Racinaea species are evergreen, perennial , herbaceous plants and mostly epiphytes or lithophytes , so they grow on trees or on rocks. They are mostly funnel bromeliads, but they can also have many other growth forms that are also known from the tillandsia . The stem axis is mostly compressed. The leaves are parallelnervig and entire. Suction flakes can be clearly visible all over the leaves or they are only located on the upper side of the leaf within the leaf funnel.
Inflorescences and flowers
The specimens take many years from the young plant to the formation of the inflorescence. The inflorescences can be unbranched or branched. The bracts of the inflorescences have a long shelf life in many species. The hermaphroditic flowers are threefold with a double flower envelope (perianth). The three free sepals are asymmetrical, whereby they become wider and wider in the direction of their tip (an important distinguishing feature to Tillandsia there they are symmetrical and pointed); they are no more than 12 millimeters long. The three free petals have no scales (ligulae) at their base; this distinguishes them from those of the genera Mezobromelia and Vriesea . There are two circles with three stamens each, which are shorter than the petals. The pollen is orange in color. Three fruit leaves are a half under constant ovary grown. The stylus is short.
Fruits and seeds
There are fruit capsules formed. The seeds have a "parachute", similar to the dandelion . The flying hairs are usually only located at the base of the seeds and are straight and not folded in the capsule - in contrast to Catopsis .
Systematics and distribution
The system of the subfamily Tillandsioideae is subject to constant changes due to the delimitation problems of the genera and recent phylogenetic studies. It was not until 1993 that the genus Tillandsia was divided into two genera by Michael A. Spencer & Lyman Bradford Smith : Tillandsia and Racinaea . All species of the former subgenus Pseudocatopsis Baker within the genus Tillandsia now represent the independent genus Racinaea . In private and botanical collections, these species can usually still be found under their old names as Tillandsia . The genus Racinaea belongs together with Guzmania , Mezobromelia and Tillandsia to the tribe Tillandsieae. The genus name Racinaea honors Racine Foster (1910-1991), the wife of the American bromeliad collector and co-founder of the Bromeliad Society International, Mulford Bateman Foster .
Racinaea adpressa (André) JRGrant subsp. adpressa : It thrives as an epiphyte in forests at altitudes of 2200 to 3400 meters in Colombia only in Valle, in Ecuador only in the Pichincha province and in Peru in the Amazonas and La Libertad regions .
Racinaea adpressa subsp. orthiantha (Standley) JRGrant : It thrives as an epiphyte in rainforests at altitudes of 1800 to 2000 meters in Costa Rica only in San Jose.
Racinaea adscendens (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives on mountain slopes at altitudes from 1600 to 2000 meters in the Mexican states of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas and in Honduras in Morazan.
Racinaea aerisincola (Mez) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives as an epiphyte in rainforests at altitudes of 50 to 1300 meters in Brazil .
Racinaea almeriae (Rauh) JRGrant : It thrives as an epiphyte in cloud forests at altitudes of about 2600 meters in Colombia.
Racinaea condorensis Manzan. & Gouda : It was first described in 2010. It thrives as an epiphyte at altitudes of about 1450 meters in Ecuador only in the province of Zamora-Chinchipe .
Racinaea dielsii (Harms) H.Luther : It thrives as an epiphyte at altitudes of 1250 to 2000 meters in Ecuador and Colombia.
Racinaea diffusa (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives as an epiphyte in semi-xerophytic to sub-mesophytic habitats at altitudes of 1700 to 2100 meters only in the Peruvian Amazon region.
Racinaea domingos-martinsis (Rauh) JRGrant : It thrives as an epiphyte in mountain forests at altitudes of around 900 meters only in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo .
Racinaea dyeriana (André) Barfuss & W.Till : It occurs in northwest Ecuador.
Racinaea euryelytra J.R.Grant : It grows as an epiphyte in drier cloud forests at altitudes from 1,500 to 3,050 meters in Ecuador only in the province of Loja .
