Homicides on the West Runway
The killings at the western runway of Frankfurt Airport were on November 2, 1987, the first and only deadly attacks on police officers in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany during a demonstration .
The then 33-year-old Andreas E., a member of an autonomous group, fired 14 shots with a pistol at the Hessian riot police during a gathering of opponents of the Runway West, which had been in operation for three years . A 43-year-old and a 23-year-old police officer died and seven others were injured, some seriously, by the gunfire. The act caused a great stir nationwide and marked the end of the organized protests against the West Runway. Two years after the start of the so-called Frankfurt Runway Trial, the perpetrator was sentenced to 15 years in prison in March 1991; in October 1997 he was released after a total of ten years.
prehistory
In 1979 the “Action Group against the Airport Expansion” was founded, which a few months later was renamed the “Citizens' Initiative against the Airport Expansion in Frankfurt Rhein-Main”. A year later, the preparatory work at Frankfurt Airport began on the West runway. This started a massive wave of protests and became one of the largest citizens' movements in the Federal Republic of Germany . As a result, there were various protest actions by the citizens' initiative, the establishment of a hut village and several demonstrations in which violent protesters and the police fought hours of street battles . The situation escalated and serious, violent clashes broke out. There were numerous injuries, both on the part of the demonstrators and the police.
On November 2, 1981 the hut village was peacefully evacuated. In several German cities, especially in Frankfurt am Main , there were again bloody clashes on the same day and the following day. The protests of the runway opponents reached their climax on November 14, 1981, when 150,000 people demonstrated in Wiesbaden and 220,000 signatures were collected against the runway. From spring 1982 the protests subsided. After that there were only so-called Sunday walks. Local citizens and autonomous groups formed the core of the Sunday walkers to the runway, which was inaugurated on April 12, 1984 and opened to air traffic. Over the following years a "ritual between play and protest, folklore and militancy" was established. While the protests against the runway even with the Greens no longer played a role politically and the prevention of the runway was in fact no longer possible because of its existence, the Sunday protest walk to the runway wall gave rise to its own "resistance culture". The 300th Sunday walk took place on November 1, 1987.
The last major protest against the West Runway finally took place on November 2, 1987. This day was the sixth anniversary of the evacuation of the hut village.
Circumstances
Demonstration on November 2, 1987
At the end of October 1987, the citizens' initiative against the expansion of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main airport had called for an “anniversary protest ” at the West runway. Around two to three hundred participants followed the call on November 2, 1987. There were numerous indications that violence would occur that day. Molotov cocktails had already been seized in advance during vehicle controls . The police noted the license plates of the vehicles of the demonstrators who had arrived.
The officially announced meeting point was at 6:00 pm at the club house of the SKG Walldorf 1888. At this point it was already dark. In order not to be observed by the police, the protesters actually met about two kilometers further away at a game gate in Mörfelden through oral and personal disclosure . From there, the demonstration march started at around 7:20 p.m. and came to a fork in the road about half an hour later, about 250 meters from the southern tip of the runway west wall. From there the only way is to the gate in the wall of the runway west. At this point, some demonstrators set up barricades by anchoring car tires to the ground with chains and reinforcement bars and then stacking bales of straw with gas cartridges on top of each other. The terrain was brightly lit by mobile police light poles set up on the runway area.
At around 8:02 p.m., the order was issued to all police units deployed to ensure increased self-protection due to the demonstrators' expected “small group tactics”. Around this time - at 8:00 p.m. - violent clashes began. Protesters set fire to the barricades. Molotov cocktails flew in the direction of the deployed police forces, as did stones, steel balls fired by twins and fired signal ammunition. Bales of hay went up in flames in the fields. Barricades made of branches and cut trees burned on the narrow walkways.
At 8:31 pm, the police broke up the meeting “in view of the danger”. Over the loudspeaker van, she announced that the torchlight procession was prohibited and that the elevator would endanger public safety and order. On the part of the police, the deployed hundreds and water cannons moved out from 8:38 p.m. to push the demonstrators back across the 600-meter-wide Mönchbruchwiesen in the direction of Gundbach and the forest areas behind it. The meadow area was well lit by the moon, the headlights of a police helicopter and the two mobile light poles.
