Stanislaw Przybyszewski

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Stanislaw Przybyszewski

Stanisław Przybyszewski (born May 7, 1868 in Lojewo , Kujawia , † November 23, 1927 in Jaronty near Inowrocław , Kujawia) was a Polish writer who wrote in German at the beginning of his career .

Life

Stanisław Przybyszewski was born the son of the village school teacher Józef Przybyszewski and his wife Dorota, daughter of an organist . He first attended the German high school in Thorn (1881 to 1884), where he got into conflicts with his classmates and had poor school results. After he had received a reprimand from the school administration, his father sent him to the German high school Wongrowitz (1884 to 1889).

After graduation he began in Berlin first architecture to study, but soon switched to medicine . In 1892 he became editor of the Polish-language socialist weekly newspaper Gazeta Robotnicza (German workers' newspaper ) published in Berlin . In 1893 he was expelled from the university because of his contacts with the labor movement .

In May 1891 he had a love affair with Martha Foerder, whom he knew from Wongrowitz. She bore him three children in February 1892, November 1892 and February 1895. Pregnant and abandoned again by him, she committed suicide on June 9, 1896.

Przybyszewski and Juul as a couple

In 1893 Przybyszewski married the Norwegian writer Dagny Juel and commuted between Berlin and Norway between 1894 and 1898.

Przybyszewski developed a great interest in Satanism and the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche and began a bohemian life. His friends during this time included Edvard Munch , Richard Dehmel and August Strindberg , who met in their favorite pub in Berlin, Zum schwarzen Ferkel . In 1895 he co-founded the magazine Pan , but also published in Karl Kraus ' Fackel and in the Freie Bühne .

In 1898 he moved with his wife to Krakow , where he was editor of the magazine Życie (Eng. Life ), in which he was able to distinguish himself as the head of the young Poland . In 1900 the newspaper had to close due to censorship and financial problems. Between 1901 and 1905 Przybyszewski lived in Warsaw and began translating his works into Polish. After his wife Dagny was murdered by Władysław Emeryk in Tbilisi (Georgia) in 1901 , he lived with Jadwiga Kasprowicz, who had previously left her husband, the writer Jan Kasprowicz , and her daughters. During this time, Przybyszewski made many trips to Russia , where he enjoyed great popularity.

In 1899 he established a love affair with the painter Aniela Pająkówna in Lemberg, who gave birth to his daughter Stanisława in 1901. Aniela died in Paris in 1912. In 1905 he moved with Jadwiga to Thorn where he, an alcoholic until the end of his life, a rehab underwent. The two of them were able to get married that year as the divorce from Jan Kasprowicz became official.

In 1906 the couple moved to Munich . Life in Germany was not financially profitable because of Przybyszewski's dwindling fame. During the First World War he even felt compelled to produce agitation papers for a fee, but at that time he was very much committed to a German-Polish understanding. Przybyszewski is also considered a mediator between German and Slavic literatures in Czechoslovakia , where he lived for a short time and had a literary effect, for example with publications in the Moderní revue , before he returned to Poland in 1919.

Here he worked intensively on building the new Polish state. He was initially employed as a civil servant in Poznan and translated German documents at the post office. In 1920 he did the same in Danzig , headed the Polish library and got involved in the Polish grammar school in the predominantly German city. In 1924 he moved to Warsaw, where he was employed in the civil office of the President of the Republic. In recognition of his contribution to the development of the young state, he was awarded the Officer's Cross and the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta . In 1927 he returned to Kujavia, his homeland.

He died in 1927 at the Jaronty estate near Inowrocław (Hohensalza) at the age of 59. His remains were buried in the Góry cemetery.

Artistic creation

Przybyszewski initially wrote in German. His Berlin work had a particular influence on Richard Dehmel , with whom he was friends, and also on August Strindberg , who was then living in Berlin , with whom he had a love-hate relationship.

In 1899 he published in Życie the programmatic manifesto of the newly formed naturalistic - symbolistic art movement Young Poland , the Confiteor . It became one of the most important programmatic texts of this group of Polish writers. Behind the L'art pour l'art was the conviction that only art would reveal the essential truths of being and penetrate into the absolute. During this phase he drew attention to the Polish writer Jan Kasprowicz .