Racinaea flexuosa (Baker) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives as an epiphyte in forests at altitudes of 2300 to 2900 meters in Peru and Bolivia.
Racinaea fraseri (Baker) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives terrestrially, lithophytically and epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 750 to 3000 meters in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
Racinaea gentryana Manzanares & W.Till : It was first described from Ecuador in 2011. It thrives terrestrially in high-montane forests and so-called "bromeliad lawns" at altitudes of 1500 to 3050 meters in Ecuador in the provinces of Morona Santiago and Zamora-Chinchipe.
Racinaea ghiesbreghtii (Baker) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives as an epiphyte in forests at altitudes of 1360 to 1850 meters from Mexico to Guatemala.
Racinaea goudae Manzanares & W.Till : It was first described from Ecuador in 2011: It thrives at altitudes of 2000 to 2600 meters in Ecuador only in the province of Napo .
Racinaea grantii Manzanares & W.Till : It was first described from Ecuador in 2011. It thrives terrestrially and epiphytically in Páramos at altitudes of 3100 to 3200 meters in Ecuador in the province of Azuay in the canton of Cuenca.
Racinaea guacamayosensis Manzan. & Gouda : It was first described in 2010 from Ecuador. It thrives at altitudes of around 2200 meters.
Racinaea hasei Höpfel & Scharf : It was first described in 2011 from Ecuador. It thrives epiphytically and has only been found in remnants of mountain forests at altitudes of around 2500 meters.
Racinaea hauggiae (Rauh) JRGrant : It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of about 2700 meters in Ecuador only in the province of Azuay.
Racinaea inconspicua (André) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives at altitudes of around 1800 meters in Colombia only in Norte de Santander and in Ecuador only in the Pichincha province.
Racinaea insularis (Mez) MASpencer & LBSm. var. insularis : It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 200 to 300 meters in the Galapagos Islands and in the Ecuadorian province of Guayas .
Racinaea insularis var. Latilamina (Gilmartin) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 170 to 400 meters in the Galapagos Islands and in the Ecuadorian province of Guayas.
Racinaea jenmanii (Baker) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 600 to 1110 meters in Venezuela, Guyana , Haiti and Cuba .
Racinaea kalliantha J.R.Grant : It grows epiphytic at altitudes of about 2400 meters only in the Peruvian department of Piura.
Racinaea kessleri H.Luther : It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of around 2500 meters only in Bolivia in Cochabamba.
Racinaea lutheri Manzanares & W.Till : It was first described in 2013 from the Morona-Santiago province in Ecuador. It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 2000 to 2110 meters in the high-montane rain and cloud forest of the Amazon region.
Racinaea lyman-smithiana J.R. Grant : It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of about 2950 meters only in the Peruvian Department of Piura.
Racinaea macrantha H.Luther : It was first described from Peru in 2007. It thrives epiphytically so far has only been found in the primary forest at an altitude of about 2720 meters in Peruvian Pasco.
Racinaea marioportillae Frank Höpfel & Uwe Scharf : It was first described from Ecuador in 2008. It thrives epiphytically so far has only been found in the mountain forest at an altitude of about 3000 meters near Azogues in the Ecuadorian province of Cañar .
Racinaea membranacifolia (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 1500 to 3300 meters in Colombia in Santander and Cundinamarca.
Racinaea michelii (Mez) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests and in thickets at altitudes from 1700 to 2500 meters in Colombia in Cauca and Valle.
Racinaea monticola (Mez & Sodiro) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 750 to 850 meters in Ecuador only in Pichincha and in Bolivia only in La Paz.
Racinaea multiflora var. Decipiens (André) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 10 to 1700 meters in Ecuador and Peru.
Racinaea multiflora (Benth.) MASpencer & LBSm. var. multiflora : It thrives epiphytically in dry locations at altitudes of 50 to 1200 meters in Ecuador in the provinces of Guayas and Manabí .