At around 8:57 p.m., when the violent clashes were still in full swing, the order came over the loudspeaker to clear the area only up to the beginning of the Mönchbruchwiese. The police officers of the deployed hundred had apparently no longer heard this announcement. They stormed onto the meadow area, which contradicted the rules on the security of the officials, which Working Group II of the Conference of Interior Ministers had set up only a short time beforehand for use against violent troublemakers. As a result, they released “clearly visible targets” on the flat, illuminated meadow overgrown with knee-high grass.
Shots at the police
At this time, Andreas E. was together with other demonstrators at the edge of the forest on the banks of the Gundbach. At around 9:05 p.m. he drew a pistol. How Andreas E. got hold of the firearm remained unclear. Out of the dark, he fired a total of 14 single shots at the police forces deployed within a few minutes, which were clearly recognizable due to the white protective helmets and the flat, clear Mönchbruchwiese. He took three different locations up to 55 meters apart between the shots and changed the magazine once. Andreas E. met a total of nine police officers.
The 43-year-old police chief inspector Klaus Eichhöfer, Hundred Leader of the IV riot police department in Hanau, was 516 meters away from the perpetrator when he was shot in the lower abdomen . The 23-year-old police chief Thorsten Schwalm was a member of the III. Riot police department in Mühlheim and in service for three years. He was 83 meters from the perpetrator when he was also hit in the lower abdomen. The rescue helicopter requested for the two victims arrived at around 9:20 p.m. On the flight to the Frankfurt University Hospital , the rescue workers stopped attempting to resuscitate Klaus Eichhöfer. He left a wife and three children. Thorsten Schwalm succumbed to his internal injuries in the university clinic at 10:15 p.m.
Other people hit by the gunshots were the 26-year-old police superintendent Uwe K., who was seriously injured by a lung wound, and the 23-year-old police superintendent Uwe T., who was shot through the thigh. Five other police officers were also hit but slightly injured. They were driven to the airport clinic in an ambulance.
Immediately after the crime, a witness saw the hooded Andreas E. in the forest with a gun in his hand, whereupon he admitted the shots in the direction of the police officers. However, Andreas E. instructed the witness to “shut up”. The witness could not later identify the perpetrator with certainty.
The homicides were the first two and so far only cases in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany in which police officers were killed by a demonstrator. The Committee for Fundamental Rights and Democracy therefore spoke of a "turning point" in the history of the Federal Republic, since for the first time "the logic of action from protest and resistance to that of the civil war, the calculated annihilation of the enemy, seemed to have changed".
Investigations
Arrest of the suspect Andreas E.
On the evening of the day of the incident, the Federal Prosecutor General at the Federal Court of Justice took over the proceedings, as there was a suspicion that "the murder of the police officers is determined by the circumstances and suitable to impair the continued existence of the internal security of the Federal Republic of Germany." According to the Federal Prosecutor General, the case arose from the "killing of police officers with firearms on the edge of a demonstration in which masked perpetrators committed acts of violence."
After the crime, the criminal police searched around four dozen houses and apartments in Wiesbaden, Rüsselsheim and Frankfurt am Main. The officers also went to see the perpetrator. It is known about the career of the then 33-year-old commercial graphic artist that he completed an apprenticeship at the advertising school in Kaiserslautern and was employed as a commercial clerk in the roof tile sales of a Frankfurt company, most recently as an advertising manager. Andreas Es activities were not unknown to the criminal police: he had been a member of the protest movement since 1980 and was also involved in acts of violence. He was considered the "ringleader" of a group of nine militant autonomists who planned and carried out attacks on high-voltage pylons and facilities on the West runway in particular . In the "revolutionary scene" he was not an anonymous follower, but very closely involved. A year before the crime, he was arrested at the German-French border because his car was loaded with, among other things, “pyrotechnic devices”. An investigation was in progress against him because of several acts of sabotage on high-voltage pylons; his home had already been searched twice in connection with this. Andreas Es' telephone calls had been monitored for some time at the time of the crime. From a phone call on the afternoon of the day, the investigators learned that a meeting would take place at the "Spider Bridge" that evening. The "spider bridge" could only mean a place on the high-voltage road south of the runway west, where three high-voltage pylons are parallel to each other - in the immediate vicinity of the crime scene where Andreas E. later fired the shots. The criminal police could initially only explain this information in such a way that Andreas E. wanted to saw down another power pole there.