Przybyszewski was a prolific writer. His best-known works today include The Gnosis of Evil (also published as The Synagoge of Satans ), 1897, an examination of Satanism, not to be confused with his novel Satan's Children , published in the same year , as well as his novel The Scream (Polish Krzyk 1917, German 1918). The title of this late reminiscence of Przybyszewski's time in Berlin was inspired by Edvard Munch's famous painting The Scream (1903), which the latter gave to Przybyszewski after he had been inspired to do the work himself by his funeral mass .

The “brilliant Pole” was called Przybyszewski in the Friedrichshagener Bohème around Peter Hille , Bölsche , the Harts ; When he returned to Poland in 1898 , he was enthusiastically welcomed as "Made in Germany" by the European hungry young Krakow around Stanisław Wyspiański . In Germany, Przybyszewski experienced the first naturalism successes , Scandinavian fashion, but also the debacle of a Munch exhibition and the triumph of the divine Duse in Berlin. Przybyszewski actually wanted to become a psychiatrist because he loved "the nightmare, the abnormal, derailed". His passionate memory book, in which the fears and hardships, the intoxication and the creative power of foreign and domestic bohemians are resurrected, bears the stigmata of the artist, who is homeless in his endless longing, here and there: "Far away I come ..." . as Alfred Mombert wrote.

Przybyszewski's development is interesting because he grew up outside the magic circle of our (Polish) national problems, so to speak. From the beginning he wrote for strangers in a foreign language, grew up with the milk of a foreign philosophy and lived an all-human existence from the earliest times, suffering cosmic pain. In the first works there was actually nothing that identified him as a Pole. But Chopin, Słowacki , who was read with his mother at home, and the deeply cherished memory of the native country preserved authentic connections to Poland and finally urged him to return to his homeland. And this ethnographic affiliation to Poland had an extremely invigorating and stimulating effect on the generation that was doomed to live under foreign rule. Hence the success of his furious individualism, which was directed against any social fetters of art.

Przybyszewski's children

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Przybyszewski had a total of six children from three liaisons.

Marta Foerder's three children were all born in Berlin.

  • After his mother's suicide, the eldest son Bolesław Przybyszewski (born on February 22, 1892) was initially raised by his father's parents in Lojewo and Wongrowitz . In 1912 he came to Warsaw, where he learned to play the piano and composition. As a German citizen, he was deported to Orsk during the First World War , where he experienced the October Revolution and became a communist. He later gave lectures at the Moscow University of National Minorities, in 1929 was appointed director of the Moscow Conservatory , where he pushed through an ideologization of teaching. In 1932 he was charged with homosexuality and sentenced to three years of forced labor. In 1937 he was accused of espionage and sabotage in the course of the Tschistkas and sentenced to death by the military tribunal on August 21. The sentence was carried out on the same day. In 1956 he was rehabilitated.
  • Mieczysława (born November 14, 1892) first came to an orphanage in Berlin, later she was adopted by the Rieger family as Martha Rieger. In the 1960s, she began to learn Polish in order to read Przybyszewski's correspondence.
  • Janina Foerder (born February 1895) was never recognized by her father. She also went to an orphanage in Berlin, later she became a maid for a Berlin family, but she died in a Berlin madhouse as early as the 1930s.

His wife Dagny's children were born in Kongsvinger , Norway .

  • Zenon Przybyszewski Westrup (born September 28, 1895) was raised by the actress Laura Pytlińska after his mother's death, but was soon adopted by aunt Gudrun Westrup. Gudrun Westrup, Dagny's older sister, had lived in Sweden since they got married and so Zenon grew up in Sweden. He studied at Pembroke College, Oxford . He was appointed attaché at the Swedish Embassy in Warsaw in the 1920s. In the course of his life he worked at several Swedish representations in Europe such as Paris, Brussels, The Hague, Geneva and Bern. Died in Middelfart on November 27, 1988 . Published Memories Jag har varit i Arcadia .
  • Ivi Przybyszewska-Westrup-Bennet (born October 3, 1897) lived in Rome, widowed, and later remarried.

