Secwepemc

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Spread of the Salish languages

Secwepemc ('People of the spread out place' or 'scattered People', English pronunciation: 'shuh-kwehp-im', 'suh-Wep-muh' or 'She-whep-m', also known as Shuswap ) is a First Nation in the southern Canadian province of British Columbia , which today consists of 17 regional house groups (or tribal groups). Their traditional tribal area Secwepemcúlecw , which they have lived in for over 10,000 years, covered approx. 145,000 km² and was called Secwepemculecw by them . It stretched at the beginning of the 18th century from the Columbia River Valley on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains to the Fraser River in the west and from the Upper Fraser River in the north to Upper and Lower Arrow Lake in the south. The Cree who lived to the northeast and east of them called the Secwepemc Siwap Wi Iniwak - 'lovely, friendly people'.

The Secwepemc or Shuswap should not be confused with the Shuswap Indian Band ( Kenpesq't ), as the Shuswap Indian Band forms only one of the 17 house groups, and all 17 house groups are called 'Shuswap' or 'Secwepemc'.

Their language, the Secwepemctsín , is divided into an Eastern and a Western dialect and belongs to the Salish language group . Culturally they belong to the four First Nations of the inland Salish - which, in addition to the Secwepemc, also include the Nlaka'pamux (formerly called 'Thompson'), Okanagan and the St'at'imc (formerly called 'Lillooet'). The language is still spoken by around 1,700 Secwepemc today.

Groups of Secwepemc

The Secwepemc formed a loose political alliance of around 35 house groups or tribal groups that regulated the use of the land and its resources and protected the jointly inhabited area - Secwepemculecw - from enemies. Although the individual house groups lived separately from one another and were independent, they shared the common language - Secwepemctsín - as well as similar cultures and belief systems.

Today there are only 17 house groups that are represented by two tribal organizations:

The Northern Shuswap Tribal Council (NSTC) is an association of independent Secwepemc First Nations of the Northern Secwepemc te Qelmucw (NStQ) (pronunciation: shuh-kwehp-im kel-mooh-k - 'Northern Secwepemc') as well as individual communities decimated by epidemics and wars former house groups:

  • Canim Lake Band ( Tsq'escenemc or Tsq'escen - 'People of Broken Rock', 'Canim' refers to a type of large canoe in Chinook Wawa ) (Reserves: Canim Lake # 1 - 6, approx. 21 km², population: 571)
  • Xat'sull First Nation ( Hat'sull , pronounced: 'Hat-shall' - 'People on the cliff where the bubbling water emerges', due to the smallpox epidemic of 1862 and wars, the formerly independent house groups of the Tcuxkexwa'nk and Cm'etem together with the Xat'sull to form today's First Nation, reserves: approx. 21 km², population: 383)
    • Xat'sull ('Soda Creek Indian Band', northernmost Secwepemc house group, lived from the Coast Mountains in the west to the Rocky Mountains in the east) (reservation: Soda Creek # 1)
    • Cm'etem ('Deep Creek Band', are now part of the Xat'sull First Nation ) (Reservation: Deep Creek # 2)
    • Tcuxkexwa'nk ('Buckskin Band', lived west of the Fraser River, now live on reservations of the Xat'sull First Nation)
  • Williams Lake Indian Band ( T'exelcemc or T'exelc , named after the Kukpi7 ('chief') Will-Yum or William, whose advice prevented the Secwepemc from joining the Tsilhqot'in war , the area around the Williams Lake was called Columneetza - 'Meeting Point') (Reserves: Asahal Lake # 2, Carpenter Mountain # 15, Chimney Creek # 5, Five Mile # 3, James Louie # 3A, San Jose # 6, Tillion # 4, Williams Lake # 1 , approx. 19 km², population: 666)
  • Canoe Creek Band (also Stswecem'c / Xgat'tem , due to large losses due to smallpox , two formerly independent house groups joined together in around 1800 to form the Canoe Creek Band, whose two settlements today are located southwest of Williams Lake in Canoe Creek and Dog Creek Valley along the eastern bank of the Fraser River, reserves: approx. 56 km², population: 703)
    • Canoe Creek Band ( Stswecem'c , inhabit the Canoe Creek Settlement) (Reserves: Canoe Creek # 1 - 3, Copper Johnny Meadow # 8, Fish Lake # 5, Spilmouse # 4, Tinmusket # 5A, Tobey Lake # 6)
    • Dog Creek Band ( Xgat'tem , their Dog Creek settlement is the joint administrative center) (Reserves: Dog Creek # 1 - 4)
    • Empire Valley Band ( Tcexwe'ptem and Komenka'ksxen , lived south of Churn Creek, had their winter camps along Lone Cabin Creek and in Empire Valley, many were killed or died in 1825 by a war troop of the St'at'imc (also Lilloet) 1862 by smallpox, survivors joined Canoe Creek Band )