When Andreas E. did not open his apartment in Frankfurt am Main the morning after the crime, the investigators drove to his girlfriend's apartment in Frankfurt-Niederrad. At around 6:30 a.m., the criminal police had the apartment door opened by a locksmith. When the detectives entered the bedroom in the attic apartment, they saw Andreas E. standing on the windowsill. Shortly before, he had wanted to hide his linen backpack in a dormer window above the bedroom window. In addition to the fully loaded murder weapon - a 9 mm P225 pistol from the manufacturer SIG Sauer - the backpack also contained a magazine filled with five rounds, two empty, matching magazines, three handheld radios, a stocking mask and a pair of gloves. Ballistics later found that the fatal shots came from this weapon, and forensics discovered that the gloves had smoke marks on them.
On the following day, November 3, 1987, Federal Prosecutor General Kurt Rebmann commented on the first successful searches: “We naturally suspect the perpetrators to be among the militant opponents of the runway, and we roughly know this group. We look for people who we consider suspects in the broadest sense. These searches have led to some arrests. "
The arrest warrant against Andreas E. on suspicion of murder was issued on November 4, 1987. However, Andreas E. denied the act. He stated that the only way he could explain the discovery of his weapons was that someone had slipped him the pistol unnoticed. Later he also mentioned a name: The co-demonstrator Frank H. put something in his backpack that Andreas E. claims to have identified alternately as a radio, a blanket gun or simply as an object. At the beginning of December 1987 he had a statement circulated by his defense lawyer: “The allegations against me do not apply. I did not shoot the police with the gun that was found on me and I am not involved in the crime. I condemn the act I am now accused of, and such an approach has never and would never have found my approval. "
Arrest of the suspect Frank H.
The first statements of the accused Andreas E. essentially incriminated the co-accused, the then 24-year-old unemployed, forcibly exmatriculated political science and music student Frank H. Andreas E. stated that he and his accomplice were on a kind of improvised shooting range shortly before the crime tried the murder weapon in a forest near Walldorf . According to the description, the criminal investigation department actually found the location described. There were two pieces of Styrofoam with targets on them. The accused had fired 20 shots at the targets together, because 20 cartridge cases were found. The targets showed a total of eleven hits.
On November 6, 1987, the investigating judge at the Federal Court of Justice issued an arrest warrant against Frank H. for murder. The discovery of the arrest of Andreas Es and his information as well as the issued arrest warrant prompted the suspect Frank H. to go into hiding and to flee to Amsterdam in mid-November 1987 . In an open letter, he denied having anything to do with the crime. Since he does not expect a legal process, he will not face the authorities. During the search of his apartment, the criminal police had confiscated a piece of paper in which he pondered whether it “might be possible” “to topple the runway if we intensify the fight with Mollis and steel balls and kill cops to drive up the political price for the rulers so high that they hear us and enter into new negotiations? "
The arrest of the suspect Frank H. on March 18, 1988 was ultimately due to a coincidence: On the said day he went to see a street prostitute in the Amsterdam drug district . Frank H. was not ametropic, he wore glasses with normal lenses as camouflage. This prostitute would often take glasses from men wearing glasses whom she met on the street in order to extort money from those who were now blurred in order to return them. She now tried the trick with Frank H. This incident was observed by uniformed police officers who immediately intervened in the situation. They asked Frank H. to accompany them to the police station to report the complaint. Frank H. made himself suspicious, however, because he was trying to escape at that moment. The subsequent personal check led to his arrest. Frank H. was extradited to the Federal Republic in January 1989.