He also had a daughter from Aniela Pająkówna :

  • Stanisława Przybyszewska (born October 1, 1901 in Kraków ) was an orphan at the age of eleven. It was owned by the family of Dr. Moraczewski adopted and received a good education. She showed a literary talent early on. After 1920 she came to Poznan and was employed by the post office. Soon she gave up the monotonous work and began studying at the Poznan Conservatory, then at the Poznan University . In 1922 she moved to Warsaw, in 1923 she married the painter Jan Panieński, with him she went to Gdansk, where Panieński taught drawing at the Polish grammar school. Panieński died suddenly in 1925 while studying art in Paris. Stanisława stayed in Gdansk , wrote plays (best known as "Sprawa Dantona" [The Danton's Cause] (1929), filmed by Andrzej Wajda as Danton (1983) ), became a drug addict and died there on August 15, 1935.

Works (in German)

Fiction

Biographical
  • I come from far away ... memories of Berlin and Krakow . Kiepenheuer Verlag, Leipzig 1985.
stories
  • Funeral mass. Narration . 2nd edition Fontane Verlag, Berlin 1893.
  • Vigils . 2nd edition Fontane Verlag, Berlin 1901.
  • De profundis. Narration . H. Storm Verlag, Berlin 1900.
  • Epipsychidion. Narratives . Fontane Verlag, Berlin 1900 (reprint of the Berlin 1900 edition).
  • Androgynous . Fontane Verlag, Berlin 1906.
  • The Scream. Narration . Müller, Munich 1918.
Novels
  • Homo sapiens. Roman H. Storm Verlag, Berlin 1895 ff.
  1. Overboard . 1897.
  2. On the way . 1895.
  3. In the maelstrom . 1895.
  • Satan's children. Novel. Albert Langen publisher, Paris Leipzig Munich 1897, cover drawing by Wilhelm Schulz; 2nd edition by Fontane, Berlin 1905; Takeover and distribution of the book blocks in plain binding by the Georg Müller publishing house, Munich 1919.
  • Sons of earth. Novel in three parts . Fontane Verlag, Berlin 1905.
Plays
  • Dance of Death of Love. Four dramas . Fontane Verlag, Berlin 1902.
  • Snow. Drama in four acts . Publishing house Dr. J. Marchlewski, Munich 1903.
  • Vow. Dramatic poetry in three acts . Etzold Verlag, Munich 1906.

Non-fiction

Essays
  • On the psychology of the individual . Fontane Verlag, Berlin 1892 ff.
  1. Chopin and Nietzsche . 1906 (reprint of the Berlin edition 1892).
  2. Ola Hansson . 1892.
  • The gnosis of evil. Origin and cult of the Witches' Sabbath, Satanism and the Black Mass (Esotericism and enthusiasm; Vol. 1). Zerling Verlag, Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-88468-003-X (former title: The Synagogue of Satans ).
  • From Poland's soul. An attempt (Scriptures for the Understanding of Nations). Diederichs, Jena 1917.

Work edition

  • Michael M. Schardt (Ed.): Collected works. Works, records, letters . Igel-Verlag, Paderborn / Oldenburg 1990/2003 (8 volumes with one commentary volume).
  1. Stories. “De profundis” and other stories . 1990, ISBN 3-927104-04-3 .
  2. Stories and essays . 1991, ISBN 3-927104-18-3 .
  3. Novels. "Homo sapiens" . 1993, ISBN 3-927104-28-0 .
  4. Novels. "Sons of Earth", "The Judgment", "The Scream" . 1992, ISBN 3-927104-29-9 .
  5. Dramas. “Snow” and other dramas . 1993, ISBN 3-927104-46-9 .
  6. Critical and essayistic writings . 1992, ISBN 3-927104-26-4 .
  7. Record "I come from far away ..." . 1994, ISBN 3-927104-87-6 .
  8. Letters. 1879-1927 . 1999, ISBN 3-89621-083-1 .
  9. Hartmut Vollmer (Ed.): Commentary volume . 2003, ISBN 3-89621-173-0 .