The Northern Shuswap Tribal Council (NSTC) also represents the survivors of the former house groups:

  • Farwell Canyon Band (Se'tlemux and S'nhaxala'us) (mostly extinct)
  • Williams Lake Band ( Peltcoktcotci'tcen ) (mostly extinct)
  • Lac la Hache ( Hatli'nten ) (largely extinct)
  • Upper Bonaparte Band ( Pelstsokomu's ) (mostly extinct)
  • Chilcotin Mouth Band ( Texhoilu'ps ) (largely extinct)
  • Riske Creek Band ( Peq and Sulta'tkwa ) (smallpox largely extinct)
  • Doc English Bluff Band ( Oxtseta'ks ) (mostly extinct)
  • Green Lake or Green Timber Band ( Te'lzenten ) (mostly extinct)

The Shuswap Nation Tribal Council (SNTC) represents the following independent Secwepemc First Nations:

  • Adams Lake Indian Band ( Sexqeltqin or Cstelnec ) (lived along the banks of Adams Lake , an area they called 'Cstelen', hence they were also called Cstelnec - 'People of the Adams Lake Area' - their area stretched from what is now Chase to Tum Tum Lake, were the most important group of the Sexqéltkemc - 'People of the Lakes' or 'Lakes Division', today they inhabit seven reserves along the banks of the Adam, Little Shuswap and Shuswap Lake) (Reserves: Hustalen # 1, Sahhaltkum # 4, Squaam # 2, Stequmwhulpa # 5, Switsemalph # 6 - 7, Toops # 3, approx. 29 km², population: 734)
  • Tk'emlúps Indian Band ( Tk'emlups te Secwepemc - 'people where the rivers flow together', formerly 'Kamloops Indian Band', were called Secwepemc7uwi - 'the real Secwepemc' because of their economic and military power ) (Reservations: Kamloops # 1 - 5, Hihium Lake # 6, approx. 135 km², population: 1,000)
  • Shuswap Indian Band ( Tsqwatstens-kucw ne Casliken - 'People between two mountain ranges', belonged to the Sexqéltkemc - 'People of the Lakes' or 'Lakes Division', part of the Shuswap Indian Band, the 'Kinbasket Shuswap Band', moved into the Upper Columbia River Valley, where they allied themselves with the Stoney and Kutenai , with the latter they entered into many mixed marriages and became part of the Kutenai as Kyaknuqⱡiʔit / Kisamni) (Reserves: St. Mary's # 1A, Shuswap, approx. 12 km², population: 239 )
  • Little Shuswap Indian Band ( Skwlax or Squilax - 'Black Bear', lived (d) s along the eastern bank of Little Shuswap Lake, the western and northern banks of Big Shuswap Lake as well as along the Adams River and Little River, main settlement was Kuaut ( or 'Kualt') on Little Shuswap Lake, belonged to the Sexqéltkemc - 'People of the Lakes' or 'Lakes Division') (Reserves: Chum Creek # 2, Meadow Creek # 3, North Bay # 5, Quaaout # 1, Scotch Creek # 4, approx. 31 km², population: 322)
  • Neskonlith Indian Band ( Neskonlith , belonged to the Sexqéltkemc - 'People of the Lakes' or 'Lakes Division') (Reserves: Neskonlith # 1 - 2, Switsemalph # 3, approx. 27 km², population: 614)
  • Skeetchestn Indian Band (called 'Deadman's Creek band') (lived on both banks of Kamloops Lake and on both sides of the Thompson River) (Reserves: Hihium Lake # 6A, 6B, Marshy Lake # 1, Skeetchestn, approx. 80 km², population: 498 )
  • Splats'in First Nation ( Spallumcheen Indian Band ) (were the southernmost tribal group of the Secwepemc, whose territory stretches from the British Columbia / Alberta border near the Yellowhead Pass to the plateau west of the Fraser River and southeast to Arrow Lake and the upper reaches of Columbia River , the Shuswap River was the main transport route for goods and people, belonged to the Sexqéltkemc - 'People of the Lakes' or 'Lakes Division') (Reserves: Salmon River # 1, Enderby # 2, Sicamous # 3, approx. 39 km², population: 791)
  • Bonaparte Indian Band ( St'uxwtéws or Stuctwewsemc ) (inhabited the Bonaparte Plateau between the Bonaparte River (in Secwepcemts Kluhtows - 'stony, gravel-covered river') in the north and west, and the Thompson River in the east and south) (Reserves: Bonaparte # 3, Grasslands # 7, Hihium Lake # 6, 6A, 6B, Loon Lake # 4, Lower Hat Creek # 2, Mauvais Rocher # 5, Upper Hat Creek # 1, approx. 19 km², population: 838)
  • Whispering Pines / Clinton Indian Band (formerly called 'Clinton Indian Band', Pellt'iq't - 'People of the White Earth') (Reservations: Kelly Creek # 3, Whispering Pines # 4, Clinton # 1, # 3, # 5 - 6, whereby Clinton # 5 - 6 comprise traditional burial grounds, approx. 5 km², population: 139)
  • Simpcw First Nation (formerly called 'North Thompson Indian Band') (its territory in the North Thompson River region comprised approximately 5,000,000 hectares, and extended north of McLure to the headwaters of the Fraser River near McBride , on to Tete Jaune Cache , over to Jasper and south to the headwaters of the Athabasca River ) (Reserves: Barriere River # 3A, Boulder Creek # 5, Louis Creek # 4, Nekalliston # 2, North Thompson # 1, approx. 15 km², population: 652)

