Systematics of the mussels
The system of mussels is based on the form and function of the gills , the lock and the muscle prints . Current phylogenetic systematics include molecular biological and fossil data.
The systematics of mussels has been intensively researched in recent years and previous classifications have shown to be in need of major changes. The article also presents the outdated systematics.
Current classification (as of 2006)
The system of mussels has been subject to major changes in the past. Even today, new data are being added, primarily through molecular genetic studies, which could even slightly change the large systematics. However, the systematics and the phylogeny of the large groups have largely stabilized in the last 15 years - with a few exceptions - (for phylogeny see below ). The differences in the various classifications are primarily based on the very subjective hierarchical position of a few groups (e.g. order Ostreida versus superfamily Ostreoidea, anomalodesmata order or superordinate order). The classification of mussels according to Bieler & Mikkelsen (2006) (only recent groups) and Amler et al. (2000) (including exclusively fossil groups) as well as the classification used in the Zoological Record is currently as follows:
Class Bivalvia Linnaeus, 1758
- Infraklasse Protobranchi (at) a Pelseneer , 1889
- Order Nuculida Dall , 1889
- Order Solemyoida Dall, 1889
- Order Nuculanida Carter, Campbell & Campbell, 2000 (this new order has not yet found general acceptance (according to the Zoological Record); alternatively, the families united in this order can be placed in the order Nuculida)
- Infraclass Autolamellibranchi (at) a / Autobranchi (at) a Grobben , 1894
- Subclass Pteriomorphia Beurlen , 1944
- Order † Praecardioida Newell , 1965
- Order † Cyrtodontoida Scarlato & Starobogatov, 1971
- (Order Ostreida ) (this order is not recognized by Bieler & Mikkelsen (2006), but rather "degraded" to a superfamily within the order Pterioida. In contrast, the vast majority of malacologists use this large group in the order level; according to the Zoological Record)
- Order Arcida Stoliczka , 1870
- Order Mytilida Férussac , 1822
- Order Pteriida Newell, 1965
- Order Limida Waller, 1978
- Order Pectinida Adams & Adams , 1857
- Subclass Heteroconchia Hertwig , 1895
- Paragraph Palaeoheterodonta Newell, 1965
- Order † Actinodontida Douvillé , 1912
- Order † Modiomorphida Newell, 1969
- Order Trigoniida Dall, 1889
- Order Unionida Stoliczka, 1870
- Superordinate Heterodonta Neumayr , 1883
- Order Carditida Dall, 1889
- Order † Hippuritida Newell, 1965
- Order Venerida Adams & Adams, 1856
- Order Myida Stoliczka, 1870
- Order Anomalodesmata Dall, 1889 (This group is still regarded by most malacologists as a superordinate group; Harper et al. (2006) justify the downgrading to ordinal rank, however, with many new molecular genetic data).
- Paragraph Palaeoheterodonta Newell, 1965
- Subclass Pteriomorphia Beurlen , 1944
Phylogeny (as of 2006)
There is broad agreement among malacologists about the phylogeny or cladistics of today's groups insofar as the Protobranchi (at) a are regarded as the sister group of the remaining mussels, the Autolamellibranchi (at) a (or Autobranchi (at) a) . However, some consider the Protobranchia to be a paraphyletic grouping. Within the autolamellibranchia, Pteriomorphia and Heteroconchia in turn form sister groups. The further subdivision of sister groups within the pteriomorphia is still uncertain. Within the heteroconchia, palaeoheterodonta and heterodonta form sister groups.
Outdated traditional morphological classifications in comparison (before 2000)
There are essentially three systematics in use today, which can also be found in the better works for shell collectors and scientific publications. Johannes Thiele , A. Franc based his taxonomy on the design of the gills and Norman D. Newell on the construction of the lock teeth.
