Poor Konrad

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Fritz Nuss : Monument to Peter Gaiß, Beutelsbach
Duke Ulrich of Württemberg
Acts about the poor Konrad: "Warhrachtig instruction of the Uffrührn and actions to go to the Fürstenthumb Wirtemperg"
Title page of the Tübingen Treaty
Memorial plaque for those executed in Schorndorf (by Hans-Dieter Bohnet)

An alliance of the common man that rebelled in the Duchy of Württemberg in 1514 called itself Poor Konrad (also Poor Kunz ) . Contrary to the widespread cliché, it was not primarily the peasants involved in the feudal system, but in particular citizens of the Württemberg rural towns, who, supported by some clergy, opposed the redistribution policy pursued by Duke Ulrich and the influential honesty at the expense of the small people and their progressive disenfranchisement raised. "Due to his goals, his organizational form, his willingness to use violence and the state-wide connection between rural and urban protest and the supra-territorial orientation", the regional historians Andreas Schmauder and Wilfried Setzler describe the poor Konrad as one of "the greatest uprisings that the Reich experienced up to this point in time would have."

Causes and outbreak

The main cause of the nationwide uprising was the increasing economic hardship of the lower class as a result of several bad harvests and political upheavals, on whose back the early capitalist social change in the late Middle Ages was carried out. The price for a bushel of spelled was “21 kr. 5 hlr. on 2  florins ( guilders ) 4 kr. ( Kreuzer ) 3 hlr. “( Häller ) increased extremely. This corresponds to a rate of increase of 575 percent. There was also outrage the introduction of Roman law , which undermined traditional legal claims of individuals and communities alike and which the corrupt “official nobility” were all too happy to abuse for the privatization of commons .

The barrel overflowed with Duke Ulrich's "deal" with the respectability represented in the landscape : In order to be able to finance the planned war campaign against Burgundy despite his excessive lifestyle, the Duke, who was heavily indebted by instigated wars and mismanagement, changed a planned property tax in 1513 under pressure from Honesty was converted into a consumption tax on meat, wine and grain, which had to hit the already suffering urban underclass above all. The reduction of the weights required for trading aroused general outrage, as it meant that buyers received fewer goods for the same price.

The name of the poor Konrad

In protest against this alleged fraud, Peter Gaiß ("Gaißpeter") from Beutelsbach is said to have carried out a divine judgment on May 2, 1514 , the so-called water test: The Duke's new weights should be thrown into the Rems near Großheppach . If they would swim, if they were right, if they drown, then the common man would be right. As was to be expected, the judgment of God proved the cheering crowd right. The next day the authorities asked for the stones to be returned. The Gaißpeter could not or would not teach it again, but the situation escalated by in the castle chapel on the Beutelsbacher Kappelberg rang storm and said the coming together of people, he stands here for the Poor Conrad , which was a synonym for the common man at the time, but ultimately stood for a ritually conspiratorial community of rebels.

According to Hermann Römer , however, it was not Gaißpeter , who let himself be lifted onto the sign in Leonberg as “Anfenger diser Uffruhr” , but the Untergrombacher “ Joß Fritz ” who had already drawn a circle with the shovel years before, following the Bundschuh custom , “ the peasants dab at it (with their fork) to be in the poor Konrad ”. The Württemberg townspeople who joined in 1514 conspired mainly at conspiratorial meetings in closed rooms by “dabbing” with the three oath fingers in a chalk circle drawn on the table.

Revolutionary in the pulpit

Among the charismatic leaders of Poor Konrad listed next to the bustling Gaißpeter from Beutelsbach particular Caspar Pregatzer from Schorndorf , Singerhans from Würtingen , Bantelhans from Dettingen , the Marbach doctor Alexander Seitz and not least from Fellbach Dating reform theologian Reinhard Gaisser . This "first social revolutionary on a Württemberg pulpit" had risen to the intellectual head of the poor Konrad after teaching at the University of Tübingen as Grüninger city ​​pastor: He accused the honesty and especially the local representatives of the rich and influential patrician dynasty of the full population of unfair redistribution to the detriment of the common man and abuse of office. Wilfried Setzler singled out Gaißer as a “thought leader” and a gifted agitator: “Gaißer was a brilliant, rhetorically gifted speaker, who not only knew how to articulate, but also knew how to inspire, made contacts with other groups and designed a flag for the poor Konrad . "

