Ribolla (Tuscany)

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Ribolla
RibollaViaLiguria.jpg
Country Italy
region Tuscany
province Grosseto  (GR)
local community Roccastrada
Coordinates 42 ° 58 '  N , 11 ° 2'  E Coordinates: 42 ° 58 '11 "  N , 11 ° 2' 20"  E
height 57  m slm
Residents 2,438 (2011)
Telephone code 0564 CAP 58027

Ribolla is a district ( fraction , Italian frazione ) of Roccastrada in the province of Grosseto , Tuscany region in Italy .

geography

The place is 11.5 km southwest of the capital Roccastrada and 24 km north of the provincial capital Grosseto in the Colline Metallifere of the Maremma . The place is 57  m slm and 2001 had about 2100 inhabitants. It is the most populous district (after Roccastrada, approx. 2300 inhabitants) in the municipality. The Torrente Ribolla flows in the local area and joins the Torrente Follonica west of Ribolla. In the immediate vicinity flows the Bruna river , which here represents the border to Gavorrano and into which the Follonica flows. Montemassi borders directly to the north, Sticciano to the east , Giuncarico to the south (district of Gavorrano) and Gavorrano to the west.

history

Mining memorial Monumento ai Minatori in the center of Ribolla

The first lignite finds in the local area date back to 1835, they were discovered along the Raspollino stream . At that time the place was still called Miniera di Tatti (today part of the municipality of Massa Marittima ) or Miniera di Montemassi or Montemassi e Casteani and was inhabited by seven people. In 1847 the excavation rights went to the Società di Montemassi e Ribolla-Follonica , which shortly afterwards dug the first shaft, called Pozzo Toscano . At 463 meters, this is still the deepest. From 1848 to 1858 the work was not continued due to lack of money, then Luigi Ferrari Corbelli took over the mines, who expanded the shafts Casa Papi and Pozzo Ribolla . In 1866 it was only possible to work about 200 days a year, as the summer months could not be used due to the risk of malaria . The first buildings that established the present-day place were built in 1873 and were warehouses and barracks for the workers. The place got a further boom in 1892 when the company Società Anonima Stabilimento Metallurgico di Piombino took over the mines and a private railway to Giuncarico (now part of Gavorrano) was built. At that time around 1000 people were working on site. The Pozzo Cortese was opened in 1894, increasing production almost tenfold (from approx. 2900 tons in 1891 to approx. 29,000 tons in 1894). In 1898, the Società Anonima delle Ferriere Italiane bought the mines, which carried out modernization measures, but also worsened working conditions, which led to the first major strike (400 participants) in the mines of Ribolla from June 2 to 12, 1900. To end the strike, employers guaranteed workers an eight-hour day for the first time. Since the agreements were not kept, there were further strikes on June 30, which lasted until July 16. Five years later, the Société Générale des Lignites en Italie became a partner. This was founded by the Montecatini company (later Montedison , now Edison ), which took over the mines in 1920. Further labor disputes took place on May 27, 1907, when the 311 workers went on strike for 10 days and were able to enforce large parts of their demands. Due to the war material required for the First World War , the prices for lignite increased, whereupon the workers demanded further concessions and wage increases after the coal price crisis suffered in 1911, but the director denied them this. As a result, a general strike began on October 6, 1914, which lasted for 35 days and only ended on November 8 at the mediation talks in Roccatederighi with the strike ending on November 12.

The new Cernita (loading station) by Ribolla from the 1950s

Through the First World War, production increased significantly and more workers moved to the place. In 1931 the Ribolla became part of Roccastrada, at that time there were 681 inhabitants. The cinema and library were opened in 1936. The peak in employment was reached in 1947 with over 3700 workers, but by 1951 only 2000 people were still working in the mines. In the same year the last shaft (Pozzo 10) with a depth of 333 meters was built. The mass layoffs led to further labor disputes, including the so-called five-month fight ( Lotta dei cinque mesi ) from February to June 1950, before an agreement with the three unions CGIL , CISL and UIL was reached on May 12, 1952 . Nevertheless, the number of workers continued to fall to around 1200 in 1953. The so-called offensiva padronale of the directors Padroni and Ricciardi, which began when they took up their duties in Ribolla at the end of 1951 , also fell during this period . The offensive was characterized by reprisals designed to exclude people from the left, such as members of the CGIL or PCI , from the mines, while CISL and UIL members had no dismissals to fear. The measures taken by Montecatini were in some cases massive violations of Italian labor law , such as assembly bans . There were also considerable differences between the unions on the question of piecework wages . The CGIL campaigned for a collective piecework wage ( cottimo colletivo ) in the labor disputes , while the other two unions supported the opinion of the owner company and rejected it, with the strongest union group CGIL not being able to prevail. In April 1953, 45 workers occupied the Camorra mine in protest against the layoffs and the recently discontinued replenishment method ( Ripiena ), which now left the shafts empty, creating opportunities for gas to accumulate, which in turn increased the risk of fire and explosion (Two dead in 1953). Participants in the occupation were arrested and handcuffed. On August 7, 1953, the ventilation systems were criticized by the unions as inadequate. This was rejected by the State Mining Directorate ( Distretto Minerario ) on October 29, 1953 as unfounded.