Origin of the murder weapon
The weapon used by Andreas E. itself came from a crime that had been committed against a detective the year before: On November 8, 1986, a 33-year-old detective chief was at a civil investigation rally in front of the nuclear plants in Hanau (Alkem / Nukem ) used. Around a dozen protesters masked with motorcycle caps or Palestinian scarves came up to him and surrounded him. After being asked whether he was “a civilian”, they stole his handcuffs and his irritant gas sprayer; likewise his wallet with ID, driver's license and debit card. When the masked men asked for his service weapon , he reached for it and held it in the holster. The attackers pushed him to the ground and pulled him back to his feet by pulling his hair. One of them finally stole the SIG-Sauer service weapon from his holster. The officer then fled to his company vehicle.
Police units later surrounded the “Brückenkopf” autonomous meeting place in Hanau, as they suspected the stolen firearm was there. However, the police units were not allowed to take any further measures and had to withdraw without having achieved anything, as the operations management did not want to risk a violent confrontation. It is still unclear who was involved in the robbery of the service weapon. The Federal Prosecutor's Office assumed that Andreas E. was one of the autonomists who robbed the detective.
Legal proceedings
accusation
The federal prosecutor charged Andreas E., Frank H. and seven other people from the group whose head Andreas E. is said to have been. The two main defendants were charged with murder in two cases and attempted murder in two other cases. The federal prosecutor's office accused them of taking turns shooting at the police officers "according to their joint crime plan under cover of darkness". In addition, the two main defendants allegedly committed the theft of the service weapon in Hanau a year before the fatal shots. The prosecutors wanted to prove that a militant core had formed within the anti-runway movement, which was initially a criminal and later a terrorist organization under criminal law . Because with changing participation, but always planned for the long term, the members were responsible for attacks on high-voltage pylons and facilities on the runway west. There was a total damage of 4.9 million D-Marks .
Separation of proceedings and discharge witnesses
The so-called Frankfurt Runway Trial began on February 23, 1989 before the 5th Criminal Senate (State Security Senate) of the Frankfurt Higher Regional Court . A short time later, the proceedings against four defendants were separated because of the power pole actions: They admitted the acts, in return, the charges of membership in a criminal or terrorist organization were dropped. Three defendants received sentences of less than two years and were suspended, one defendant was not convicted.
On the 113th day of the trial in December 1990, two exonerating witnesses were heard in court. The defense of the defendant Frank H. had named them. The first witness, a Berlin student, described that he had met the defendant Frank H., whom he knew by sight, at the fork in the road near the barricades. After the hundreds of police had advanced from the runway in the direction of the barricades, he and Frank H. ran across the Mönchbruchwiesen in the direction of Gundbach. Both would have stayed there for a few minutes before they left the site of the conflict.
The second witness, an IT technician from Bonn, stated that he had left in the direction of Gundbach after the police decree to dissolve. There he saw the defendant Frank H. with whom he had exchanged a few words. After that, he came across several masked people, one of whom shot a sharp gun in the air and wanted to hit the floodlights of the police. The witness could neither rule out nor confirm whether this person was actually the defendant Andreas E., known to him by his face and first name.
On January 17, 1991 the Higher Regional Court in Frankfurt am Main announced that the murder allegation against the two defendants was no longer tenable. Ultimately, instead of the murder charge, a conviction for manslaughter, including sole perpetrators, could be considered. The Federal Prosecutor's office, however, upheld the murder charge in its plea on February 18, 1991 and demanded life imprisonment for both main defendants.
Judgments and revision
On March 15, 1991 the court pronounced the verdict: Andreas E. was sentenced to manslaughter , attempted manslaughter and membership in a criminal organization to the maximum possible sentence of 15 years for these offenses. The court did not consider it proven that Andreas E. and Frank H. had shot alternately. The court did not consider the act to be insidious, nor did Andreas E. act out of base motives. It had to be left open "which motives drove him to shoot the police officers".