Even before the riot, Gaißer initiated conspiratorial meetings, corresponded with other resistance leaders via his vicar and nephew Wilhelm Gaißer or by means of carrier pigeons - especially with his cousins ​​Peter Gaiß and Georg Gaißer in the Remstal , but also with conspirators in Stuttgart , Leonberg or Vaihingen an der Enz - and traveled a lot myself to organize a coordinated nationwide uprising. According to Andreas Schmauder, advice from poor Konrad can be found in 28 of the 43 Württemberg offices. They set themselves the goal of pulling together all those prepared to resist in the Duchy of Württemberg on May 28, 1514 for the consecration of the church in Untertürkheim .

Riots in Markgröningen and other cities

With his sermon, openly denouncing the grievances, under the motto “I send you like sheep among the wolves”, Reinhard Gaisser triggered the first uproar in wealthy Grüningen on May 7th . Two thirds of the citizens tried the uprising. And in fact, there was not much missing for the angry heap to have “overwhelmed” Vogt Philipp Volland (cut him down) after the city and gate guards had already been replaced by rebels. But the Vogt was smart enough not to leave his house and play for a while. While he was able to adequately defuse the precarious situation on site by making concessions, he initiated investigations against Gaißer and his allies and reported the collected testimony to the duke: Among the troublemakers listed by the bailiff, there were no farmers, but in addition to several craftsmen and service providers Council member and a representative of the lower nobility. Gaißer's revolutionary statement that the poor are at least as wise as the rich and that they should have the same say in the matter appeared alarming.

In Leonberg , Jörg Hagen, known as "Gscheitlin", succeeded in winning almost the entire community over to the resistance and forcing the city's twelve judges on the defensive. In his house, Hagen opened the "Chancellery of Poor Konrad", from which he wanted to carry the riot to the Upper Gäu . In addition, citizens in Göppingen , Schorndorf , Waiblingen , Marbach am Neckar , Großbottwar , Bietigheim , Vaihingen an der Enz , Brackenheim , Güglingen and Balingen rebelled mostly non-violently against the local leadership and the ducal bailiffs and in some places took the administration of their city into their own hands .

As in Leonberg, the rebels in Schorndorf set up a "Chancellery of the poor Konrad", headed by Magister Georg Gaisser and the cutler Konrad Bregenzer. In the Württemberg capitals of Stuttgart and Tübingen , the urban underclass also prepared for a rebellion against the overly too much favored honesty and its representatives in the “ landscape ”, state government and bailiwicks. Encouraged by pastor Reinhard Gaißer, who had been warned in vain, the situation in Grüningen came to a head again in June, so that judges and councilors in their fear of death wrote a fire letter to the duke, but found no way to get the message across.

Escalation and "stilling"

The breadth of the resistance movement, which gathered in particular in Schorndorf , on the Kappelberg near Beutelsbach , on the Engelberg near Leonberg and on the Florian (mountain) near Metzingen , and which assumed threatening proportions due to the meeting on the Untertürkheimer Kirbe , forced the clammy duke to Concessions. Since he was not able to mobilize enough mercenaries to suppress a nationwide uprising due to his indebtedness, he played like the Grüninger Vogt for time, in that he knew how to neutralize the rebels through clever tactics and the promise of arbitration in the form of an extraordinary state parliament. In the interests of honesty , he then moved this to Tübingen in order to exclude the undesirable representatives of the common man from the negotiations and to leave them to themselves or to their own advice in Stuttgart or elsewhere . You should submit your complaints and claims in writing. In Marbach am Neckar , where the doctor Alexander Seitz , who also worked in Wildbad, coordinated the riot, “common” representatives of 14 of the 16 cities in the Unterland met who raised 41 demands at the so-called “Marbach City Conference”, including dismissal the two most hated and corrupt government members Thumb and Thumm and Locher.