Racinaea multiflora var. Tomensis (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 20 to 2300 meters in Ecuador and Peru.
Racinaea nervibractea (Gilmartin & H.Luther) JRGrant : It was first described on the basis of a specimen from Ecuador that was flowering in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. There is no more precise information about the location.
Racinaea pallidoflavens (Mez) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 1520 to 2850 meters in the Peruvian regions of Ancash, Amazonas and La Libertad.
Racinaea pardina (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : This endemic thrives at an altitude of around 1400 meters only in La Paz, Bolivia.
Racinaea parviflora (Ruiz & Pavón) MASpencer & LBSm. : There are two varieties:
Racinaea parviflora var. Expansa (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It occurs in Ecuador.
Racinaea parviflora (Ruiz & Pavón) MASpencer & LBSm. var. parviflora : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 700 to 2500 meters in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
Racinaea pectinata (André) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives terrestrially and epiphytically at altitudes of 2600 to 3300 meters in Ecuador in Carchi, Pichincha, Chimborazo and Loja and in Colombia only in Narino.
Racinaea penduliflora Gouda & Manzan. : It was first described from Peru in 2008. It thrives epiphytically in foggy, cloudy and cool mountain forests on the Amazon side of the Andes at altitudes of 2100 to 3000 meters in the Peruvian regions of Pasco and Cuzco.
Racinaea pendulispica (Mez) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 900 to 2100 meters in Peru and Bolivia.
Racinaea penlandii (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. var. penlandii : It thrives terrestrially and epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 2150 to 2300 meters in Ecuador and Colombia.
Racinaea penlandii var. Pedunculata (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It occurs in Colombia only in Antioquia.
Racinaea pseudotetrantha (Gilmartin & H.Luther) JRGrant : This endemic thrives at an altitude of about 850 meters only in El Oro in Ecuador.
Racinaea pugiformis (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically or sometimes terrestrially at altitudes of 1350 to 2700 meters in Peru and Ecuador.
Racinaea pulchella (André) Gouda & Manzanares : It thrives epiphytically in cloud forests at altitudes of 2950 to 3200 meters only in Chimborazo in Ecuador.
Racinaea quadripinnata (Mez & Sodiro) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in cloud forests at altitudes of about 2800 meters only in Pichincha in Ecuador.
Racinaea riocreuxii (André) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in cloud forests and in paramo at altitudes of 2280 to 3300 meters in Ecuador and Colombia.
Racinaea ropalocarpa (André) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in clearings and forests at altitudes of 920 to 2500 meters in Peru and Colombia.
Racinaea rothschuhiana (Mez) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 700 to 960 meters in Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Racinaea sanctae-martae (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in rainforests at altitudes of 1200 to 1650 meters in Colombia only in Magdalena.
Racinaea schumanniana (Wittmack) JRGrant : This endemic thrives at an altitude of about 2000 meters in Colombia only in Antioquia.
Racinaea seemannii (Baker) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 2000 to 3200 meters in Ecuador.
Racinaea sinuosa (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. (Syn .: Racinaea sinuosa var. Quirozii (Gilmartin) MASpencer & LBSm. ): It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 820 to 1000 meters in Ecuador in Oro, Canar and Loja.
Racinaea spiculosa (Griseb.) MASpencer & LBSm. : There are four varieties:
Racinaea spiculosa var. Micrantha (Baker) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 700 to 1900 meters. It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and on the island of Trinidad .
Racinaea spiculosa (Griseb.) MASpencer & LBSm. var. spiculosa : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 825 to 2100 meters. It is distributed from Costa Rica via Panama to Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru, Suriname to Brazil and occurs in the Dominican Republic .
Racinaea spiculosa var. Stenoglossa (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically, lithophytically and terrestrially in savannas, forests and on peaks at altitudes of 900 to 2000 meters. It occurs in Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil.