| Thiele 1935 | Franc 1960 (main division according to gills) |
Newell 1965 (main classification according to lock teeth) |
Current | Temporal occurrence |
Lock | Sphincter prints |
Gill shape | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taxodonta | Proto- branchia | Nuculidae Nuculanidae Malletiidae |
Palaeo- taxodonta | Nuculida | Ordovician - recent | taxodont, kinked | 2 of the same size | Protobranchies | |||
| Solemydidae | Cryptodonta | Solemyoida | Unt. Ordovician - recent | Teeth completely reduced | 2, half the size at the front | double-leaved protobranchia | |||||
| Praecardioida | If. Cambr.? Ordovician - Lower Carbon | toothless or taxodont | dr 3 | Protobranchies | |||||||
| Fili- branchia | Taxodonta | Pteriomorphia | Arcida | Ordovician - recent | taxodont, straight | 2 of the same size | Filibranchies | ||||
| Anisomyaria | Anisomyaria | Mytilida | Devonian - recent | dysodont (toothless) | 2 different sizes, front z. T. much smaller | Filibranchies | |||||
| Pterioida | Ordovician - recent | variable (mostly toothless, rarely heterodont) | usually only 1 (rarely 2 different sizes) | Filibranchies | |||||||
| E u l a m e l l i b r a n c h i a |
Schizodonta | E u l a m e l l i b r a n c h i a |
Schizodonta | Palaeo- heterodonta | Trigonioida | ? Average Ordovician Devonian - Triassic | schizodont | 2 of the same size | Owl lamella branch | ||
| Unionioida | Devonian - recent | toothless or heterodontic | 2 of the same size | Owl lamella branch | |||||||
| - | - | Modiomorpha | Mean Cambrian - Ob. Perm | toothless or heterodontic | 2 of the same size | Owl lamella branch | |||||
| - | Rudistes | Heterodonta | Hippuritoida | Mean Silurian chalk | pachydont | 2 of the same size | Owl lamella branch | ||||
| Heterodonta | Heterodonta | Venerida | Mean Ordovician - recent | heterodont | 2 of the same size | Owl lamella branch | |||||
| Adapedonta | Adapedonta | Myida | Carbon - recent | regressed with a cardinal tooth | 2 of the same size | Owl lamella branch | |||||
| Anomalous desmata | Anomalous desmata | Anomalous desmata | Pholadomyoida | ? Unt. Ordovician; Mean Ordovician - recent | mostly toothless | 2 of the same size | Owl lamella branch | ||||
| Septibranchia | mostly toothless | 2 of the same size | Septibranchia | ||||||||
Obsolete, more detailed overview from Kilias 1997
The classification of the class of mussels is based on Rudolf Kilias 1997. Only the most recent families are listed.
Subclass Protobranchiata
The species of the order Nuculida have simple protobranchs, the species of the order Solemyida have derived double-leaved protobranches.
- Order Nuculida = Palaeotaxodonta
- Superfamily: Nuculoidea (1 family: Nut clams (Nuculidae))
- Superfamily: Nuculanoidea (3 families: Nuculanidae , Malletiidae and Tindariidae )
- Order Solemyida = Cryptodonta
- Superfamily: Solemyoidea (1 family: Solemyidae )
Subclass Metabranchiata
Filibranchiata = Pteriomorphia = Mesobranchiata
- Order Taxodonta = Arcida = Eutaxodonta
- Superfamily Arcoidea (4 families: Arcidae , Cucullaeidae , Noetiidae and Parallelodontidae )
- Superfamily Limopsoidea (4 families: Limopsidae , Glycimeridae , Manzanellidae and Philobryidae )
- Order Anisomyaria = Leptodonta
- Superfamily: Anomioidea (gills without ascending branches, heart without pericardium; 2 families: Anomiidae (onion clams ) and Placunidae (cake clams))
- Superfamily: Limioidea (1 family: Limidae sometimes counted among the Pectinoidea )
- Superfamily: Mytiloidea (1 family: mussels (Mytilidae) the subfamilies are sometimes counted as separate families )
- Superfamily: Ostreoidea (2 families: oysters (Ostreidae) and Gryphaeidae )
- Superfamily: Pinnoidea (1 family: pen mussels (Pinnidae)) (are sometimes counted among the Pteriodea)
- Superfamily: Pectinoidea (5 families: scallops (Pectinidae), Dimydidae , Plicatulidae , Propeamussiidae and barbed oysters (Spondylidae))
- Superfamily: Pteriodidea (4 families: pteriidae (Pteriidae) Pulvinidae , Isognomonidae and Hammer shells (Malleidae))