Tübingen Treaty

At the Landtag convened in Tübingen on June 16, the Tübingen Treaty was concluded on July 8, 1514 , which guaranteed the estates a say in the government and in particular in state expenditure vis-à-vis the duke, and guaranteed all subjects the basic right to freedom of movement, i.e. free choice of Place of residence and abode, and proper court hearings assured. In return, pledged estates (920,000 guilders) of the Duke, of the immense burden of debt to take over 800,000 guilders, and accepted the introduction of protection by the death penalty offense of high treason rated as breach of the peace . With this, the deputies enabled the Duke to suppress the uprising and delivered the unpleasant ghosts of poor Conrad to the scaffold.

After Ehrlichkeit and Herzog had come to an agreement for their own benefit and largely ignored the demands of poor Konrad , the Grüninger Vogt Philipp Volland delivered another status report to the State Chancellery on October 13, 1514 in order to report Gaisser's comments about this "lazy compromise": "Gaisslin" accused the Duke of breaking his word because he had promised his subjects in advance that he would "let them stick to their old custom and tradition and that he wanted to get money from them". Gaißer explained to a judge in Grüningen and landscape delegates in Tübingen that the Duke of Tübingen had "gambled away a lot" and personally accused the city delegate of having failed to do so by councilors and landscape officials "who should defend it". Therefore, “the matter is still not in the right place” and will not stay there. Because the conspirators of poor Konrad had “a good thing” and “the right master and captain”: “The uff of the blue bunin (the one in heaven) will not leave them, they have put their thing to it”.

Dissolution and criminal court

In doing so, Gaißer had underestimated the new room for maneuver that the Tübingen Treaty opened up for the Duke. Thanks to the debt relief, he was now able to finance mercenaries and face the rebellious underclass in a completely different way. It is true that the rebels succeeded in taking over the official town of Schorndorf and other rural towns. However, the resistance groups, weakened by the decline during the arbitration phase, were no longer able to implement the march through the Remstäler to Grüningen that Gaißer had concocted. The crowd gathered on the Kappelberg had nothing to oppose Ulrich's troops and was dismantled without a fight. Ducal troops occupied the Rems Valley without resistance and are said to have captured a total of 1,700 insurgents. They were tortured in dungeon and mostly punished in a draconian way, lost their rights and were sometimes branded. The ringleaders, whom the Duke was able to get hold of, he had beheaded in the Schorndorfer Wasen and on the marketplaces of Stuttgart and Tübingen. In the search for fleeing rebel leaders, the ducal chancellery asked the neighboring gentlemen for administrative assistance. Peter Gaiß is said to have been arrested in exile in 1515 and ultimately also executed.

Aftershocks

Five years after the defeat of the poor Konrad, troops of the Swabian League put an end to Duke Ulrich's government. With the duke, many of his supporters in the government and the bailiffs had to flee the country, including his chancellor and "executioner" Ambrosius Volland and his brother Philipp Volland . The country got an Austrian government, which not only refinanced its war costs by expropriating the refugees, but also placed additional burdens on the population and therefore also made itself unpopular.

The "peace" should not last too long: Ten years after the uprising of the urban lower class in Armen Konrad, farmers and impoverished knights in particular joined forces in the course of the Peasants' War and went straight into the field without entering into negotiations. They devastated large stretches of land, cities, monasteries and castles until their "wild bunch" was literally slaughtered by the mercenary troops financed by the Fuggers in the battle of Böblingen .

reception

Special stamp: 500 years of poor Konrad and Reinhard Gaißer

Lectures and exhibitions

A series of lectures by the Swabian Heimatbund sheds light on the background to the rebellion. The original documents on poor Konrad were presented in an exhibition in the main state archive in Stuttgart until September 14, 2015. Afterwards it was announced as a traveling exhibition in Bad Urach , Marbach am Neckar and Bietigheim-Bissingen . Since October 2015 the exhibits have been shown in the Peasant War Museum in Böblingen . Further exhibition projects on the poor Konrad can be found in Fellbach , Schorndorf , Waiblingen , Weinstadt and in Tübingen .

