Tudḫaliya I.
Tudḫaliya I (also Tudḫaliya I / II in more recent publications ) was a Hittite great king who lived between 1460 and 1420 BC. BC presumably as the successor to Muwatalli I ascended the throne. It is named after the mountain Tudḫaliya of the same name .
swell
Written documents about the reign of Tudḫaliya are sparse and not always simultaneous with the events they describe. Documents such as state and vassal contracts are often not available in the original, but rather in later copies that were adapted to the political requirements of the time they were created.
The reconstruction of his government and his politics depends on how the scanty documents from the period between approx. 1450 and 1400 B.C. Be interpreted. In particular, it is controversial how many Hittite rulers there were who bore the name Tudḫaliya and how they were related to one another. Only one ruler of the name at the beginning and one at the end of the Hittite empire can be distinguished with certainty .
A sword with a dedicatory inscription of Tudḫaliya was found in 1991 during road works in Bogazköy . The blade is 79 cm long and bears a single-line Akkadian inscription: “ When Tudḫaliya, the great king, destroyed the land of Aššuwa , he consecrated these swords to Teššub , his master. “Since the battle against Aššuwa is also known from the annals, the sword can be assigned to Tudḫaliya I. It is a sword of the Mycenaean type.
Dating
Tudḫaliya I is considered the Hittite king who founded the so-called "New Kingdom". His government dates are given as 1460–1440 (long), 1450–1420 (medium), or 1420–1400 (short chronology).
The dating of Tudḫaliya (I. – III.) Depends largely on synchronisms with the Egyptian pharaohs. The absolute dating of their reigns is also not always completely certain. The synchronisms themselves are based on a number of assumptions, some of which are rooted in the history of ideas of the 19th and 20th centuries, but which do not always emerge clearly in the discussion. In particular, it is about the role of “Semitic”, “Indo-European” and “Indo-Aryan” peoples in the history of the Middle East and the importance of the Middle East in a general world history. Language, political structure and ethnic classification are often uncritically equated.
prehistory
According to the Hittite sources, the last (legitimate) king of the Middle Kingdom was Ḫuzziya II , married to the Great Queen Šummiri. His successor Muwatalli I , "a usurper" was murdered by Ḫimuilu and Kantuzili, the "children of the queen". Most researchers agree that these are sons of Šummiri, wife of Ḫuzziya II. A murder of a relative excluded her from the line of succession according to the law of the Telipinu . The commander of the royal bodyguard, Muwa, avenged the death of the king and killed the queen (KUB XXXIV, 40, 12). Muwa appears, along with the loyal followers of Muwatalli I. afterwards with the Hurrians to have allies.
The father of Tudḫaliya, however, took up the fight against the Hurrites and their allies (KUB XXIII 16).
According to KBo XVI 24 + 25, however, Tudḫaliya himself was the murderer of Ḫuzziya II.
Tudḫaliya I. – III.
Since the linguistic form of the contract between Tudḫaliya and Kizzuwatna is hardly from a single source, G. Wilhelm has developed a second Tudḫaliya, a grandson of the first. Thus, Tudḫaliya I would be at the same time with the king Šunaššura I of Kizzuwatna, Sauštatar of Mitanni and Niqmepa of Alalaḫ , Tudḫaliya II. On the other hand with Šunaššura II. And Barattama II. Of Mitanni. G. Kestemont even adopts three kings from Kizzuwatna with the name Šunaššura, which would complicate the situation even more. There is certainly a Tudḫaliya whose grandfather was also called Tudḫaliya. This can either have been the grandson of Tudḫaliya I or of the hypothetical Tudḫaliya II, which makes him Tudḫaliya III. would do. According to most researchers, e.g. BJ Klinger and S. De Martino, but there was only one Šunaššura from Kizzuwatna, who would have been a contemporary of Sauštatar, Niqmepal and Tudḫaliya I and II.
family
ancestry
Tudḫaliya's ancestry is controversial. Many researchers see Ḫuzziya II or Zidanza as his father or grandfather. Since a Tudḫaliya, son of Kantuzzili is attested, it is likely that he is the son of the regicide Kantuzzili.
In the Aleppo Treaty (CTH 75), Tudḫaliya uses the formula “when I was raised to the throne”, not, as usual, “when I was raised to the throne of my father”. This suggests that he was not a descendant of Ḫuzziya II or Muwatalli I.
relationship
Tudḫaliya's wife, "the young queen" probably descended from the old dynasty. Their identity is also controversial. Heinrich Otten identifies her with Nikkalmati , whom Jacques Freu considers to be the daughter of Alluwamna and Ḫarapšeki. Nikkalmati but (I or II.) As a daughter of Tudhaliya or Arnuwanda I. identified. According to KBo XVI 24 + 25, Ašmunikal, who came from an area where the Hurrites and Luwians lived together, was perhaps Kizzuwatna, the wife of Tudḫaliya. Ašmunikal was the daughter of Nikkalmati.