The Lillooet (St'át'timc) Tribal Council and St'át'timc Chiefs Council represent the:

  • Ts'Kw'aylaxw First Nation ( Lillooet - version of the Secwepemctsín word Tsk'wéylecw - 'Frost', formerly 'Pavilion Indian Band', belong to both the Secwepemc and the St'at'imc ) (Reserves: Leon Creek # 2, 2A, Marble Canyon # 3, Pavilion # 1, 1A, 3A, 4, Ts'kw'aylaxw # 5, approx. 21 km², population: 532) - today politically belong to the Upper St'at'imc

The following Secwepemc First Nations are not associated house groups:

  • Esketemc First Nation (today the descendants of several house groups who survived the smallpox epidemic of 1862–1863 live in 19 reservations along the Fraser River southwest of Williams Lake ; they are administered on reservation # 1 Esk'et on Alkali Lake, about 50 km from Williams Lake east of the Fraser River) (Reservations: Alixton # 5, Alkali Lake # 1, 1A, Cludolicum # 9, 9A, Isadore Harry # 12, Johny Sticks # 2, Little Springs # 8, 18, Loon Lake # 10, Old Clemens # 16, Pete Suckers # 13, Roper's Meadow # 14, Sampson's Meadow # 11, 11A, Sandy Harry # 4, Swan Lake # 3, Windy Mouth # 7, Wycott's Flat # 6, approx. 39 km², population: 813)
    • Alkali Lake Indian Band (formerly Slemxulucemc - called 'River People') lived on both sides of the Fraser River in what is now the Cariboo Regional District , after relocating to Alkali Lake as' Alkali Lake Indian Band ', hence the current name Esketemc -' People of the white ground '
    • Chilcotin Mouth Band ( Texhoilu'ps , close allies of the Esketemc , often had winter camps together and married each other, therefore joined the Alkali Lake Indian Band after the smallpox epidemic)
  • High Bar First Nation (together with the Esketemc were also known as 'Canyon Shuswap', were called by the Tsilhqot'in Llenlleney'ten ) (Reserves: High Bar # 1, 1A, 2, approx. 15 km², population: 79)

history

Early history, traditional way of life

In mythology , it started with a man who was simply called "the Old One". It was believed that the world was very small in the beginning, but it had grown. The ancestors of Secwepemc had peculiarities of humans and animals at the same time and were called s-chip-tack-wi-ta , which could be translated as animal people. They had special powers and were seen as transformers . These transformers were sent out by Old One to prepare the land of Secwepemc. The transformer Coyote , who also transformed human-killing monsters, became her most important teacher . Stone pillars called "coyote rocks" are reminiscent of coyote.