Artistic processing

In memory of this resistance movement, Friedrich Wolf wrote the drama Der arme Konrad , which premiered in 1924 on the 400th anniversary of the beginning of the German Peasant War and 500 years after the poor Konrad (from May 16 to 18, 2014) in Fellbach and in July / August 2014 in Tübingen by Theater Lindenhof was performed again. In July 2014, Barbara Schüßler's "Swabian Uprising" was performed as a theater walk by the amateur theater groups Hebebühne and Theater unter der Dauseck in Großheppach Castle and in the Markgröninger brickworks .

In 2014 the composer Hans-Peter Braun dedicated a cantata to the poor Konrad with the title Life should not be punitive . The work was premiered in Tübingen on the occasion of the 500th anniversary.

Special stamp

On June 27, 2014, a postage stamp issued by the Working Group on Historical Research and Preservation of Monuments in Markgröningen was issued for the first time . It was dedicated to poor Konrad and the commitment of “ Pastor Dr. Gaißlin, Markgröningen ”for the rebellion of the common man.

swell

literature

  • 500 years of poor Konrad. To assist righteousness . Edited by the city of Fellbach, 191 pages, Tübingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-9814073-6-5 .
  • Thomas Adam: Joß Fritz - the hidden fire of the revolution. Bundschuh movement and the Peasants' War on the Upper Rhine in the early 16th century. 3rd updated edition, Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 2013, ISBN 978-3-89735-777-8 .
  • Götz Adriani , Andreas Schmauder (Ed.): 1514. Power. Violence. Freedom. The Treaty of Tübingen in times of upheaval. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2014, ISBN 978-3-7995-0550-5 .
  • Debora Fabriz: The poor Konrad 1514 in Waldenbuch and Glashütte , Stadt Waldenbuch 2014 (series of publications by the Waldenbuch City Archives, Volume 1), ISBN 978-3-923107-67-4 .
  • Thomas Faltin: Peasant Uprising Poor Konrad: Bloody summer. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung of May 2, 2014
  • Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : The Wirtemberg Canzler Ambrosius Volland. Stuttgart 1828 ( digitized version ).
  • Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg, mostly based on unpublished sources. Stuttgart 1829, facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992.
  • Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: Ulrich , Duke of Württemberg. A contribution to the history of Württemberg and the German Empire in the age of the Reformation. Volume 1 (of 3), Tübingen 1841, pp. 228-383 ( books.google ).
  • Regina Ille-Kopp: The participants in the uprising of poor Konrad in 1514 in Württemberg. In: Der Arme Konrad , special volume of the Heimatblätter, yearbook for Schorndorf and the surrounding area , Schorndorf 1991.
  • Niklas Konzen, Barbara Trosse: 500 years of "Poor Konrad" and "Tübingen Treaty" in an interregional comparison. Prince, functional elite and “common man” at the beginning of modern times. Conference report at H / Soz / Kult - communication and specialist information for the historical sciences .
  • Hans-Martin Maurer: The poor Konrad - an uprising in Württemberg. In: Thomas Schwabach (Hrsg.): Aid to justice ... Lectures and documents on the peasant war. Hennecke, Remshalden-Buoch 2004, ISBN 3-927981-11-7 , pp. 17–33.
  • Erwin Mickler: Political, cultural, social and religious movements. In: Bietigheim 789–1989 ( Stadtarchiv und Museen Weinstadt - Kleine Schriftenreihe 5), Bietigheim-Bissingen 1989. pp. 242–261.
  • Hermann Römer : The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen. In: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages , Renczes, Markgröningen 1933, pp. 190–229.
  • Albert Rosenkranz: The Bundschuh. The surveys of the southwest German peasant class in the years 1493–1517. ( Writings of the scientific institute of the Alsace-Lorraine in the Reich ) Winter, Heidelberg 1927.
  • Peter Rückert et al. (Arr.): The "poor Konrad" in court. Interrogations, sayings and songs in Württemberg 1514. Accompanying book and catalog for the exhibition of the Baden-Württemberg State Archives. Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-17-026197-6 .
  • Petra Schad: Markgröningen at the time of the poor Konrad . In: Ludwigsburger Geschichtsblätter 68/2014, pp. 29–58.
  • Petra Schad: How the uffrur happened there - poor Konrad and Pastor Gaißer in Markgröningen. In: Through the city glasses - historical research, stories and preservation of monuments in Markgröningen , Volume 10, ed. v. AGD Markgröningen, Markgröningen 2016, pp. 48-71, ISBN 978-3-00-053907-7 .
  • Andreas Schmauder : Württemberg in the uprising - the poor Konrad 1514. A contribution to the rural and urban resistance in the Old Kingdom and to the territorialization process in the Duchy of Württemberg at the turn of the early modern period. ( Writings on Southwest German Regional Studies 21), DRW-Verlag, Leinfelden-Echterdingen 1998, ISBN 3-87181-421-0 .
  • Andreas Schmauder: Gaispeter and the uprising of the poor Konrad in Beutelsbach in 1514. In: Bernd Breyvogel (Hrsg.): 925 years Beutelsbach. ( Stadtarchiv und Museen Weinstadt - Kleine Schriftenreihe 6), BAG-Verlag, Remshalden 2006, ISBN 3-935383-95-9 , pp. 75–110.
  • Andreas Schmauder: Württemberg in the uprising: The poor Konrad and the Tübingen Treaty 1514. In: Circular letter of the Württemberg History and Antiquity Association (WGAV) , No. 16, October 2013, p. 1 f. ( online ).
  • Andreas Schmauder, Wilfried Setzler: 500 years ago: Württemberg in revolt. The poor Konrad and the Tübingen Treaty of 1514. In: Schwäbische Heimat , Heft 1, 2014, pp. 15-23.
  • Wilfried Setzler : Historical significance. In: The Tübingen Treaty of July 8, 1514. Ed. Bürger- und Verkehrsverein Tübingen [supplement to the 100th edition of the Tübinger Blätter]. Tübingen 2014, pp. 27–31.
  • Wilhelm Zimmermann : General history of the great peasant war. First part. Köhler, Stuttgart 1841 ( digitized version ).