Ziplantawiya was a sister of the Hittite king Tudḫaliya and "Queen of Kizzuwatna and all of Ḫatti". Whether it is Tudḫaliya I., II. Or III. is unclear. Tudḫaliya I was possibly also the father of PU-Šaruma.
| Great King | Great queen | Reign after Freu 2001 |
|---|---|---|
| Zidanza | - | 1500-1475 |
| Ḫuzziya II. II | Summiri | 1485-1470 |
| Muwatalli I | - | 1470-1465 |
| NN., Father of Tudḫaliya | Nikkalmati or Ḫarapšeki | - |
| Tudḫaliya I. | Ašmunikal | 1465-1440 |
| Hattušili II | - | 1440-1425 |
family tree
The following family tree was created after publications by Volkert Haas and Jörg Klinger .
government
Thutmose III. had conquered large parts of the Levant , including Jamchad , around 1440 . Around 1436 there had been a rebellion against the Egyptians and the city came under the control of Hanigalbat . Tudḫaliya renewed the vassal treaties with Kizzuwatna and then turned to Syria. He won an important victory over Hanigalbat and apparently also brought Aleppo back under Hittite control. After Macqueen, the Hittites were primarily interested in controlling the trade routes to the south.
In the north-east, Tudḫaliya led campaigns against Išuwa across the Euphrates (probably near Elazığ ), Azzi and Ḫayaša and to the north-west against Aššuwa , which is not yet satisfactorily localized. In the north, the Kaškäer made themselves increasingly noticeable, a mountain people in the area of the later Paphlagonia , against whom campaigns have been undertaken almost continuously since the time of Tudḫaliyas without being able to pacify the area permanently. The construction of numerous fortifications in this area seems to have taken place in the late Great Empire. Some researchers assumed that the Kaškäer immigrated under Tudḫaliya, but there are few signs of changes in the settlement pattern at that time. Perhaps, under increasing Hittite pressure, the previously rather scattered mountain tribes came together.
Further campaigns led the great king to the river Šeḫa , against Aḫḫiyawa and his king Attaršiya, who had attacked Hittite vassals, and Arzawa .
Tudhaliya was the Hurriterin married Nikalmati, and see many researchers his reign as the beginning of a profound Hurritisierung that particularly concerned the religion. She was by Puduḫepa , the Hurrian wife of Ḫattušili III. continued. Whether Tudḫaliya himself had Hurrian ancestors is disputed. Since the beginning of his dynasty, however, the kings of Ḫatti often had a Hittite proper name and a Hurrian throne name.
Tudḫaliya's successor was Arnuwanda I (around 1400), who neither the Kaškäer could defend himself against the land of Išuwa . Ḫattuša was burned to the ground and most of the Syrian territories appear to have fallen to Hanilgabat.
Contemporaries
| Contemporaries of Tudḫaliyas I (1430–1400) | |||
| Egypt | Assyria | Hanigalbat | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thutmose III. (1445-1413) | Enlil-nasir II (1432-1426) | Sauštatar (1440-1410) | |
| Amenhotep II (1413-1388) | Aššur-nirari II. (1426-1419) | Artatama I (1410-1400) | |
| Aššur-bel-nišešu (1419–1411) | |||
| Aššur-rim-nišešu (1411–1401) | |||
| Aššur-nadin-ahhe II. (1401-1391) | |||
literature
- Horst Klengel: History of the Hittite Empire. Brill, Leiden / Boston / Cologne 1998, p. 103ff. (with indication of the relevant sources)
Individual evidence
- ^ Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier : Greece and Asia Minor in the late Bronze Age. The historical background of the Homeric epics. In: Michael Meier-Brügger (Ed.): Homer, interpreted by a large lexicon. Files from the Hamburg Colloquium from 6.-8. October 2010 at the end of the lexicon of the early Greek epic (= treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen. New series volume 21). De Gruyter, 2012, p. 163 (with further evidence).
- ↑ Volkert Haas: The Hittite literature. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2006, ISBN 978-3-11-018877-6 , page 91.
- ↑ Jörg Klinger: The Hittites. CH Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-53625-0
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Muwatalli I. |
Hittite great king 1430–1400 BC Chr. |
Arnuwanda I. |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Tudḫaliya I. |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Hittite great king |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 15th century BC Chr. |
| DATE OF DEATH | 15th century BC Chr. |