Ukrainian grammar

This article describes the grammar of the Ukrainian language . Together with languages such as Polish, it is one of the Slavic languages, and in a narrower context, together with Russian, is one of the East Slavic languages.

Grammatical features:

7 cases , 2 numbers , 3 genera . Ukrainian is the only East Slavic language that has retained the vocative .
There is no gender distinction for the plural in adjectives or pronouns.
As in the Slavic languages in general, almost all verbs have an aspect pair (imperfect and perfective).
There are no articles ('the', 'a').
Imperfective verbs have 3 tenses ( present , past , future ), perfective verbs have no present tense meaning.

The imperfective future tense can be formed analytically or synthetically.

There are 3 modes ( indicative , imperative , conditional ) and 2 genera verbs (active and passive).

The old tenses aorist, imperfect and periphrastic past perfect have been lost.

The old dual can only be found again in a few frozen word forms.

Some phonetic and writing peculiarities:

There is a sound 'h' (actually voiced: [⁠ ɦ ⁠] ), written г .

Original 'i' and 'y' have merged to 'y' (written и );
the infinitive ending is -ти (-ty) .

As in Russian, the ending of the verbs is preserved in the 3rd person -t , but palatilized (written -ть ). It is only missing in the singular of the e-conjugation as in Polish.

There are long (geminated) consonants. Similarly, there is a sound [⁠ w ⁠] is partly as incurred, which partly equal to the Russian 'в' (v), the Polish from original hard 'L': Ukrainian писав (pysaw) "[he] wrote" ≈ Polish pisał (písaw) , Russian писал (pisal) .

The apostrophe (') is used as a hardness character (corresponding to the Russian' ъ ').

The letter Ї / ї pronounced as [ ji ].

A Russian / Polish 'o' often corresponds to a Ukrainian i or wi- : відкритий (widkrýtyj) "open", Russian открытый (otkrytyj) .
There is also a change in nominal inflection o in an open syllable <> i in a closed syllable: вночі (wnotshi) "in the night" <> ніч (nitsh) "the night", Russian ночь (notshʲ) .

Scripture and Phonology

The Ukrainian language is composed of mostly the same sounds as Russian; joins the [⁠ h ⁠] as it can be found for example in Czech. With the exception of palatalized consonants, there are no sounds that cannot be found in a similar form in German.

The alphabet

Ukrainian is written in Cyrillic letters. Compared to the Russian alphabet, some letters and characters (ъ ы э ё) are missing, others have been added (і ї ґ є '), and some differ in their pronunciation (в г е и).

The following table shows the unbound pronunciation of the Ukrainian letters. Italic font is also indicated, as some letters differ considerably from normal font.
There are several variants of transcriptions with Latin letters, some of which are listed in the fourth column. The last variant is used in this grammar.