Parent order Eulamellibranchiata
- Order schizodonta = paleoheterodonta
- Superfamily Trigoninoidea (1 family: Trogoniidae only genus Neotrigonia )
- Superfamily Unionoidea (2 families: river pearl mussels (Margaritiferidae) and river and pond mussels (Unionidae))
- Order heterodonta
- Subordination Venerida
- Superfamily Arcticoidea (3 families: Arcticidae , Kelliellidae and Trapeziidae )
- Superfamily Chamoidea (1 Family: Hufmuscheln (Chamidae))
- Superfamily Cardioidea (1 family: cockles (Cardiidae))
- Superfamily Carditoidea (2 families: trapezoidal shells (Carditidae) and Condylocardiidae )
- Superfamily Corbiculoidea (Family: Cupcake clams (Family) (Corbiculidae))
- Superfamily Crassatelloidea (3 families: Astartidae , Cardiniidae and large mussels (Crassatellidae))
- Superfamily Cyamioidea (4 (+1) families: Bernadinidae , Cyamiidae , Neoleptonidae , Sportellidae (possibly + Galatheavaldiviae or also to the Leptonoidea)
- Superfamily Dreissenoidea
- Superfamily Glossoidea (2 families: Glossidae and Vesicomyidae )
- Superfamily Leptonoidea (3 (or 5) families: Galeommatidae , Leptonidae, Lasaeidae (including 2 more: Eryciniidae and Galatheavaldiviae ))
- Superfamily Lucinoidea (including so far the five families: Fimbriidae , lucinidae (Lucinidae) Mactromyidae , Thyasiridae and Ungulinidae )
- Superfamily Mactroidea (3 families: Anatinellidae , Cardilliidae and clams (Mactridae))
- Superfamily Mesodesmoidea (1 family: Mesodesmatidae )
- Superfamily razor clams (Solenoidea) (2 families: Pharidae and Solenidae )
- Superfamily Tellinoidea (6 families: suitcase shells (Donacidae) Psammobidae (= Garidae) Scrobiculariidae , Semelidae , Solecurtidae and tellins (Tellinidae))
- Superfamily Tridacnoidea (1 family: giant clams (Tridacnidae))
- Superfamily Veneroidea 5 families: clams (Veneridae), Petricolidae , Glauconomidae and Coopperellidae with other authors also Turtoniidae and Neoleptonidae .
- Subordination Myida
- Superfamily Gastrochaenoidea (1 family: Gastrochaenidae )
- Superfamily Hiatelloidea (1 family: Hiatellidae )
- Superfamily clams (Myoidea) (4 families: Corbulidae , Erodonidae , Myidae and Spheniopsidae )
- Superfamily Pholadioidea (2 families: Pholadidae and Teredinidae )
- Subordination Venerida
- Order anomalodesmata (possibly also subordination of the heterodonta) The systematics of this order is still uncertain, there is a suggestion by Morton 1981 which is reproduced here: A revision with molecular biological data from 2006 is available.
- Superfamily Pholadomyoidea (2 families: Pholadomyidae and Paralimyidae )
- Superfamily Thracioidea (3 families: Thraciidae , Laternulidae and Periplomatidae )
- Superfamily Pandoroidea (4 families: Pandoridae , Lyonsiidae , Myochamidae and Cleidothaeridae )
- Superfamily Clavagelloidea (1 family: Clavagellidae )
- Superfamily Verticordioidea (1 family: Verticordiidae )
- Superfamily Cuspidarioidea (1 family: Cuspidariidae )
- Superfamily Poromyopidea (1 family: Poromyidae )
Current phylogeny and systematics of individual subgroups of bivalvia
Phylogeny of the Pectinoidea
Waller proposed this phylogenetic system in 2006. It is supported by at least one genetic study (MATSUMOTO and HAYAMI 2000)
| Pectinoidea |
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More detailed systematics of the Pectinoidea (in need of revision)
- Family: Dimydidae
- Family: wrinkles shells (Plicatulidae)
- Family: Spondylidae
- Family: Propeamussiidae Abbott, 1954 Complete list of species
- Genus: Propeamussium de Gregorio, 1884
- Genus: Parvamussium Sacco, 1897
- Genus: Cyclopecten Verrill, 1897
- Genus: Similipecten Winckworth, 1932
- Genus: Cyclochlamys Finlay, 1926
- Genus: Catillopecten Iredale, 1939
- Family: Pectinidae Wilkes, 1810 Complete list of species
- Subfamily: Camptonectinae Habe, 1927
- Genus: Delectopecten Stewart, 1930
- Genus: Ciclopecten Seguenza, 1877 [?]
- Genus: Pseudohinnites Dijkstra, 1989 [?]
- Genus: Hyalopecten Verrill, 1897 [?]
