Tillandsioideae

Tillandsioideae
	Lutheria splendens hybrid, syn .: Vriesea splendens; , a well-known houseplant
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
	Commelinids
Order :	Sweet grass (Poales)
Family :	Bromeliads (Bromeliaceae)
Subfamily :	Tillandsioideae
Scientific name
	Tillandsioideae
	Burnett

The Tillandsioideae are a subfamily within the plant family of Bromeliaceae (Bromeliaceae). The 21 genera with around 1100 species since 2016 are widespread in the Neotropic .

main features

The very large funnel bromeliad Alcantarea imperialis

Threefold bloom of Tillandsia viridiflora

They are perennial herbaceous plants . They usually grow epiphytically or lithophytically . For vegetative propagation are Kindel formed. The simple leaves are parallel-veined. There are suction scales for water absorption in the leaf. Showy inflorescences are often formed. The hermaphrodite flowers are pentacyclic and threefold. Three carpels have grown together to form a three-chamber ovary.

Main characteristics of the subfamily Tillandsioideae to the other subfamilies of the Bromeliaceae are their:

their leaf margins are always smooth, while in the other subfamilies the leaves are often reinforced
upper or semi-lower ovary
Fruits : they are triple, septicidal, dry capsule fruits
Seeds : they have flying hairs (similar to those of dandelions).

Cut open flower in detail of Vriesea roethii ; clearly recognizable are the ligules, the scale-like appendages at the base of the petals, which are important for distinguishing the genera of this subfamily

Habit and inflorescences of Goudaea ospinae var. Gruberi

Lemeltonia dodsonii habitus, leaves, inflorescences and white flowers

Habit, striped leaves and branched inflorescence of Lutheria glutinosa

Foliage leaves and inflorescence of Zizkaea tuerckheimii

Systematics

The system of the subfamily Tillandsioideae is subject to constant changes due to the delimitation problems of the genera and recent phylogenetic studies. Barfuss et al. published a new system with 13 new genres in October 2016.

About 1100 species belong to the subfamily Tillandsioideae. It belonged to about 9 genera and since 2016 about 21 genera belong to the Tillandsioideae.

By 2016 the genus Tillandsia was divided into: Tillandsia ( Tillandsia ) and Racinaea . The attempt to separate another genus Viridantha Espejo was not recognized in any subsequent processing; however, it has been a new subgenus Tillandsia subgen since 2016 . Viridantha (Espejo) W.Till & Barefoot by Tillandsia . The genus Vriesea was already divided into: Vriesea , Alcantarea and Werauhia before 2016 ; In 2016, another 26 species will be spun off into the new genus Goudaea , Jagrantia , Lutheria , Stigmatodon and Zizkaea .

The subfamily is divided into four tribes and since 2016 two sub-tribes:

Tribus Catopsideae (Syn .: Pogospermeae): The ovary is above. It contains only one genus:
- Catopsis Griseb. : The 18 to 21 species are distributed from Florida and Mexico through Central America to Venezuela and Guyana to eastern Brazil and occur on the Caribbean islands .

Tribus Glomeropitcairnieae Harms : The ovary is semi-subordinate. It contains only one genus:
- Glomeropitcairnia Mez : The only two species occur in the Lesser Antilles .

Tribe Tillandsieae Dumort. : The ovary is semi-subordinate. Since 2016 it contains eight genres:
- Guzmania Ruiz & Pav .: The approximately 200 species are common in the Neotropic.
- Racinaea M.A. Spencer & LBSm. : The approximately 62 to 77 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
- Tillandsia L. (Syn .: Acanthospora Spreng. , Allardtia A.Dietr. , Amalia Endl. , Anoplophytum Beer , Bonapartea Ruiz & Pav. , Caraguata Adanson , Dendropogon Raf. , Diaphoranthema Beer , Misandra F.Dietr. , Phytarrhiza Vis. , Pityrophyllum Beer , Platyshachys Beer , Platystachys K. Koch , Renealmia L. , Strepsia Nuttall ex. Steud. , Viridantha Espejo ): The over 550 species are widespread in the Neotropics.
- Barefoot Manzan. & W.Till : It was established in 2016 and contains three types.
- Gregbrownia W. Till & Barfuss : It was installed in 2016. Of the four species, three are found in Ecuador and one only occurs in the Peruvian Amazon region.
- Lemeltonia Barfuss & W.Till : It was set up in 2016. Of the approximately seven species, most of the species occur only in Ecuador and one also in Peru, but one species is widespread in the Neotropics.
- Pseudalcantarea (Mez) Pinzón & Barfuss : It was set up in 2016 and contains three species.
- Wallisia E. Morren : It was reactivated in 2016 and contains four species and one hybrid.