Traditionally, the Secwepemc lived in house groups that were related to other, similarly living groups. Especially in summer the individual groups were composed very differently, only in winter did they live in their respective houses, the so-called pit houses . These were wooden houses sunk into the ground and which could be erected within a day. The preference for logs washed ashore in the river meant that it could take up to five years to collect enough wood for a house. The trunks were connected with tendons and strips of fur. Four interconnected trunks carried the circular roof, the timbers of which reached to the ground. The roof insulation was done with wood fibers (cedar) and grass sod , which could also serve as camouflage.

The house had separate entrances for women and men. The women's one was low and faced the water. The men, on the other hand, entered the house from above through the roof and stairs carved into a trunk. The ladder protruding from the roof pointed east, towards sunrise. The bedstead consisted of soft twigs and mats, and people slept under furs and furs.

The nomadic groups repeated their collection, fishing and hunting cycles year after year, and so traditional territories developed with partially overlapping borders. In the warm season they lived in tents that were easy to transport. The southern groups made tent skin from cattails and their leaves, while the northern groups used broad strips of wood fiber. Here again fibers of the giant tree of life , but also the Jeffrey pine , spruce and balsam fir were used.

The Secwepemc lived on rivers and lakes. Hunting played a major role in this, with a bow and arrow being the main weapon. Scratches and arrowheads were made of basalt that were attached with deer sinews. Then they were stuck together with pitch. The arrows themselves consisted of hard branches of the Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana) or the shrub of the Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia). Wooden, T-shaped grave sticks and clubs have also been preserved; The latter were used for both hunting and war. Antlers and bones were made into fishhooks and spearheads. Large fish weirs were also used where the fish trying to overcome the obstacle could easily be caught with spears and nets. To preserve it, the fish was either dried or smoked on appropriate pole frames.

The women made baskets from the wood of the giant tree of life (red cedar), from spruce and birch wood fibers. Many baskets were made waterproof with pitch. Certain baskets made of red cedar wood could even cook. Fibers of the bird cherry were used for decoration. The decoration also served with painted beads (tsususu7t) made of stone, bone and antler. The colors were ground in mortars , much like pigments or tobacco were ground up.

Cooking took place in the house. For this purpose, lava was heated outside the house and then brought into the house using Y-shaped sticks and placed in a pit with water.

Sweat lodges (sqilye) were built from willow sticks , some of these round buildings were also covered with earth. Young spruce branches were spread on the ground. In a depression in the middle, hot volcanic rock was placed and covered with branches. Buckets with water promoted sweating and served the ritual cleansing that took place after sweating in the next stream. While sweating, pray to Swalu's , a spirit of its own for this ceremony. This should free from pain, bring a healthy, long life as well as wisdom, wealth and luck in hunting, games and war.

In addition to other games, the Secwepemc played lacrosse , which they call steqwmeke7uwi .

Relationship with neighboring First Nations

The Secwepemc had many indigenous peoples as neighbors, with whom their relationship was often characterized by tensions and mutual raids and reprisals - in the north lived the Sekani , in the northwest the Dakelh (formerly 'Carrier'), in the west the Tsilhqot'in (formerly 'Chilcotin'), in the southwest the St'at'imc (formerly 'Lillooet') and Nlaka'pamux (formerly 'Thompson'), the Okanagan in the south, the Ktunaxa (also 'Kutenai') in the southeast, the Stoney in the east as well as the Plains Cree to the northeast and east.

The Secwepemc fought against the Okanagan, St'at'imc and Nlaka'pamux in the south and west and, in alliance with the Dakelh, waged war against the Tsilhqot'in - mostly in these conflicts there was a dispute over fishing and hunting grounds. The Secwepemc also fought to avenge the death of a tribal member who was either killed in an enemy raid or died in battle. In these clashes, the defeated enemies were usually brought home as slaves - but these could become full members of the group if they married into a Secwepemc family.