The defendant Frank H. was acquitted of manslaughter and attempted manslaughter. He received four and a half years imprisonment for membership in a criminal organization. Pretrial detention and extradition detention had already paid for three years, the rest was suspended.
Both the prosecution, which still ran out in front of murder, as well as the convict Andreas E. considered the judgment to be defective and laid each revision a. In February 1993 the Federal Court of Justice confirmed the legal opinion of the Higher Regional Court in Frankfurt am Main. The innocence of the victim is part of the insidious killing. In view of the "ongoing open hostilities between the police and demonstrators", the Higher Regional Court denied this without any legal errors. There were also no low motives, the shooting of the two police officers differed in “essential points” from terrorist attacks, for which the case law always assumed low motives. Despite the confirmation by the BGH, the judgment remained controversial. The BGH rejected the convicted person's appeal against the judgment as such as unfounded.
Andreas E. was released from prison in October 1997 after serving two-thirds .
Reactions and consequences
police
One day after the crime, a long funeral procession with torchbearers formed in Frankfurt am Main. It consisted of around 6000 mostly uniformed police officers and moved from the police headquarters to the Paulskirche . The then Hessian Prime Minister Walter Wallmann and the then Mayor of Frankfurt Wolfram Brück led the silent march. In this context, Wallmann gave a speech at the Paulskirche in which he thanked the police for their daily work. In Hamburg, more than 6000 mostly uniformed police officers took part in a funeral march from the police headquarters to the city center. The silent march was led by the then Interior Senator Volker Lange and the parliamentary group chairmen of the parties represented in the Hamburg parliament - with the exception of the Green Alternative List . Around 2000 police officers demonstrated in West Berlin, including almost the entire Berlin police leadership. The state police director Kittlaus warned of overreactions by the police and politicians. Almost the entire parliamentary group of the Berlin Alternative List took part in the demonstration . Hundreds or thousands of police officers also demonstrated in many other West German cities; In Dortmund around 250 police officers distributed leaflets warning them of overreaction.
The three unions within the police also responded to the crime. The German Police Union stated that in the mourning for the death of the two riot police there was "an indescribable anger of all police officers about their role of having to tolerate violence where consistent action has long been required". The police union complained about the escalation of violence, during which society had long got used to "Mollis and steel balls" during demonstrations. The Bund Deutscher Kriminalbeamter demanded the "consistent prosecution and complete dismantling of the structures of the criminal groups of disguised violent criminals".
Runway opponents
Within the runway opponents' scene, after the fatal shots, a so-called “Investigation Committee” was formed, which consisted of 20 to 25 people. These people had been active in the runway movement for years and enjoyed the trust of runway opponents. While one of the most exposed runway opponents, Alexander Schubart, called on the demonstrators to think about a “unilateral renunciation of violence”, the part of the movement tending towards militancy went over to Andreas E. as a victim of the search hysteria of the special commission and the federal prosecutor's office to call. The “Investigative Committee”, however, initially speculated whether an agent provocateur or someone from within their own ranks was behind the crime, whether it was a lone perpetrator or whether it was the decision of a group, whether the death of the police officers was planned or whether the shooting was spontaneous were given out of the situation. Later, the efforts of the “investigation committee” concentrated on finding out the possible course of the crime and on developing its own political assessment. After the crimes, the criminal police had summoned runway opponents as possible witnesses and questioned them both about the homicides and about other militant actions. In these interrogations there were also incriminating statements. Therefore, it was the intention of the "investigation committee" to end the spiral of statements, charges, statements and mutual accusations of treason by calling for a campaign under the slogan " Anna and Arthur shut up " to refuse the statements and those already made Withdraw statements in court. For three months, over 40 runway opponents evaluated the incident and came to the conclusion:
“We don't know who and whether someone shot from our ranks. We know, however, that the use of firearms at demonstrations was always just a deliberation of the police, but at no point in the runway movement was a concept adopted by us [...] Shots, the direction of which we doubt, are not an expression of radical action that speaks for itself. These fatal shots do not correspond to a joint approach, but to a military logic that no longer determines our own actions and means based on our goals and common possibilities, but solely based on how one can effectively increase the enemy's losses. As unambiguous as our criticism is, as unequivocal is our position not to hand anyone over to this judiciary. [...] We know that we have long left the 'zero point': there the judiciary, which has nothing in hand except for its 'clues', here we, the runway movement, which has nothing to say to this judiciary. Some of us have e.g. Partly made far-reaching incriminating statements, not only against themselves, but also against others. Mutual solidarity was destroyed, and the resulting distrust became a lever for interrogation cops to force further statements. We have made a great effort to stop this carousel of statements. We do not want this carousel of statements to be restarted in the process. [...] We call on all defendants and witnesses to withdraw their incriminating statements at the beginning of the trial. "
Autonomous
The rejection of homicides was unanimous within the autonomous community. The day after the crime, the Frankfurt autonomists declared that the violence used up to now had “always had a different dimension” and had nothing in common with “plain, banal murder”. Christian Lochte, then head of the Hamburg Office for the Protection of the Constitution, considered this distancing from the homicides to be credible on the one hand, but on the other hand stated that the black bloc had to be held responsible for the crime: Anyone who preached so much hatred of the police and used Molotov cocktails Police officers aim, shouldn't be surprised if someone picks up a gun and pulls the trigger.
In a statement by the Frankfurt Autonomous Association, they for the first time unreservedly distanced themselves from the “cowardly murder” and stated in clear words that the perpetrator “does not belong in their ranks, even if he may count himself among them.” The police turned on the Sunday walk that followed the "strategy of closeness to the citizens" by mingling with the Sunday strollers in small groups without a helmet. The wall gate to the runway was wide open and there was a free passage to the runway area. About 70 autonomous people also signaled nonviolence by not masking themselves and allowing the police to search them without hesitation before walking on the forest paths. In a leaflet, a group of autonomists considered “militant counter-resistance” to be useful, but “the use of firearms in such situations is unthinkable”.
A year and a half later, in the run-up to the runway trial, the newspaper Arbeiterkampf published a cryptic article with autonomous self-criticism. There it was stated that Andreas E. did not “fall from heaven”, that is, he was not an outside perpetrator, but that he had his story with the runway movement: “Like many others, he stands for the tendency to (reluctantly) demanded disputes to boycott controversial ideas in the approach ”.
End of the protest movement
The protest movement against Runway West as such finally broke up as a result of the fatal shots. The first organized protest against the runway dissolved and was not to gain strength for years. One of the spokesmen for the citizens' initiative, Dirk Treber , summed it up: “The bullets also hit the movement fatally. After that there was no more organized protest against the runway. At that time the act was absolutely incomprehensible for everyone. "
The Committee for Fundamental Rights and Democracy stated in 1988 that “the left, who had previously seen themselves as victims”, “suddenly found themselves in the role of the perpetrator”. In addition, “the moral gradient that the actors tacitly assumed in the relationship between movements and the state” could have reversed.
Joschka Fischer , then chairman of the Greens in the Hessian state parliament , stated at the time that a taboo had been violated that night, the "time of social movements" was now over.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Article Hardly contested concrete runway. In: Hessischer Rundfunk, hr-online.de from April 12, 2009.
- ↑ Article Activists Shoot Police Officers . In: Frankfurter Rundschau of March 11, 2009.
- ↑ Article That only harms us. In: taz of November 4, 1987, p. 2.
- ^ Article Frankfurt: Unsuccessful protest against Runway West . In: RP Online from April 7, 2004.
- ↑ a b Article A double murder on the anniversary . In: Die Zeit of November 6, 1987.
- ↑ a b c d e Article shut up . In: Der Spiegel from February 20, 1989, p. 51.