- Subfamily: Chlamydinae von Teppner, 1922
- CHLAMYDINI group by Teppner, 1922
- Genus: Chlamys Röding, 1798
- Genus: Complicachlamys Iredale, 1939
- Genus: Coralichlamys Iredale, 1939
- Genus: Equichlamys Iredale, 1929
- Genus: Hemipecten Adams & Reeve, 1848
- Genus: Hinnites Defrance, 1821
- Genus: Laevichlamys Waller, 1993
- Genre: Manupecten Monterosato, 1872
- Genus: Notochlamys Cotton, 1930
- Genre: Pascahinnites Dijkstra & Raines, 1999
- Genus: Pedum Bruguière, 1791
- Genus: Scaeochlamys Iredale, 1929
- Genus: Semipallium Lamy, 1928
- Genus: Swiftopecten Hertlein, 1935
- Genus: Talochlamys Iredale, 1929
- Genus: Veprichlamys Iredale, 1929
- Genus: Zygochlamys Ihering, 1907
- ADAMUSSIINI Habe group, 1977
- Genus: Adamussium Thiele, 1934
- CRASSADOMINI Waller group, 1993
- Genus: Caribachlamys Waller, 1993
- Genus: Crassadoma Bernard, 1986
- FORTIPECTININI Masuda group, 1963
- Genus: Mizuhopecten Masuda, 1963
- Genus: Patinopecten Dall, 1898
- MIMACHLAMYDINI Waller group, 1993
- Genus: Mimachlamys Iredale, 1929
- Genus: Spathochlamys Waller, 1993
- PALLIOLINI Waller group, 1991
- Genus: Mesopeplum Iredale, 1929
- Genus: Palliolum Monterosato, 1884
- Genus: Placopecten Verrill, 1897
- Genus: Pseudamussium Mörch, 1853
- Genus: Lissopecten Verrill, 1897 [?]
- AUSTROCHLAMYDINI Jonkers group, 2003
- Genus: Austrochlamys Jonkers, 2003
- CHLAMYDINI group by Teppner, 1922
- Subfamily: Pectininae Wilkes, 1810
- PECTININI group, Lamarck, 1819
- Genus: Amusium Röding, 1798
- Genus: Dentamussium Dijkstra, 1990
- Genus: Minnivola Iredale, 1939
- Genre: Pecten Müller, 1776
- Genus: Serratovola Habe, 1951
- AEQUIPECTININI group from Teppner, 1922
- Genus: Aequipecten Fischer, 1886
- Genus: Argopecten Monterosato, 1889
- Genus: Cryptopecten Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
- Genus: Haumea Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
- Genus: Leptopecten Verrill, 1897
- Genus: Volachlamys Iredale, 1939
- DECATOPECTININI Waller group, 1986
- Genus: Anguipecten Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
- Genus: Annachlamys Iredale, 1939
- Genus: Bractechlamys Iredale, 1939
- Genus: Decatopecten GB Sowerby II, 1839
- Genus: Excellichlamys Iredale, 1939
- Genus: Flexopecten Sacco, 1897
- Genus: Glorichlamys Dijkstra, 1991
- Genus: Gloripallium Iredale, 1939
- Genus: Juxtamusium Iredale, 1939
- Genus: Mirapecten Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938
- Genus: Lyropecten Conrad, 1862 [?]
- Genus: Nodipecten Dall, 1898 [?]
- PECTININI group, Lamarck, 1819
- Subfamily: Camptonectinae Habe, 1927
Current phylogeny of the veneroid
A new classification (2006) provides the following classification in which the Petricolodae and Turtoniidae - monophyletic - are combined with the Veneridae.
- insecure family: Neoleptonidae need further investigation
- insecure family: Glauconomidae need further investigation
- Family: Veneridae : The results from 2006 suggest the formation of six subfamilies:
- Subfamily: Dosiniinae
- Subfamily: Gemminae
- Subfamily: Samarangiinae
- Subfamily: Sunettinae
- Subfamily: Tapetinae
- Subfamily: Combines Chioninae + Venerinae
- Subfamily: Petricolinae
- Subfamily: Turtoniinae
The family: Coopperellidae ? Does not appear in the source - may be an outdated term
Current phylogeny of the Lucinoidea (superfamily)
Lucinoidea (up to now the 5 families belong to this: Fimbriidae , Lucinidae , Mactromyidae , Thyasiridae and Ungulinidae ) This group is not monophyletic according to recent molecular biological knowledge. The families Thyasiridae and Ungulinidae do not belong to the Lucinoidea. The chemosymbiosis in Thyasiridae and Lucinidae was developed convergent. On the tribal history the following quote from " Ilionia prisca from the Silurian is probably the oldest fossil with convincing 'lucinoid' characteristics, followed by Phenacocyclas and some Paracyclas species from the Devonian."