The neighboring house groups of the Secwepemc often banded together against their enemies in order to secure their success in the war - here they could fall back on existing family ties by marrying the individual families of neighboring villages (but different house groups) for help in the defense against enemies or to get support in a retaliatory platoon.

So z. B. the Tk'emlúps Indian Band and Bonaparte Indian Band against the Okanagan together, the groups along the Fraser and North Thompson Rivers (Alkali Lake, Dog Creek, Empire Valley, Soda Creek, Simpcw First Nation and others) fought the Cree and Nlaka together 'pamux. In addition, the Fraser and North Thompson River were supported in the fight against the Sekani by the Tk'emlúps Indian Band. The Xatśūll were known to both celebrate and wage war with the neighboring Tsilhqot'in, but always acted vigilantly and cautiously towards the Cree. They also maintained good contacts with the Southern Dakelh, who the Secwepemc called Atnah - 'those who live underground'. Weddings between neighboring house groups or First Nations represented an important survival strategy of the Secwepemc, as the absence of the annual salmon could lead to hunger or forced migration, and one could share hunting and fishing grounds, trusting the established family ties.

Traditionally, the Secwepemc (like the neighboring plateau tribes, too) were heavily involved in the trade network between the tribes of the northwest coast via the Columbia Plateau to the tribes of the northwest and northern plains.

The members of the High Bar First Nation (or 'Canyon Shuswap') acted as middlemen for other Secwepemc groups and the Tsilhqot'in, bought the respective goods from both groups and resold them at a profit. The Xat'sull First Nation traded with the Dakelh, while the Simpcw First Nation, Shuswap Indian Band and Tk'emlúps Indian Band groups had trading contacts with the Plains Cree, Stoney, Ktunaxa and Iroquois traders . The Simpcw, Shuswap, Tk'emlúps as well as the Adams Lake, Little Shuswap and Neskonlith Indian Band mostly traded with the St'at'imc (formerly 'Lillooet') and Nlaka'pamux (formerly 'Thompson') in the southwest.

Through trade with the various First Nations, the Secwepemc acquired the coveted snail shells or clam shells ( mollusc money ) made from Dentalium clams, woven goat hair blankets and belts, snowshoes , clothing made from animal skins, buffalo robes, wampum , roots , bark and baskets. They themselves had to offer dried salmon , salmon oil , baskets, natural colors , deer skins , mussels and rawhide sacks in exchange.

Trade was therefore an important part of their culture - even before the North West Company and later the Hudson's Bay Company established trading posts in their territory . As already explained, the Secwepemc maintained a flourishing trade with the coastal Salish and other First Nations along the north-west coast - this enabled them to get metal tools and goods before the Europeans first appeared in their area.

Smallpox epidemics, populations collapse

Before first contact with Europeans and their diseases ( smallpox , influenza , measles ), the Secwepemc probably had a population of over 21,000. After they were weakened by the European epidemics and decimated by major intertribal conflicts (triggered by the fur trade ), the number of around 30 Secwepemc tribal groups was estimated to be only 7,200 people in 1850. In the second half of the 19th century, the various groups lost so many tribesmen again , especially due to the severe smallpox epidemic of 1862 , that some groups had to join larger ones, so that in 1903 only the 17 Secwepemc house groups were left. Today more than 7,000 people are again part of the Secwepemc.

Protection of natural resources and cultural relics (from 1982)

In 1982 the 17 house groups of Secwepemc agreed on a declaration in which they set the goal of preserving, recording, continuing and expanding their culture. In 1983 the Secwepemc Cultural Education Society (SCES) was founded for this purpose. She was supposed to see to it that a cultural center was built, which also included a museum. In addition, it should ensure curricula, the provision of legally relevant documents, and the summary of culturally and historically important artifacts. For these complex tasks, departments were set up to deal with education, language, communication and publications, training, as well as the museum and heritage park. This is how the Chief Louis Center in the Kamloops Indian reserve came into being .

In 1991, the Shuswap Environmental Action Society published a satellite imagery-supported Sustainable Stewardship Plan , a plan that included permanent protection for a number of areas within the traditional tribal area. By 2001, the company wanted to enforce protected areas in the 708,500 hectare Salmon Arm Forest , a forest area. She was supported by local residents and the World Wildlife Fund . In 2001, the British Columbia government approved the Okanagan Shuswap Land-Use Plan , which created 49 new protected areas, including 11 parks and 6 park extensions.