Ukrainian alphabet	Russian letter with the same pronunciation	Pronunciation in IPA	Transcriptions
А а А а	A a	[ɑ] something like 'a' in 'vase'	a
Б б Б б	Б б	[b] like 'b' in 'mite'	b
В в В в	В в	the most common is [w / u̯] like the English 'w'	v, w
Г г Г г		voiced [ɦ]	H
Ґ ґ Ґ ґ	Г г	[g] like 'g' in 'algae'	G
Д д Д д	д	[d] like 'd' in 'form'	d
E e E e	э	[ε] like 'e' in 'Nest'	e
Є є Є є	e	[jε] like 'ever' in 'now'	ever
Ж ж Ж ж	ж	[ʒ] like 'j' in 'Journal'	ž, zh
З з З з	з	[z] like 's' in 'sun'	z
И и И и	ы	[ɪ] like in 'i' in 'bin'	y
І і І і	и	[i] like 'i' in 'idea'	i
Ї ї Ї ї		[ji, jɪ] like 'i' in 'Yitzhak'	ji
Й й Й й	й	[j] like 'j' in 'iodine'	j
К к К к ¹	к	[k] like 'k' in 'jacket'	k (instead of 'ks' also 'x')
Л л Л л ⁵	л	like [ł] in English 'milk' before i / j / ^j like German [l]	l
М м М м	м	[m] like 'm' in 'Mai'	m
Н н Н н	н	[n] like 'n' in 'nun'	n
О о О о	о	[ɔ̝] something like 'o' in 'often' unstressed also occurs [o] like in 'oral'	O
П п П п ¹	п	[p] like 'p' in 'Lippe'	p
Р р Р р ²	р	rolled [r]	r
С с С с	с	[s] like 'ß' in 'outside' can also be voiced	s (also 'ss' between vowels)
Т т Т т ¹ ⁴	т	[t] like 't' in 'age'	t
У у У у	у	[u] like 'u' in 'Ural'	u
Ф ф Ф ф	ф	[f] like 'f' in 'open'	f
Х х Х х	х	[x] like 'ch' in 'ach' before i : [ç] like 'ch' in 'I'	x, ch, kh
Ц ц Ц ц ¹	ц	[t͡s] like 'z' in 'newspaper'	c, ts
Ч ч Ч ч ¹	ч	[t͡ʃ] like 'tsch' in 'deutsch'	č, ch, ch, tsh
Ш ш Ш ш	ш	[ʃ] like 'sch' in 'Schnee' can also be voiced	š, sch, sh
Щ щ Щ щ ³	(щ)	[ʃt͡ʃ] like 'shch'	šč, shch, shch, shtsh
Ь ь Ь ь	ь	[j] Palatal pronunciation of the preceding consonants	', j, ^j
Ю ю Ю ю	ю	[ju] like 'ju' in 'Jura'	ju
Я я Я я	я	[yes] like 'yes' in 'Jade'	Yes

The apostrophe (') is used as a hardness symbol.
The affricates [d͡z] and [d͡ʒ] are represented by two letters: дз (dz) and дж (dzh), respectively .
The phonetic connection 'jo' appears orthographically as йо or according to the palatalized consonant as ьо : сьогодні (sjohódni) "today".

The single sounds

Consonants

All consonants except й (j) occur in Ukrainian once in a hard and once in a soft (palatalized) variant.

The latter appears before і, й / я / є / ї / ю (i, j) or when it is explicitly required by the soft sign ь ( ^j ) .
Palatalization is prevented by the apostrophe as a sign of hardship:
п'ять (p'jat ^j ) [pjac] "five", від'їзд (wid'jizd) "departure", п'єса (p'jesa) [pjεsɑ] " Play".

Some consonants can also appear geminated (doubled).
- At the beginning of some forms of the verb лити (lyty) "(ver) gießen ": ллю, ллє (llju, llje) ... [l: u, l: ε];
  likewise with the verb ссати (ssaty) [s: ɑtı] "to suck" and its derivatives.

Classification and characteristics

The following table shows the consonants of the Ukrainian language (with в (w) in the pronunciation as a semi-vowel).
Sounds that are not in bold are palatalized variants.

Articulation location →	labial		Coronal			Dorsal		Glottal
Articulation type	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental / Alveolar	Palatalized alveolar	Post alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
nasal	m		n̪			nʲ
Plosives	p b		t̪ d̪			tʲ dʲ	k ɡ
Affricates			t͡s d͡z	t͡sʲ d͡zʲ	t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Fricatives		f	s z	sʲ zʲ	ʃ ʒ		x	ɦ
Approximants	w					j
Lateral			l			lʲ
Vibrant			r	rʲ