- ↑ Wolf Wetzel : Fatal shots. Unrast-Verlag Münster, 1st edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-89771-649-0 , p. 84.
- ↑ a b c Article As with the old Fritz . In: Der Spiegel of November 16, 1987, p. 29.
- ↑ a b c article We're turning Rambo inside out . In: Der Spiegel, November 9, 1987, p. 17.
- ↑ Wolf Wetzel: Fatal shots. Unrast-Verlag, Münster 2008, ISBN 978-3-89771-649-0 , pp. 131, 133, 149 f.
- ↑ Wolf Wetzel: Fatal shots. Unrast-Verlag, Münster 2008, ISBN 978-3-89771-649-0 , pp. 231-234 and 276.
- ↑ a b Article shut up. In: Der Spiegel from February 20, 1989, p. 53.
- ^ Robert Leicht: Shots at the runway west. In: Die Zeit of November 6, 1987.
- ^ A b c Wolfgang Kraushaar : The police murders on the runway west. In: Committee for Fundamental Rights and Democracy: Yearbook 1987. ISBN 3-88906-032-3 , p. 112.
- ↑ Klaus Pflieger: Against the Terror - Memories of a Public Prosecutor . Verrai, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-9818041-4-0 , chapter: "Revolutionary do-it-yourselfers" - from environmental protection to killing police officers, p. 155-176 .
- ↑ Wolf Wetzel: Fatal shots. Unrast-Verlag Münster, 1st edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-89771-649-0 , p. 172.
- ↑ a b article We turn Rambo inside out . In: Der Spiegel of November 9, 1987, p. 19.
- ↑ Article Shots at Frankfurt Airport by Dietrich Karl Mäurer, Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk, mdr.de of November 2, 2007.
- ^ A b Wolfgang Kraushaar: The police murders on the runway west. In: Committee for Fundamental Rights and Democracy, Yearbook 1987, ISBN 3-88906-032-3 , p. 110.
- ↑ Article Mammoth Trials of Murder and Section 129a. In: taz of February 23, 1989, p. 3.
- ↑ Article Distinctive Treatment. In: Der Spiegel of March 28, 1988.
- ↑ Wolf Wetzel: Fatal shots. Unrast-Verlag Münster, 1st edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-89771-649-0 , p. 275.
- ↑ Wolf Wetzel: Fatal shots. Unrast-Verlag Münster, 1st edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-89771-649-0 , pp. 231-234.
- ↑ Wolf Wetzel: Fatal shots. Unrast-Verlag Münster, 1st edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-89771-649-0 , pp. 276 f.
- ↑ Article judgment: Andreas Eichler . In: Der Spiegel, March 18, 1991, p. 280.
- ↑ Article shots off the slopes . In: FAZ.net of November 2, 2007.
- ↑ Wolf Wetzel: Fatal shots. Unrast-Verlag Münster, 1st edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-89771-649-0 , p. 278.
- ↑ Article Silent March for the Dead Colleagues. In: taz of November 5, 1987, p. 2.
- ↑ Article Police officers demonstrated. In: taz of November 4, 1987, p. 3.
- ↑ Article Engelhard urges prudence. In: taz of November 4, 1987, p. 4. Article silent march for the dead colleagues. In: taz of November 5, 1987, p. 2.
- ↑ a b article A "completely German" story . In: taz from November 1, 1997.
- ↑ Wolf Wetzel: Fatal shots. Unrast-Verlag Münster, 1st edition 2008, ISBN 978-3-89771-649-0 , pp. 217-220.
- ↑ Article Little Time. In: taz of November 4, 1987, p. 4.
- ↑ Article Strategy of Normality. In: taz of November 10, 1987, p. 5.
- ↑ Article Mammoth Trials of Murder and Section 129a. In: taz of February 23, 1989.
- ↑ Article Shots at Frankfurt Airport by Dietrich Karl Mäurer, Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk, mdr.de, from November 2, 2007.