One of the 16 new protected areas is the Anstey Arm / Hunakwa Lake Park (7492 ha), whereby the lake is one of the few, if not the only, medium-sized, not very high-lying lake in the British Columbia hinterland that is not "accessed" by a road “Is. In addition, there was almost no logging, so that you can still find primeval forests here. The new park connects the Anstey Arm with the Seymour Arm of Shuswap Lake and also includes Wright Lake.

An attempt by a logging company to fell trees without a fuss in the Upper Seymour River Valley failed because of a tip from one of the workers. When visiting the area, surprisingly large trees were found, some with a diameter of over 4 m. In addition, the forest is an important retreat for the mountain caribou, at the same time one of the few remaining rainforests in the hinterland.

Pukeashun , an area of ​​1,571 hectares, about 15 km east of Albas on Shuswap Lake has also been placed under protection . This includes Grizzly Lake and a small area on Scotch Creek. Grizzlies and mountain caribou live there, as well as a rare species of trout (bull trout). Also of a smaller size is the Enderby Cliffs reserve , which covers 2,364 hectares. It is above Enderby.

In addition to these new areas, which have only been discovered through satellite images, there are extensions such as the Cinnemousin Narrows Addition (270 ha), which triples the area of ​​a small park (since 1959), which is more a recreational area, by highly rated protected areas. An area placed under protection in 1972 was expanded by the Mount Griffin Ecological Reserve Addition (1,566 ha). There is also Kingfisher Creek Ecological Reserve Addition (414 ha), which extends the Ecological Reserve of the same name (a protected area for species and a research area) of 1,441 ha. Here, too, the focus is on protecting small primeval forest areas. In contrast, the Eagle River (508 ha) protects the banks of the eponymous river, as does the Englishman River (446 ha), which protects the inlet of a stream into the Eagle River east of the Three-Valley Gap near Victor Lake.

In contrast, the Mara Meadows Ecological Reserve Addition (207 ha) protects a rare form of mountain meadows and a retreat for grizzly bears . Entry is prohibited here without permission. The addition creates a forested buffer zone for the sensitive protected area. A stone erosion monument protects the area called Pillar , which is only 3 hectares in size .

The Shuswap River Islands , which together cover 187 hectares, are completely different , where rare habitats are protected on the islands.

Smaller extensions, such as the Shuswap Lake Marine Park Additions , which also includes Bughouse Bay Site (43 ha), as well as the Upper Perry River (164 ha), Upper Violet Creek (107 ha), the White Lake Park Additions (255 ha) and the Yard Creek Provincial Park Additions (116 hectares) near the Trans-Canada Highway near Malakwa, complete the area, but Parks Canada wants to give up the latter for cost reasons.

The Momich Lake Park (1650 ha), which includes three lakes and a salmon-rich river, enjoys the highest protection . There are numerous Culturally Modified Trees here , including paintings (pictographs) that document the presence of the Shuswap. Access to the area is via Vavenby, Adams Lake Road, or from Seymour Arm on Shuswap Lake via Humamilt Lake.

Rather for ecological reasons, the Upper Adams River (5,160 ha) is protected. It is located on the north bank of the Adams Lake, plus 65 km of floodplain that is nowhere in the hinterland in this form.

Adams Lake Recreation Area was promoted to Provincial Park in 1996 (56 hectares). Adams Lake Marine Parks , including Spillman Beach (139 hectares) and Popular Point (32 hectares), are of the same use . The oregano Creek , an area of about 200 ha is indeed protected due but not yet one of the parks.

The tribe owns the Kinbasket Development Corporation (KDC) , which operates and trains business development.

Wayne M. Christian, with Secwepemc and Okanagan roots, was re-confirmed in April 2009 as Kukpi7 (chief) of the Splats'in First Nation (Spallumcheen Indian Band) (previously he was Kukpi7 1979-1987) also chairman of the Shuswap Nation Tribal Council and therefore spokesman for 10 of the 17 house groups of the Secwepemc.