Remarks

  1. ↑ In the surviving sources, above all craftsmen, service providers, small tradespeople and retailers, especially innkeepers and butchers, as well as farmers and wine growers are mentioned.
  2. ↑ The term Poor Konrad meant something like poor devil or poor fellow . One of their banners showed a simple man lying in front of a cross under the words "Poor Conrad".
  3. ↑ Schmauder, Andreas u. Wilfried Setzler: 500 years ago: Württemberg in revolt. The poor Konrad and the Tübingen Treaty of 1514 . In: Schwäbische Heimat , Heft 1, 2014, pp. 15–23.
  4. ↑ Hermann Römer : The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen . In: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages, Markgröningen 1933, pp. 190–198
  5. ↑ See history of the secret farmers' unions Bundschuh and Poor Konrad . Retrieved August 9, 2009
  6. ↑ See Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : The Wirtemberg Canzler Ambrosius Volland , Stuttgart 1828, p. 14ff ( digitized version ) and Ulrich , Duke of Württemberg. A contribution to the history of Württemberg and the German Empire in the Age of Reformation , Tübingen 1841. Volume 1 (of 3), pp. 228–383. Digitized
  7. ↑ Hermann Römer: The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen . Markgröningen 1933, p. 195.
  8. ↑ See Johann Ulrich Steinhofer: [...] Neue Württ. Chronik . Stuttgart 1755, p. 54ff digitized
  9. ↑ See Thomas Adam: Joß Fritz - the hidden fire of the revolution. Bundschuh movement and the Peasants' War on the Upper Rhine in the early 16th century . Regional culture publishing house, Ubstadt-Weiher 2002.
  10. ↑ Hermann Römer: The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen . Markgröningen 1933, p. 198 and Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special consideration for the general history of Württemberg, for the most part written from unpublished sources. Stuttgart 1829, facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992, p. 240.
  11. ↑ Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: Ulrich , Duke of Württemberg. A contribution to the history of Württemberg and the German Empire in the Age of Reformation , Tübingen 1841. Volume 1 (of 3), p. 243ff digitized and Hermann Römer: The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen . Markgröningen 1933, p. 201ff.
  12. ↑ Wilfried Setzler: Historical meaning . In: The Tübingen Treaty of July 8, 1514. Ed. Citizens and Tourist Association of Tübingen. Tübingen 2014. pp. 27–31
  13. ↑ Also referred to as the “conspiratorial master Jörg Gaißeler”, “who called himself the mayor in poor Konrad” (see Hermann Römer: The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen . Markgröningen 1933, p. 199)
  14. ↑ See Andreas Schmauder: Württemberg im Aufstand: Der Arme Konrad and the Tübingen Treaty 1514 , in: Circular Letter of the Württembergischer Geschichts- und Altertumsverein (WGAV), No. 16, October 2013, p. 1f.
  15. ↑ Cf. Bible text Matthew 10, 16ff