On the morning of May 4, 1954 at around 8:30 am, a mine disaster occurred that killed 43 people (out of 47). Triggered by firedamp ( Grisù or Grisou in Italian ), an explosion with a considerable shock wave occurred in the Camorra Sud lignite mine (shaft 9, built in 1948, between tunnels 31 and 32, −265 meters in altitude) . The shaft had only been opened the day before after it had been closed for a year, as an explosion had already occurred in July 1953, which resulted in two injuries. The rescue work on the accident shaft was disorderly, ambulances and rescue teams arrived late, the other workers continued to work until about 10:30 am ignorant of the accident and were then unable to take part in the rescue measures due to insufficient equipment such as breathing masks. The necessary respiratory masks did not arrive until the fire department at around 1 p.m. The first bodies were recovered in the late afternoon and laid out in the local cinema. The civil law process for the responsibility of the Montecatini was prepared by the CGIL. The main point of criticism of the behavior of the Montecatini was the overexploitation (Italian: Supersfruttamento or Sfruttamento a rapina ) of the mines, in which financial interests were given priority over occupational safety. The trial began in Verona in third instance on October 8, 1956 and ended on November 26, 1958, with no convictions, as the court followed the defense's arguments and considered the cause to be fatalità (misfortune).

Until 1955, the Ribolla mine was the largest lignite mine in Italy. The Ribolla mines were last used on April 25, 1959, with official closure in 1961.

Attractions

The Chiesa dei Santi Barbara e Paolo Apostolo in Ribolla
  • Chiesa dei Santi Barbara e Paolo Apostolo , church in the town center from the 20th century. The church was consecrated in 1941 and is dedicated to Saint Paul and Barbara of Nicomedia , the patron saint of miners. It was designed by the engineer Ernesto Ganelli.
  • Monumento al minatore , miners' monument by Vittorio Basaglia (1936–2005) in the center of the village (Via del Parco).
  • Bruna dam , approx. 2 km south (already local area of ​​Gavorrano) located former dam.
  • Parco Nazionale Tecnologico Archeologico delle Colline Metallifere Grossetane , national park that includes the Miniera di Ribolla .

traffic

Ribolla was the terminus of the Giuncarico – Ribolla line from 1892 to 1959 . Giuncarico was then a stop on the Pisa – Rome railway line .

Ribolla in literature and film

The autobiographical novel La vita agra by Luciano Bianciardi (German: Das Saure Leben. Translation by Marlis Ingenmey. Herbig, Berlin 1967), published in 1962, takes the events of Ribolla as a model. It was made into a film by Carlo Lizzani in 1964 . The script was by Sergio Amidei and Luciano Vincenzoni , the cameraman was Erico Menczer , the film editor Franco Fraticelli , the score was by Piero Piccioni . The main roles were played by Ugo Tognazzi (Luciano Bianchi), Giovanna Ralli (Anna), Giampiero Albertini (Libero) and Elio Crovetto (Carlone).

literature

  • Velio Abati / Fondazione Luciano Bianciardi (ed.): La nascita dei "Minatori della Maremma. Il carteggio Bianciardi - Cassola - Laterza e altri scritti. Giunti publishing house, Florence 1998, ISBN 88-09-21554-0
  • Luciano Bianciardi , Carlo Cassola : I minatori della Maremma. ExCogita Editore, Milan 2004, ISBN 978-88-87762-24-2 (reprint, work dates from 1956)
  • Fabrizio Boldrini: Minatori di Maremma. Vita operaia, lotte sindacali e battaglie politiche a Ribolla e nella Colline Metallifere (1860–1915). Edizioni Effigi, Roccastrada 2006, ISBN 978-88-89836-15-6
  • Ivano Tognarini, Matteo Fiorani (a cura di): Ribolla: una miniera, una comunità nel XX. secolo: la storia e la tragedia. Edizioni Polistampa, Florence 2004, ISBN 88-8304-977-2

Web links

Commons : Ribolla  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Official website of the ISTAT ( Istituto Nazionale di Statistica ) on the 2001 population figures in the province of Grosseto, accessed on March 12, 2013 (Italian)
  2. ↑ Istat
  3. ↑ a b c d e Fabrizio Boldrini
  4. ↑ Ivano Tognarini in Ivano Tognarini, Matteo Fiorani: Ribolla, p. 7
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Comune Roccastrada
  6. ↑ a b c d Luciano Bianciardi / Carlo Cassola
  7. ^ Associazione Ambiente e Lavoro: Le lotte sindacali. , accessed on March 15, 2013 (PDF, Italian; 19 kB)
  8. ↑ Carlo Cassola: I nababbi del sottosuolo. in Il Mondo , Rome, July 5, 1952, here from: Velio Abati: La nascita dei Minatori della Maremma , p. 164 f.
  9. ^ Carlo Cassola: La guerra della Montecatini. in Il Contemporaneo , Rome, May 15, 1954, here from: Velio Abati: La nascita dei Minatori della Maremma , p. 164 f.
  10. ↑ Lucciano Bianciardi: Ira e lacrime a Ribolla. In: Il Contemporaneo , Rome, May 15, 1954, here from: Velio Abati: La nascita dei Minatori della Maremma. P. 244 f.
  11. ^ Adolfo Pepe: La strage mineraria di Ribolla. In: Ivano Tognarini, Matteo Fiorani: Ribolla.
  12. ↑ Adolfo Turbanti: Il processo. in Ivano Tognarini, Matteo Fiorani: Ribolla, p. 112
  13. ^ Matteo Fiorani: Il processo alla Montecatini nell'archivio della biblioteca comunale di Follonica. in Ivano Tognarini, Matteo Fiorani: Ribolla
  14. ↑ website of webdiocesi to Chiesa dei Santi Barbara and Paul apostolo in Ribolla , retrieved (Italian) on 12 March 2013
  15. ↑ Website of the Parco Nazionale Tecnologico Archeologico delle Colline Metallifere Grossetane ( Memento of the original from May 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed on March 5, 2013 (Italian) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.parcocollinemetallifere.it
  16. ^ Website of the Internet Movie Database for the film La vita agra , accessed on March 12, 2013