelm named Dorothea appears in the first Grüningen church registers (source: Pfarramt Markgröningen, baptismal register).
70. ^ Andreas Rüttel: Sindelfinger Chronik 1560 , ed. v. Sindelfingen Mayor's Office, Stuttgart 1963, pp. 28–30.
71. ↑ See Wilfried Setzler: Geschichtliche Meaning , in: The Tübinger contract of July 8, 1514 , ed. v. Citizens and Tourist Association Tübingen, Tübingen 2014, pp. 27–31.
72. ↑ See Gerhard Liebler: Markgröningen - poetic forays through the city and its history , Markgröningen 2001, p. 44.
73. ↑ See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 201.
74. ↑ See Hermann Römer: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 228.
75. ↑ Lecture and city tours: “Places of the Uffruhrs - Guided tour to the poor Konrad ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. " 
76. ↑ Guided tour of Reinhard Gaißer on June 1 in Fellbach ( Memento of the original from May 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
77. ↑ Motif: contemporary figure speaking with hands in front of the Bartholomäuskirche ; see working group for historical research and monument preservation in Markgröningen .

Web links

Commons : Reinhard Gaißer  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg: Report on the uprising of poor Konrad
• AGD Markgröningen: Context and Literature