Clerk sit
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| General and classification | |
| other names |
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| chemical formula |
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Mineral class (and possibly department) |
Elements - metals, alloys, intermetallic compounds |
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System no. to Strunz and to Dana |
1.BD.05 ( 8th edition : I / A.11) 01.01.21.02 |
| Crystallographic Data | |
| Crystal system | tetragonal |
| Crystal class ; symbol | tetragonal-disphenoidic; 4th |
| Space group | I 4 (No. 82) |
| Lattice parameters | a = 9.04 Å ; c = 4.46 Å |
| Formula units | Z = 8 |
| Frequent crystal faces | {010}, {110}, {011} |
| Physical Properties | |
| Mohs hardness | 6.5 to 7 |
| Density (g / cm 3 ) | measured: 7.0 to 7.3 (depending on the nickel content); calculated: 7.12 to 7.44 |
| Cleavage | completely after {001} |
| Break ; Tenacity | very brittle |
| colour | silver-white to tin-white, quickly turning brass-yellow when exposed to air |
| Line color | dark gray |
| transparency | opaque (opaque) |
| shine | strong metal luster, becoming matt due to tarnishing |
| magnetism | strong magnetic |
Schreibersite , including as Dyslysit and gloss iron known, is a rarely occurring minerals from the mineral class of "elements" with the chemical composition (Fe, Ni) 3 P and is thus chemically seen an iron - nickel - phosphide . The elements iron and nickel indicated in the round brackets can represent each other in the formula , but always have the same relationship to phosphorus.
Writer'site crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system , but rarely develops small, tabular crystals . Usually it is found in the form of granular to massive mineral aggregates or as xenomorphic insects .
The mineral is opaque in every form and shows a strong metallic luster on the surfaces of the silver-white to tin-white crystals or aggregates . In the air, however, the mineral quickly turns brass yellow to brown and it becomes matt. His line color , however, is always dark gray.
Etymology and history
The mineral by first mentioned Jöns Jacob Berzelius , the metallic compound in light steel-gray leaves and grains in meteorites Bohumilitz discovered September 19, 1829 in a field near the castle Bohumilitz at Bohumilice (German Bohumilitz ) was found. According to his analyzes, the compound was composed of iron, nickel and phosphorus.
In 1848 Wilhelm von Haidinger described in his report on the 3rd meeting on July 16, 1847 in the Mittheilungen von Freunde der Naturwissenschaften in Vienna that Adolf Patera (1819-1894 ) found a very similar connection in the Magura meteorite (synonym Arva ) and the approximate composition, consisting of ≈ 7.26% phosphorus, ≈ 87.20% iron and ≈ 4.24% nickel as well as some coal, determined. In spite of a later possible, more precise analysis using larger quantities of relevant material, Haidinger and Patera agreed to publish the results at this point in time so as not to miss the opportunity to suggest a name for the new mineral. Patera chose the name in honor of the Austrian natural scientist Karl Franz Anton von Schreibers .
The exact composition (Fe, Ni) 3 P was finally determined in 1969 by Fritz-Dieter Doenitz and the crystal structure in 2005 by Roman Skála and Ivana Císařová.
Type material , i.e. mineral samples from the type locality of the mineral, is kept in the Natural History Museum Vienna .
classification
In the meanwhile outdated, but still in use 8th edition of the mineral classification according to Strunz , the Schreibersite belonged to the mineral class of "elements" and there to the department of " metals , alloys and intermetallic compounds ", where together with allabogdanite , barringerite , florenskyite , melliniite and Nickel phosphide formed the unnamed group I / A.11 .
The 9th edition of Strunz's mineral systematics , which has been in effect since 2001 and is used by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), also assigns the Schreibersite to the class of "elements" and to the department of "metallic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds" . However, this section is further subdivided according to the type of compound, so that the mineral can be found according to its composition in the subdivision of " phosphides ", where it forms the unnamed group 1.BD.05 together with nickel phosphide .
The systematics of minerals according to Dana , which is mainly used in the English-speaking world , assigns the Schreibersit to the class of "elements" and there to the department of the same name. Here it is together with barringerite, nickel phosphide, allabogdanite, melliniite and monipite in the " barringerite group, phosphide " with the system no. 01.01.21 to be found in the subsection of "Elements: Metallic elements other than the platinum group".
Crystal structure
Writerite crystallizes tetragonally in the space group I 4 (space group no. 82) with the lattice parameters a = 9.04 Å and c = 4.46 Å as well as 8 formula units per unit cell .
Nickel phosphide (Ni 3 P or (Ni, Fe) 3 P) is the nickel analogue of Schreibersite, which also crystallizes in tetragonal symmetry, but with different lattice parameters.
properties
With a Mohs hardness of 6.5 to 7, Schreibersite is one of the hard minerals that is more difficult to scratch with a steel file than the reference mineral orthoclase (hardness 6) or, like the reference mineral quartz (hardness 7), is able to scratch window glass.
The measured density of Schreibersite fluctuates between 7.0 and 7.3 g / cm 3 and is dependent on the nickel content. The density calculated on the basis of the crystallographic data also fluctuates between 7.12 and 7.44 depending on the nickel contained.
The mineral is considered to be strongly magnetic .
Modifications and varieties
Rhabdite is a synonym for an educational variety of Schreibersite and is used for idiomorphic crystals with a short-prismatic or stem-like to needle-like habit . Gustav Rose coined the term in 1865 during the microscopic examination of various meteorites in an attempt to systematically classify them. He described the crystal shape as prismatic, very thin rods and therefore named it after the Greek word ῥάβδος [rhábdos] for rod or staff.