Labials:
b, p; w, f; m (б, п, в, ф, м) .
With spelling exceptions, these sounds are usually hard,
they can only be followed by a jotified vowel (vowel + j) if preceded by a dental consonant *: св я то ( sw jato) "Fest (tag)",
and they are not doubled.
Post-alveolar:
zh, tsh, sh (ж, ч, ш) , and actually also shtsh (щ) .
In contrast to the Ur-Slavonic, these sounds have become hard in Ukrainian, which leads to mixed declension in nouns.
All but щ (shtsh) can be doubled.
Only when one of these sounds is doubled can they be followed by an iotified vowel: збіжж я (zbí zhzh ja) "Korn".
None of these sounds are preceded by a soft sign ( ь ).
Dental:
d, t; s, z; ts; l, n (д, т, с, з, ц, л, н) .
As in Ur-Slavic, all of these sounds can be hard or soft.
They can only be followed by a hardness sign (') if a dental is the last sound in a prefix.
Dentals can be doubled.
Alveolar:
r (р) .
The alveolar can appear hard or soft.
It is always hard at the end of a syllable or word, which is why it cannot be followed by a soft sign ( ь ).
It only occurs twice in foreign words.
Velare:
h / g, k, kh (г / ґ, к, х) .
As in Ur-Slavonic, velars are always hard.
These sounds can never be doubled and
cannot be followed by a hardness sign (').
If one of these sounds comes before a jotified or soft vowel, it is changed by the laws of the 1st and 2nd palatalization.

pronunciation

¹ Plosives and fricatives ( p, t, k, ts, tsh ) are spoken bare .

² The r is rolled like in Italian.

³ The pronunciation of щ (shtsh) is not ground down to [ʃ:] as in Russian.

A palatalized consonant is pronounced as if it was followed by a 'j' in the pronunciation: у хаті (u xati) [u xɑ tʲ i] "in the hut".
⁴ Palatalized 't' at the end of the syllable is spoken like Polish 'ć', like 'tch' in 'Hütchen'.

⁵ Hard 'l' is pronounced [ɫ] in English 'milk', soft 'l' as [l] in German.
/ l + j / merge into a soft 'l' without the 'j' being audible: люблять (ljubljat ^j ) [ˈlublac] "[they] like".

Doubled consonants are spoken longer (such as 'ttt' in 'bed sheet').

Vowels and diphthongs

In Ukrainian 6 vowels are distinguished according to their quality : а, е, і, о, у, и (a, e, i, o, u, y) .
There is no difference in length of vowels.

classification

The following are designated as 'hard' vowels:
a, o, u and y derived from ancient Slavonic * y .
The following are considered to be 'soft':
e, i and y derived from ancient Slavic * i .
Vowels that are preceded by a 'j' in pronunciation are called 'jotiert'. For them, special fonts are used:
- jo is йo or to palatalisierendem consonants ьо written.
- for ja, je, ji, ju there are the letters я (ja), є (je), ї (ji), ю (ju) .
- for dialectal jy you write йи (?) or use the letter ї .

	Front	Back
Closed	i	u
Almost closed	ɪ
Half open	ɛ	ɔ
Open		ɑ

и (y) [ɪ] can be classified as a withdrawn medium high front vowel or a lowered withdrawn high front vowel.
o is middle vowel.
a is advanced.

pronunciation

The vowels a, e, o, и (a, e, o, y) open (unstretched) as in 'vase, nest, often, am'.
Unstressed 'и (y)' sounds similar to the German Schwa as in 'komm e '.
- There is no gradation from unstressed 'o' to [a] as in Russian.
- Unstressed 'o' can appear closer to the 'u' than a closed [o] like in 'Opal'.
i, y (і, u) are closed (stretched) as in 'Idea, Ural'.
Unstressed vowels are spoken shorter and more reduced than stressed ones.

An 'й (j)', which comes after a vowel, forms a diphthong with it in the pronunciation :
дай (daj) [dai̯] "gib!" (In German you write this word 'dei').

The half-vowel [w / u̯] (pronounced like 'Winston' in English) exists as a dialect pronunciation of в (w) .
In this pronunciation, vowels + / w / can together form a diphthong, such as ав (aw) [au̯] (in German orthography one would write 'au').
'U', which forms its own syllable core in Russian or Polish words, often appears in Ukrainian as w : навчати (nawtshaty) "to teach", Polish 'n au czyć'.

u-diphthongs from foreign words are described with y (u) : Фауст (faust) "(Goethe's) Faust".

