St. Lukas (Munich)
The Evangelical Lutheran parish church of St. Lukas , also called Lukaskirche , was the third Evangelical Lutheran church building in Munich . The church was built between 1893 and 1896 according to plans by Albert Schmidt . St. Lukas is the only almost completely preserved Protestant church of historicism in Munich. Due to its towering crossing dome, the two side towers and its overwhelming interior, it is also known as the "Protestant cathedral".
history
The steady increase in parish members made the two existing Evangelical Lutheran parish churches, St. Matthew and St. Markus, quickly too small. As early as 1893, Protestant services were celebrated at three other locations in Haidhausen , Schwabing and Neuhausen . In this respect, a third Protestant church building was inevitable.
The northern tip of the Coal Island , today's Museum Island , was intended as the construction site . A modest church was to be built there. Since the Bavarian ruling house was concerned about the clear Catholic dominance in Munich, other Christian denominations were only given building sites that could not shape the cityscape; the only exception to this principle was the church building of St. Matthew, which was demolished in 1938.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church Building Office did not want to be satisfied with that. So it was able to convince both Prince Regent Luitpold and the government of Upper Bavaria that Schmidt's design, favored by the Prince Regent and the government of Upper Bavaria, required a larger building site than the one on the coal island. At the same time, the church building authority argued that a simpler building would be sufficient for the purposes of the Protestant community and that the costs for the Evangelical Lutheran church community in Munich were too high; So the royal capital and residence city of Munich promoted the construction by providing a spacious plot of land on Mariannenplatz in Lehel .
The foundation stone for St. Luke was laid on June 29, 1893, and the inauguration took place on the First Advent in 1896. The building was financed mainly through donations and contributions from the church levy, roughly comparable to today's church fees .
St. Luke was raised to a parish church only in 1900 with the establishment of the parish. In World War II, almost intact, the Church was in contrast to the rectory and the modernization and Purifikationswellen the 1960s and 1970s. However, the colored glass windows from the workshops of the Mayer'schen Hofkunstschule did not survive the air raid on the night of September 6th and 7th, 1943. In order to preserve the original, deliberately mystical impression of the room, the color glazing, which is so important for it, was restored immediately after the end of the war.
From 1945 until the 1950s the church was used for church services by members of the US occupation forces . Although it was included in the list of cultural assets worthy of protection by the Hague Convention in 1976 , the church was never completely renovated. On October 11, 1998 at around 10.30 p.m., a stone came loose from the southern rose window and fell right next to the children's playground on Mariannenplatz. Since then, St. Lukas has been considered dilapidated and partly in danger of collapsing. The building renovation should be completed in 2006.
Location and program
St. Lukas is located directly on the banks of the Isar , between Steinsdorfstrasse and Mariannenplatz. It takes about the middle of the Isar bank between Ludwigsbrücke and Maximiliansbrücke . Although the property belongs to Mariannenplatz im Lehel (Mariannenplatz 3), the main entrance is on Steinsdorfstrasse on the Isar side. As a result, the church can do justice to its dominant urban development location on the banks of the Isar, the two east towers and the almost 64 m high dome of St. Lukas characterize the development on the western Isarkai des Lehels.
The architect Albert Schmidt consciously draws on pre-Reformation architectural styles: the exterior architecture is determined by Romanesque forms, while the interior is reminiscent of Rhenish early Gothic . The dome, in turn, is influenced by the Renaissance . In this respect, the church is also an example of eclecticism . A similarity in the exterior architecture with the Viennese church Maria vom Siege is also unmistakable. The floor plan shows a central building. This is based on the geometric figure of a Greek cross . In the east there is an apse closed on three sides . The westwork is seven-sided and has square towers. In this respect, St. Luke is a building that was constructed from the inside out. Critics therefore note that the building looks confusing on the outside, while the interior is harmonious in itself. With the use of pre-Reformation architectural styles, St. Luke was to be placed in the silhouette of a Roman Catholic Munich. “Ur-Catholic” forms, which around 1900 were still an expression of loyalty to the dynastic ruling house, were intended to avoid the impression of “rebellious Lutheranism”.