literature

  • Marek Fiałek: Dehmel, Przybyszewski, Mombert. Three forgotten people in German literature. With previously unpublished documents from the Moscow State Archives. WVB Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86573-448-8 .
  • Jens Malte Fischer: Stanislaw Przybyszewski: Androgyne (1906). In: Jens Malte Fischer: Fin de siècle. Commentary on an epoch. Winkler Verlag, Munich 1978, pp. 220-232. ISBN 3-538-07026-1
  • Thomas Hoeps : Striving for authenticity and cult of vitalism. Terrorism as a form of existence. Stanisław Przybyszewski's “Satan's Children”. In: Thomas Hoeps: work on contradiction. "Terrorism" in German novels and short stories (1837–1992). Thelem bei web, Dresden 2001, ISBN 3-933592-24-0 ( works on modern German literature 8), (also: Dresden, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2000).
  • Klaus Günther Just: Marginalia. Problems and forms of literature. Francke, Bern et al. 1976, ISBN 3-7720-1217-5 .
  • George Klim: Stanisław Przybyszewski. Life, work and worldview in the context of German literature at the turn of the century. Biography. Igel-Verlag, Paderborn 1992, ISBN 3-927104-10-8 ( literature and media studies. 6 = Cologne works at the turn of the century 2).
  • Jadwiga Kosicka, Daniel Gerould: A life of solitude. Stanisława Przybyszewska. A biographical study with selected letters. Northwestern University Press, Evaston IL 1989, ISBN 0-8101-0807-0 .
  • Jörg Marx: Pathos of life and "soul art" with Stanisław Przybyszewski. Interpretation of the entire work with special consideration of ideological and art theoretical positions as well as poetics. Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 1990, ISBN 3-631-42562-7 ( Studies on German literature of the 19th and 20th centuries 14), (At the same time: Mainz, Univ., Diss., 1989).
  • Maxime Herman, Un sataniste polonais: Stanislas Przybyszewski (de 1868 à 1900) , Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 1939, 462 p.
  • Gabriela Matuszek: “The brilliant Pole”? Stanisław Przybyszewski in Germany (1892–1992). Igel-Verlag, Paderborn 1996, ISBN 3-89621-014-9 ( literature and media studies. 41 = Cologne works at the turn of the century 6).
  • Gabriela Matuszek (Ed.): About Stanisław Przybyszewski. Reviews - Memories - Portraits - Studies (1892–1995). Reception documents from 100 years. Igel-Verlag, Paderborn 1995, ISBN 3-89621-013-0 ( literature and media studies. 40 = Cologne works at the turn of the century 5).
  • Niemeyer, Monika Satizabal: Stanislaw Przybyszewski's metaphysics of gender and the images of women in his dramas presented in German. GRIN Verlag, o. O. 2010. ISBN 978-3-640-96330-0 .
  • Torben Recke (2005): "An edition-philological and source-critical investigation of the study The Synagogue of Satan by Stanislaw Przybyszewski". In: Orbis Linguarum 29: 17-95. ISSN  1426-7241 .
  • Torben Recke (2007): “An edition-philological investigation of Stanisław Przybyszewski's novel trilogy Homo sapiens with special consideration of the German and Danish editions of Ueber Bord ”. In: Orbis Linguarum 32: 33-57. ISSN  1426-7241 .
  • Torben Recke (2009): “'I never found the woman ...'. On the conception of love in Stanislaw Przybyszewski's early prose works. ”In: Orbis Linguarum 35: 253–285. ISSN  1426-7241 .
  • Manfred Schluchter: Stanisław Przybyszewski and his German-language prose works 1892–1899. Illg, Stuttgart 1969 (Univ. Diss., Tübingen 1969).
  • Ulrich Steltner: Reflections on literarity using the example of Stanisław Przybyszewski's novel trilogy "Homo sapiens". Schmitz, Giessen 1989, ISBN 3-87711-171-8 ( Eastern European Studies of the Universities of the State of Hesse 2, 26).

Web links

Commons : Stanisław Przybyszewski  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Stanisław Przybyszewski  - sources and full texts

notes

  1. ↑ Part 1: 1926. Part 2, unfinished: 1930
  2. ^ Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński : Memories of the Labyrinth. Krakow around the turn of the century. Sketches & feuilletons , Gustav Kiepenheuer: Leipzig 1979
  3. ↑ Contents: The golden fleece. Drama in three acts , The great happiness. Drama in three acts , The Mother. Drama in four acts . The guests. A dramatic epilogue .
personal data
SURNAME Przybyszewski, Stanisław
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Polish writer
DATE OF BIRTH May 7, 1868
PLACE OF BIRTH Łojewo , Kuyavia
DATE OF DEATH November 23, 1927
Place of death Jaronty near Inowrocław , Kujawy