Systematics of individual families
Phylogeny of the Pectinidae
Is in need of revision. See e.g. B. the unclear assignment of species of the genus Pecten.
Current phylogeny of the Veneridae
According to Kappner and Bieler, Chioninae and Venerinae are two separate groups, with the genera Chamelea, Clausinella, Tawera and Timoclea being newly assigned to the Venerinae. Morphologically, the two groups mentioned differ in that they have separate siphons and (mostly) an anterior secondary tooth in the Venerinae and fused siphons and no anterior secondary tooth in the Chioninae.
Further studies to clarify the phylogeny are necessary. Genera are given in brackets after the subfamilies.
| Veneridae |
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Phylogeny of the Cardiidae
Classification of the Cardiidae according to Schneider 1995
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So far not integrated into a phylogenetic system of the Cardiidae:
- Trachycardiinae — recent genera: Papyridae — Trachycardium — Acrosterigma — Vasticardium
- Hemidonacinae only genus Hemidonax, is also listed as a genus of Donacidae
Current phylogeny of the Sphaeriinae
After Cooley and Foighil (2000)
| Sphaeriinae |
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swell
- ^ Handbook of Systematic Molluscology, 1935
- ^ Classe de Bivalves, 1960 in Grassé: Trait de Zoologie 5 / II
- ↑ 1965 in: RC Moore : Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology , Part N 1969
- ↑ Lexicon: Marine mussels and snails
- ↑ Elizabeth M. Harper, Hermann Dreyer, Gerhard Steiner: Reconstructing the Anomalodesmata (Mollusca: Bivalvia): morphology and molecules . In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . tape 148 , no. 3 , November 2006, pp. 395-420 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.2006.00260.x .
- ↑ Thomas R. Waller: Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record . In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . tape 148 , no. 3 , November 2006, pp. 313-342 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.2006.00258.x .
- ↑ Masahiro Matsumoto, Itaru Hayami: Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family Pectinidae (bivalve) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I . In: Journal of Molluscan Studies . tape 66 , no. 4 , November 2000, pp. 477-488 , doi : 10.1093 / mollus / 66.4.477 ( PDF ).
- ↑ Paula M. Mikkelsen, Rüdiger Bieler, Isabella Kappner, Timothy A. Rawlings: Phylogeny of Veneroidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on morphology and molecules . In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . tape 148 , no. 3 , November 2006, pp. 439-521 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.2006.00262.x .
- ^ A b John D. Taylor, Emily A. Glover: Lucinidae (Bivalvia) - the most diverse group of chemosymbiotic molluscs . In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . tape 148 , no. 3 , November 2006, pp. 421-438 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.2006.00261.x .
- ↑ Baozhong Liu, Bo Dong, Jianhai Xiang, Zaizhao Wang: The phylogeny of native and exotic scallops cultured in China based on 16S rDNA sequences . In: Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology . tape 25 , no. 1 , January 2007, p. 85-90 , doi : 10.1007 / s00343-007-0085-x .
- ↑ Isabella Kappner, Rüdiger Bieler: Phylogeny of venus clams (Bivalvia: Venerinae) as inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 40 , no. 2 , August 2006, p. 317–331 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2006.02.006 .
- ↑ Jay A. Schneider: Phylogeny of the Cardiidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Protocardiinae, Laevicardiinae, Lahilliinae, Tulongocardiinae subfam. n. and Pleuriocardiinae subfam. n. In: Zoologica Scripta . tape 24 , no. 4 , October 1995, p. 321–346 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1463-6409.1995.tb00478.x ( PDF ).
- ↑ Jay A. Schneider: Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions . In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . tape 136 , no. 3 , November 2002, pp. 321-369 , doi : 10.1046 / j.1096-3642.2002.00030.x .
- ^ Louanne R. Cooley, Diarmaid Ó Foighil: Phylogenetic analysis of the Sphaeriidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on partial mitochondrial 16s rDNA gene sequences . In: Invertebrate Biology . tape 119 , no. 3 , September 2000, pp. 299–308 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1744-7410.2000.tb00016.x ( 2027.42 / 72942 ).