Significance and upcoming renovations
The St. Luke Church is considered a sacred total work of art of historicism in the late 19th century. A joint publication by the Protestant parish, the regional church council and the regional office for the preservation of monuments dealt with this in 1996 for the 100th anniversary of the church. In contrast to the Munich main synagogue , also built by Albert Schmidt , which was destroyed at Hitler's orders in 1938, St. Lukas has largely been preserved to this day. Even the interior furnishings, from the tile ornamentation of the floor coverings to the liturgical utensils, are still there.
Comprehensive interventions are currently pending in this listed building based on the taste of the times. The conversion of the traditional sacred space into a modern multifunctional space is planned. The chairs of the original equipment from 1896, the cheeks of which show ornamental carvings and three-dimensional evangelist symbols, are to give way for the most part to a gray-brown terrazzo floor . It is also planned to suspend the crossing dome with acoustic elements, to relocate the baptismal font next to the altar and to place a mobile altar in front of it. The stone balustrades next to the choir are to be torn down and replaced by round steps.
The dome of the church
Interior with pulpit
organ
The first organ in St. Luke's Church was built in 1896 by GF Steinmeyer & Co. (Oettingen) as op. 578 on the west gallery. It had 34 registers spread over two manuals and a pedal . In 1912 Albert Schweitzer played a concert on this instrument .
Already 30 years after it was built, people complained about the instrument that it was unable to fill the space.
The first drafts for a new organ go back to 1925. The plan was to build an organ with 84 registers in the romantic spirit, which should also have expanded super-octave couplings . Even then, a free pipe prospectus was being considered. Due to the economic situation at the time, the plan to build a new organ was rejected again.
It was not until 1932 that a contract for Opus 1568 was finally signed with the organ building company Steinmeyer from Oettingen for a new building. At the architect's request, Steinmeyer built a Rückpositiv into the parapet, so that the organ of the Lukaskirche had the first Rückpositiv in the Munich organ and church landscape. Steinmeyer wrote in an expert report about the organ:
- “The organ contains a total of 4560 speaking pipes. The visible pipes, a total of 280 pieces, form the so-called prospectus. It weighs around 35 quintals alone. [...] Nevertheless, around 20,000 m of copper wire were needed to connect the console to the organ. If you wanted to count the copper wire on the electrical coils and the wires in the gaming table itself, the total length of the wires would be even greater. The work contains around 1250 pieces of electromagnets of various designs and tractive forces. The electric fan that generates the whistle wind is able to deliver 52 m³ of compressed air into the bellows per minute. The fact that a low-current dynamo with an output of 220 watts is sufficient to operate the electromagnets should be proof of the perfection of the electrical system of this organ. "
The organ was inaugurated during the service on December 18, 1932, the 4th Sunday in Advent. It has 72 registers on pocket drawers (including five transmissions), divided into four manuals and pedal. The action is electro-pneumatic.
The organ survived the Second World War largely unscathed.
In 1965, at the suggestion of Karl Richter, there were considerations to move the organ to the chancel, which was ultimately rejected.
In 1967 the Steinmeyer organ building company carried out a general renovation. In this measure, which is not unproblematic from today's perspective, the second swell was expanded and the historical gaming table was also massively changed. By re-intonating the entire pipework, the late-romantic sound identity of the instrument was taken away and it was adapted to the neo-baroque sound ideal that was prevalent at the time.
Small interventions in the following decades changed the work insignificantly.
In 2004 Jürgen Scriba and Markus Harder-Völkmann built a mobile remote gaming table with a modern typesetting system , MIDI control, etc. a. for the Orgelpunkt series , which is also used at parish concerts.
Even today, the Steinmeyer organ of the Lukaskirche is one of the largest organs in Munich (see list of organs in Upper Bavaria ) and is considered an outstanding sound document of the 1930s in southern Germany, which, however, is in urgent need of renovation, not least from a sound point of view.
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- Coupling : I / II, II / I, III / I, III / II, IV / I, IV / II, IV / III, I / P, II / P, III / P, IV / P
- Playing aids : four free combinations, tutti, crescendo roller .
Bells
The first ring of the Lukaskirche consisted of four bells and was cast in 1896 by the Ulrich brothers in Apolda. It fell victim to the First World War . Immediately after the end of the war, in 1919, a new four-part bell was purchased, of which the Second World War destroyed all but the smallest bell. It has been preserved to this day and bears the inscription THE HUMANS A WELL-Pleased on the flank.