Tribus Vrieseeae W.Till & Barfuss : The ovary is semi-subordinate. It contains two sub-attributes:
Subtribus Vrieseinae W. Till & Barfuss : It was set up in 2016 and contains three genera:
- Alcantarea (E. Morren ex Mez) Harms : The 30 or so species thrive on rock outcrops only in eastern Brazil.
- Vriesea Lindl. (Syn .: Hexalepis Raf. , Psittacinae Wawra , Macrostachyae Wittm. , Neovriesea Britton ): The almost 200 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
- Stigmatodon Leme, GKBr. & Barefoot : It was established in 2016 and contains around 18 species in Brazil .
Subtribus Cipuropsidinae W. Till & Barfuss : It was set up in 2016 and contains eight genera:
- Mezobromelia L.B.Sm. : The (previously about nine) since 2016 only about five species are mainly distributed in western South America in the Andes from Colombia to Peru. Two species are also found on Caribbean islands and one of them is also common from Costa Rica to Brazil.
- Werauhia J.R. Grant : The approximately 87 species are widespread in the Neotropic.
- Cipuropsis Ule : There is only one species:
  - Cipuropsis subandina Ule : It occurs in northeastern Peru.
- Goudaea W. Till & Barfuss : It was set up in 2016 and contains two species that are found on the island of Trinidad and in Colombia and Peru.
- Jagrantia Barfuss & W.Till : It was set up in 2016 and there is only one type:
  - Jagrantia monstrum (Mez) Barfuss & W.Till (Syn .: Tillandsia monstrum Mez , Vriesea monstrum (Mez) LBSm. ): It thrives epiphytically in mangrove swamps and in mountain forests at altitudes from 0 to 1050 meters in Costa Rica in Cartago and in Colombia in Valle and Antioquia.
- Josemania W. Till & Barfuss : It was set up in 2016. The five or so species are common in Central and South America.
- Lutheria Barfuss & W.Till : It was established in 2016 and contains four species that occur in Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Trinidad and Tobago .
- Zizkaea W.Till & Barfuss : It was installed in 2016 and there is only one type:
  - Zizkaea tuerckheimii (Mez) W.Till & Barfuss (Syn .: Vriesea tuerckheimii (Mez) LBSm. ): It only occurs in Hispaniola .

Guzmania hybrid 'Rana',
breeder Corn. Bak,
parents: Guzmania wittmackii 'Red' × Guzmania lingulata var. Cardinalis
a long-flowering variety that is used as a houseplant

use

Species as well as their varieties and hybrids of the genera Guzmania , Lutheria , Vriesea and Tillandsia are used as ornamental plants in frost-free areas in parks and gardens and as indoor plants .

swell

The Bromeliaceae family on the AP website. (Section systematics)
HE Luther, 2008: An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials in The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, USA. Published by The Bromeliad Society International. (PDF file; 314 kB)

literature

Werner Rauh : Bromeliads - Tillandsias and other bromeliads worthy of culture. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-6371-3 .
Michael HJ Barfuss, Rosabelle Samuel, Walter Till, Tod F. Stuessy: Phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) based on DNA sequence data from seven plastid regions. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 92, 2005, pp. 337-351: full text online.
Michael HJ Barfuss, Walter Till, Elton JC Leme, Juan P. Pinzón, José M. Manzanares, Heidemarie Halbritter, Rosabelle Samuel, Greg K. Brown: Taxonomic revision of Bromeliaceae subfam. Tillandsioideae based on a multi-locus DNA sequence phylogeny and morphology. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 279, Issue 1, October 2016, pp. 001-097. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.279.1.1

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Michael HJ Barfuss, Walter Till, Elton JC Leme, Juan P. Pinzón, José M. Manzanares, Heidemarie Halbritter, Rosabelle Samuel, Greg K. Brown: Taxonomic revision of Bromeliaceae subfam. Tillandsioideae based on a multi-locus DNA sequence phylogeny and morphology. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 279, Issue 1, October 2016, pp. 001-097. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.279.1.1
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Eric J. Gouda, Derek Butcher, Kees Gouda: Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads. Version 3.1, 2012 with additions 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016. _{last viewed on January 6, 2017}

Web links

Commons : Tillandsioideae - collection of images, videos and audio files

[BarfussEtAl2016-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Michael HJ Barfuss, Walter Till, Elton JC Leme, Juan P. Pinzón, José M. Manzanares, Heidemarie Halbritter, Rosabelle Samuel, Greg K. Brown: Taxonomic revision of Bromeliaceae subfam. Tillandsioideae based on a multi-locus DNA sequence phylogeny and morphology. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 279, Issue 1, October 2016, pp. 001-097. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.279.1.1

[BromeliadEncyclopaedia-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Eric J. Gouda, Derek Butcher, Kees Gouda: Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads. Version 3.1, 2012 with additions 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016. _{last viewed on January 6, 2017}