Web links

Commons : Secwepemc  - collection of images, videos and audio files

See also

Remarks

  1. ↑ SEXQÉLTKEMC - The Lakes Division of the Secwepemc Nation (PDF; 2.1 MB)
  2. ↑ Virtual Museum of Secwepemc ( Memento of the original from March 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.secwepemc.org
  3. ↑ In November 2009 there were 230 members of the Shuswap Indian Band
  4. ↑ Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development: Shuswap ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca
  5. ↑ Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)
  6. ↑ Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population, Statistics Canada catalog
  7. ↑ Northern Shuswap Tribal Council (NSTC) ( Memento of the original from February 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nstq.org
  8. ↑ Northern Secwepemc te Qelmucw (NStQ) ( Memento of the original from March 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nstq.org
  9. ↑ Canim Lake Band ( Memento of the original from December 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.canimlakeband.com
  10. ^ Cariboo Tribal Council
  11. ↑ Source for population: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Registered Population as of February, 2011 ( Memento of the original from April 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca
  12. ^ Xat'sull First Nations
  13. ^ Soda Creek Band, The Xatsu'll First Nation ( Memento of the original from April 9, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cariboolinks.com
  14. ^ Williams Lake Indian Band
  15. ↑ Canoe Creek Band ( Memento of the original from December 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nstq.org
  16. ^ Churn Creek Protected Area
  17. ↑ Northern Secwepemc te Qelmucw (NStQ) (PDF; 125 kB)
  18. ↑ Shuswap Nation Tribal Council (SNTC) ( Memento of the original from April 11, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.shuswapnation.org
  19. ^ Adams Lake Indian Band
  20. ↑ Secwepemctsin (Eastern dialect)
  21. ^ Tk'emlúps Indian Band
  22. ↑ also known as Kamloops # 6, share this with the Bonaparte, Skeetchestn and Upper Nicola Indian bands
  23. ↑ derived from Kenpesq't - 'reaching for the highest part of the sky' or 'touching the sky close to heaven', the name of several of their chiefs: Yelhellna Kinbasket (originally from Adams Lake), his son Paul Ignatious Kinbasket and grandson Pierre Kinbasket
  24. ↑ Ktunaxa Nation ( Memento of the original from February 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ktunaxa.org
  25. ↑ Shuswap Band
  26. ↑ Little Shuswap Indian Band
  27. ↑ Neskonlith band
  28. ↑ Skeetchestn Indian Band
  29. ↑ Splats'in First Nation
  30. ↑ Spallumcheen Indian Band ( Memento of the original from March 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.spallumcheen.org
  31. ↑ Bonaparte Indian Band ( Memento of the original from December 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bonaparteindianband.com
  32. ↑ BCGNIS Query Results  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / archive.ilmb.gov.bc.ca  
  33. ↑ Bonaparte Indian Band ( Stuctwewsemc ) ( Memento of the original from December 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bonaparteindianband.com
  34. ↑ Whispering Pines / Clinton Indian Band ( Memento of the original from August 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wpcib.com
  35. ↑ Pellt'iq't People
  36. ^ Simpcw First Nation
  37. ↑ The Ts'kw'aylaxw First Nations
  38. ↑ Esketemc First Nation ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.esketemc.org
  39. ↑ Home of the Esketemc ( Memento of the original from August 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nativejourneys.ca
  40. ↑ Aboriginal Canada ( Memento of the original dated February 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.aboriginalcanada.gc.ca
  41. ↑ THE Secwepemc A Guide to the History, Culture, and Contemporary Issues of the Shuswap People
  42. ↑ especially the groups of the St'at'imc were enslaved - even by the distant Tlingit , Haida and Lekwiltok
  43. ↑ The Stl'atl'imx People (Lillooet, Nequatque & In-SHUCK-ch First Nations) ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cayoosh.net
  44. ↑ Xatsull Heritage Village
  45. ↑ These were traders of Iroquois descent who had moved westward onto the Plains and into the Rockys during the fur trade in order to be able to participate in the trade
  46. ↑ The mussels were fished in the coastal area of Vancouver Island and traded on to other First Nations. Their value increased with the distance from the coast and was also dependent on the size of the specimens. The Hoopa and Yurok in particular valued them as the most important and universal currency
  47. ↑ Secwepemc ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.secwepemc.org