Racinaea spiculosa var. Ustulata (Reitz) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes from 2 to 1100 meters. It occurs in Colombia (only Norte De Santander, Narino), Guyana (only Barima-Waini ), Peru (only Loreto, Junin regions), Bolivia (only La Paz, Santa Cruz), Brazil ( Bahia , Espírito Santo , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Paraná , Santa Catarina ) and on the island of Trinidad.
Racinaea steyermarkii (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : This endemic thrives mostly epiphytically in an untouched cloud forest on the crest of a mountain range at altitudes of 1200 to 1900 meters only in the state of Yaracuy in Venezuela.
Racinaea strobeliorum Manzanares & W.Till : It was first described in 2009 on the basis of a cultivated specimen that was collected in the province of Azuay in Ecuador.
Racinaea subalata (André) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 1650 to 2800 meters in Colombia and Ecuador.
Racinaea tandapiana (H.Luther) MASpencer & LBSm. : This endemic thrives at an altitude of around 1400 meters only in the Pichincha province in Ecuador.
Racinaea tenuispica (André) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests and isolated trees at altitudes of 750 to 1800 meters. It occurs in Venezuela only in Mérida and in Colombia in Norte de Santander, Cundinamarca and Valle.
Racinaea terrestris Manzan. & Gouda : It was first described in 2010 from Ecuador. This endemic thrives terrestrially at altitudes of 1900 to 2000 meters only in the Ecuadorian Morona-Santiago.
Racinaea tetrantha (Ruiz & Pavón) MASpencer & LBSm. : There are seven varieties:
Racinaea tetrantha var. Aurantiaca (Griseb.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 750 to 3300 meters in Colombia (Norte de Santander, Santander, Cundinamarca, Caldas, Valle, Cauca, Narino), in Venezuela (Sucre, Distrito Federal, Tachira, Bolivar), in Ecuador (Loja ) and in Peru (Cajamarca).
Racinaea tetrantha var. Caribaea (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 1050 to 2400 meters in Costa Rica, Venezuela and on the Caribbean islands of Cuba and Hispaniola .
Racinaea tetrantha var. Densiflora (André) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically at altitudes of 2250 to 2900 meters in Colombia and Ecuador.
Racinaea tetrantha var. Miniata (André) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 2700 to 3375 meters in Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador.
Racinaea tetrantha var. Ramosior (LBSm.) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives at altitudes of around 3100 meters only in the Peruvian Amazon region.
Racinaea tetrantha var. Scarlatina (André) MASpencer & LBSm. : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 2400 to 3800 meters in Colombia (Cauca, Narino), Venezuela (Merida) and Ecuador (Pichincha, Tungurahua, Cotopaxi).
Racinaea tetrantha (Ruiz & Pavón) MASpencer & LBSm. var. tetrantha : It thrives epiphytically in forests at altitudes of 1800 to 3250 meters in Venezuela and Peru.
Racinaea tillii Manzan. & Gouda : It was first described in 2010 from Ecuador. This endemic thrives epiphytically on trees in a pasture just near San Victor, Quijos in the Ecuadorian Napo.
Racinaea venusta (Mez & Wercklé) Barfuss & W.Till : It occurs from Costa Rica to Ecuador.
Racinaea wuelfinghoffii Höpfel & Scharf : It wasfirst describedin 2008 in The Bromeliad from. It thrives epiphytically in the mountain forest at altitudes of about 3250 meters only in Azuay, Ecuador.
Racinaea zingleri Höpfel & Scharf : It was first described from Peru in 2011. So far it has only been found epiphytically growing in the mountain rainforest at altitudes of about 2000 meters in San Martin, Peru.
literature
Michael A. Spencer, LB Smith: Racinaea, a new genus of Bromeliaceae (Tillandsioideae). In: Phytologia , Volume 74, 1993, pp. 151-160.
Michael HJ Barfuss, Rosabelle Samuel, Walter Till, Tod F. Stuessy: Phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) based on DNA sequence data from seven plastid regions. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 92, 2005, pp. 337-351: Online.
↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Racinaea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 16, 2018.
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