The bell losses of the Second World War were offset by the addition of two loan bells. The larger of them reached the tower in 1952 and is the work of foundry Friedrich Gruhl from 1862. It once hung under the name of the inscription bell in St. Mary's Church in Stargard . Some excerpts from the many inscriptions read:
- CHRIST IESUS HAS COME TO BLESS THE SUENERS.
- BELIEVE IN THE LORD IESUM CHRIST THAT YOU AND YOUR HOUSE WILL BE BLESSED.
The second loan bell was originally cast in 1703 by Martin Greim in Liegnitz for the town of Schönwaldau, Goldberg district in Lower Silesia.
The Bachert bell foundry from Heilbronn added a bell in 1990. As an inscription on the obverse it bears HONOR TO GOD ABOVE AND PEACE ON EARTH and thus indicates the beginning of the saying from the Christmas story that ended on the little bell ( Lk 2 : 1–20). The Christ monogram is attached below. On the back of the bell is the title ST. LUKAS MUENCHEN with foundry mark and year.
The following four bells have been hanging from the north-east tower since 1990:
|
No. |
Surname |
Casting year |
Caster |
Diameter (mm) |
Mass (kg) |
Percussive ( HT - 1 / 16 ) |
| 1 | Inscription bell | 1862 | Friedrich Gruhl, Kleinwelka | 1,410 | ≈1,510 | c 1 +4 |
| 2 | Prayer bell | 1990 | Bachert bell foundry, Heilbronn | 1,420 | 1,768 | d 1 +3 |
| 3 | 1703 | Martin Greim, Liegnitz | 1,090 | ≈620 | f 1 | |
| 4th | 1919 | Ulrich brothers, Apolda | 910 | ≈420 | a 1 |
High altar picture
The high altar picture Entombment of Christ was painted by Gustav Adolf Goldberg .
Notes on patronage
Although or precisely because the Bavarian ruling house tried very hard to maintain a Catholic Munich, the first four Evangelical-Lutheran parish churches were given the names of the Evangelists in the order in which they are arranged in the New Testament : St. Matthew (consecrated in 1833 ), St. Markus (inaugurated in 1877), St. Lukas and finally St. Johannes (inaugurated in 1916) in Haidhausen . Together with the first Evangelical Lutheran church in the Munich area, the St. Paulus Church in Perlach , which was inaugurated in 1849 , at that time an independent community at the gates of Munich, the Evangelical Church Community Munich showed the basis of its faith: the testimony of Jesus Christ , like the Gospels testify to him ( Matthew , Mark , Luke , John ), as well as the Christian confession ( Paul ).
literature
- Klaus Gallas : Munich. From the Guelph foundation of Henry the Lion to the present: art, culture, history . DuMont, Cologne 1979, ISBN 3-7701-1094-3 (DuMont documents: DuMont art travel guide).
- Heinrich Habel: Evangelical St. Luke Church. Munich . Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 1998, ISBN 978-3-7954-5164-6 (series: Small art guides / churches and monasteries).
- Workbooks of the State Office for Monument Preservation, Volume 88, Munich 1996.
- GA Horst: The new third Protestant church in Munich (St. Lucaskirche). Built by Albert Schmidt, royal. Professor and Builder. In: Allgemeine Bauzeitung , 62nd year, 1897, pp. 53–56 and tables, pages 14–21
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Planning on competitionline , accessed on April 9, 2019
- ↑ a b Catalog raisonné by GF Steinmeyer & Co.
- ↑ a b c d Works archive of the Steinmeyer company, Oettingen
- ↑ Information about the St. Lukas gaming table on the manufacturer's website, accessed on November 22, 2016
- ↑ Information from the current job holder, Tobias Frank
- ↑ a b c St. Luke's Church, Munich . Art Guide 1453, Verlag Schnell and Steiner, 1984.
- ↑ Internet presence of the Stargard home district in Pomerania
- ↑ a b Information from A. Bachert bell foundry
Coordinates: 48 ° 8 ′ 6.6 " N , 11 ° 35 ′ 14.2" E