Education and Locations
Writerite is one of the meteorite minerals that do not primarily occur on earth. Because of the oxidizing conditions on the earth's surface and in the earth's crust, iron and phosphorus are only present in oxidic form. On the other hand, iron phosphide can be formed on the atmospheric mother body of the iron meteorite . The crystals in these meteorites are tabular in a matrix of the minerals kamacite and taenite .
At Ovifak in Greenland there is a secondary occurrence of metallic iron and writer'site . When hot rock penetrated magmas into coal seams .
A total of around 340 localities are known to date for Schreibersit (as of 2017). Locations for meteoritic schreibersite include the in Antarctica found lunar meteorite Allan Hills 77283 and Allan Hills 84008 , the Campo del Cielo -Meteorit in Argentina , the Indarch meteorite in Azerbaijan .
The few purely terrestrial sites include the coal mines in the commune of Commentry in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and an old burning coal dump in the commune of Cransac in the Occitania region of France, an unspecified find in the Hatrurim formation within the Israeli Negev desert and a shear zone with gold mineralization near Costeşti in the Romanian district of Vâlcea .
See also
literature
- Wilhelm Haidinger : 3rd meeting on July 16 . In: Reports on the communications from friends of the natural sciences in Vienna . tape 3 , no. 1-6 , 1848, pp. 65–83 ( rruff.info [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on January 4, 2018] History of discovery from p. 70).
- Hans Leitmeier: Phosphorus nickel iron . (Schreibersit and Rhabdit.) . In: C. Doelter, H. Leitmeier (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Mineralchemie . Volume III, second half. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1926, p. 810–825 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- Fritz-Dieter Doenitz: The crystal structure of meteoritic Rhabdits (Fe, Ni) 3 P . In: Journal of Crystallography . tape 131 , 1970, pp. 222–236 ( rruff.info [PDF; 622 kB ; accessed on January 4, 2018]).
- Roman Skála, Ivana Císařová: Crystal structure of meteoritic writing sites : determination of absolute structure . In: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals . tape 31 , no. 10 , February 2005, p. 721-732 , doi : 10.1007 / s00269-004-0435-6 .
Web links
- Mineral Atlas: Schreibersit (Wiki)
- Mindat - Schreibersite (English)
- Webmineral - Schreibersite (English)
- RRUFF Database-of-Raman-spectroscopy - Schreibersite (English)
- American-Mineralogist-Crystal-Structure-Database - Schreibersite (English)
- IMA / CNMNC List of Mineral Names; September 2017 (English, PDF 1.8 MB; p. 253)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Hugo Strunz , Ernest H. Nickel: Strunz Mineralogical Tables . 9th edition. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-510-65188-X , p. 49 .
- ↑ a b Friedrich Klockmann : Klockmanns textbook of mineralogy . Ed .: Paul Ramdohr , Hugo Strunz . 16th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-82986-8 , pp. 398 (first edition: 1891).
- ^ A b c d Helmut Schrätze , Karl-Ludwig Weiner : Mineralogie. A textbook on a systematic basis . de Gruyter, Berlin; New York 1981, ISBN 3-11-006823-0 , pp. 110 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g writer site . In: John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, Monte C. Nichols (Eds.): Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America . 2001 ( handbookofmineralogy.org [PDF; 66 kB ; accessed on January 4, 2018]).
- ↑ Stefan Weiß: The large Lapis mineral directory. All minerals from A - Z and their properties . 6th completely revised and supplemented edition. Weise, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-921656-80-8 .
- ^ RJ Meyer: Gmelins Handbuch der Inorganic Chemistry . Ed .: German Chemical Society. 8th, completely revised edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1932, p. 49 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Meteorit Bohumilitz in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database of the Meteoritical Society (English)
- ^ JC Poggendorff : Annals of Physics and Chemistry . tape 103 . Publisher by Johann Ambrosius Barth , Leipzig 1833, p. 118–132 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ^ A b Wilhelm Haidinger : 3rd meeting on July 16 . In: Reports on the communications from friends of the natural sciences in Vienna . tape 3 , no. 1-6 , 1848, pp. 65–83 ( rruff.info [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on January 4, 2018] History of discovery from p. 70).
- ↑ Fritz-Dieter Doenitz: The crystal structure of meteoric Rhabdits (Fe, Ni) 3 P . In: magazine drove crystallography . tape 131 , 1970, pp. 222–236 ( rruff.info [PDF; 622 kB ; accessed on January 4, 2018]).
- ↑ Roman Skala, Ivana Císařová: Crystal structure of meteoritic writer sites: determination of absolute structure . In: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals . tape 31 , no. 10 , February 2005, p. 721-732 , doi : 10.1007 / s00269-004-0435-6 .
- ↑ Catalog of Type Mineral Specimens - S. (PDF 143 kB) In: docs.wixstatic.com. Commission on Museums (IMA), December 12, 2018, p. 7 , accessed August 29, 2019 . (Writer site - A. Patera: W Haidinger Ber.Mitt. Freunde Naturwiss., Vienna (1847) 3, 69 Meteorite-Slovakia - Arva (N49 20 ', E19 29') - Meteorite Magura - Iron, Octahedrite, IA - Austria: NHMW-Vienna - Type: HT: Ax31 (1 sample, 55g))
- ^ IMA / CNMNC List of Mineral Names; September 2017 (PDF 1.67 MB)
- ↑ Gustav Rose : Systematic division of the meteorites . In: Annals of Physics and Chemistry . tape 124 , no. 2 . Wiley-VCH, Berlin 1865, p. 193–213 ( available online as a digitized version from the Bavarian State Library in the Munich Digitization Center, Rhabdit from p. 196 ).
- ↑ a b List of localities for Schreibersit in the Mineralienatlas and Mindat