  16. ↑ In comparison with other cities in Württemberg, the citizens of Grüningen had the highest average wealth at that time. See Peter Fendrich: The city and its citizens in the late Middle Ages. On the social structure of the Württemberg district town of Markgröningen in the context of state history. In: Volume 3 of the series "Durch die Stadtbrille", ed. v. Working Group on Historical Research and Monument Preservation Markgröningen, pp. 94–119, Markgröningen 1987.
  17. ↑ See "Gaißer-Dossier" by Vogt Philipp Volland : How the ufrur zu Grüningen happened and which figure the pastor Renhart Gaißlin made himself tail-like . Markgröningen 1514 (Main State Archives Stuttgart A 348, Bü 7).
  18. ↑ Hermann Römer: The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen . Markgröningen 1933, p. 210
  19. ↑ On Bietigheim see Erwin Mickler: Political, cultural, social and religious movements. In: Bietigheim 789–1989 . Bietigheim-Bissingen 1989, pp. 242-261.
  20. ↑ On Balingen see Lorenz Hertle: The fight of the Balingen against greedy honor . In: Schwarzwälder Bote , Balingen, November 22, 2014.
  21. ↑ According to Römer, also called Jörg Gaißeler .
  22. ↑ Hermann Römer: The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen . Markgröningen 1933, p. 215ff.
  23. ↑ Hermann Römer: The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen . Markgröningen 1933, p. 218 and Volland's "Gaißer-Dossier" (HStA Stuttgart A 348, Bü 7).
  24. ^ The cities not represented in Marbach were Stuttgart and Tübingen.
  25. ↑ See Rudolf Krauss:  Thumb von Neuburg: Konrad Th. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 38, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1894, pp. 163-165., And Hermann Römer : The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen . Markgröningen 1933, p. 213ff.
  26. ↑ Source: Peter Hölze on the Tübingen Treaty " , July 8, 2014 on Deutschlandfunk
  27. ↑ The Vogt always named the theologian, who was matriculated as Renhardus Gaisser in Tübingen in 1490 , in his reports as "Gaißlin" or "Doctor Renhart". For enrollment see Heinrich Hermelink: The matriculation of the University of Tübingen: 1477-1600 . Leipzig 1906, u. a. P. 81: Digitized
  28. ↑ See Philipp Volland's fourth advertisement (HStA Stgt. A 348 Bü 7)
  29. ↑ Hermann Römer: The beginnings of Duke Ulrich and the uprising of poor Konrad in Markgröningen . Markgröningen 1933, pp. 199f.
  30. ↑ In 1516 Volland steered the high treason proceedings and used the confessions extorted through torture to execute uncomfortable, supposedly “allied” representatives of respectability - including the governors of Tübingen, Cannstatt and Weinsberg.
  31. ↑ SHB lecture series "500 Years of Poor Konrad"
  32. ^ Theater Lindenhof Melchingen: Der Arme Konrad, 2014
  33. ↑ Performances by the Hebebühne theater in Weinstadt , performances by the theater under the Dauseck in Markgröningen
  34. ↑ Evangelisches Gemeindeblatt für Württemberg, edition 19/2014, p. 29
  35. ↑ Motif: contemporary figure speaking with hands in front of the Bartholomäuskirche ; see Working Group on Historical Research and Preservation of Monuments in Markgröningen ( Memento from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive )

Web links

Commons : Armer Konrad  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Bundschuh  - Sources and full texts