Emphasis

The main stress can go back to the fourth from last syllable. In the following it is indicated by an accent (´) on the stressed vowel.
You have to learn the accent for every word; it often changes between different inflections of a word.
- Between singular and plural: místo - mistá "city - cities".
- Between I-form and all other persons in the present tense: howorjú - howórysh "speak - speak".
- For some pronouns, depending on whether they are used alone or after prepositions: mené - u méne "me - with me" (also tebé - tébe; johó - njóho; jijí - néji ), komú - na kómu "wem (dative / locative) - to whom".

Phonetic laws

Explanation of
symbols : - The symbol> or -> means in relation to sound change 'becomes to',
- while <denotes the etymology of a sound from the ancient Slavonic, in the second step from the ancient Indo-European language.
- A C stands for a consonant, V for a vowel.
- The asterisk (*) indicates that the following word or sound has been reconstructed but not passed on. It is absent in examples of words that existed in an identical form in Old Bulgarian.

Vowel insert

When several consonants come together at the end of a word, an additional o (always after w / h / k / kh ) or e (before l / m / r / ts ) is inserted in between.
This insertion occurs between the consonants at the position marked with _ in the following environments, where C represents any consonant:
- ... C (ь) _l (ь)
- ... C (ь) _m (ь)
- ... C (ь) _r (ь)
- ... C (ь) _ts (ь)
- ... C (ь) _k (ь);
  The combination sk is retained
- ... C (ь) _w (ь);
  The combination stw is retained,
  as is the combination w + consonant, provided that the w originated from the original 'L': во вк (wowk) [wɔu̯k] "Wolf", Russian волк (people) .

Palatalizations

Some consonants are exchanged for others when they come before certain vowels or 'j'. For example, дошка (doshka) "school board" before the ending -i in the dative or locative becomes дошці (doshtsi) , because when this ending comes up to the root of the word, the 2nd palatalization of the root consonant is forced.

1. Palatalization

It occurs before the vowels e, y <i, a / i <ě <ē:
- г / ґ (h / g) -> ж (zh)
- k -> ч (tsh)
- x (kh) -> ш (sh)

2. Palatalization

It occurs before the vowels y <i <diphthong, a / i <ě <diphthong:

- г / ґ (h / g) -> з (z)
- k -> ц (ts)
- x (kh) -> c (s)

Jotification

It affects the constellation 'consonant + j ':

An 'L' is inserted after labials (p, b, w, m). This is the reason for some irregular verb forms. For example, sp (a) - "sleep" merges with the ending of the 3rd person plural to сп л ять (spljat ^j ) [splac] "[they] sleep".
Velars (h, g, k, kh) are shifted by the 1st palatalization, while the 'j' is omitted (to be proven in Ur-Slavonic):
- hj / gj -> ж (zh)
- kj, ktj, tj -> ч (tsh)
- khj -> ш (sh)
Also:
- dj -> ж (zh) , but with verbs дж (dzh)
- sj -> ш (sh)
- stj -> skj -> щ (shtsh)
- zdj / zhj -> ждж (zhdzh)
- zkj -> жч (zhtsh)
- lj, nj, rj -> ль, нь, рь (lʲ, nʲ, rʲ)

assimilation

Depending on their environment in the sentence, there is also an orthographically expressed change between і <> й or у <> в , with the half-vowels (j / w) appearing after a preceding vowel:
- він іде <> вон а й де (win ide <> wona-jde) "he goes <> she goes".
- утомивс я в же <> уж е в томився (utomywsja-wzhe <> uzhe-wtomywsja) "already tired".
- і / й (i / j) “and”;
  у / в (u / w) "in".
Voiceless obstruents ( p, t, k, ts, tsh, s, sh ) also become voiced before voiced consonants: наш дід (nash did) [nɑ ʒd id] "our grandfather".
The opposite is not the case: There is no final hardening or alignment as in Russian or Polish for voiced obstruents ( b, d, g, z, zh ): березка (berézka) [bεrε zk ɑ] "small birch".
Plosives + subsequent fricatives are usually not combined to form affricates (i.e. t + s to [t͡s] etc.).
This only happens with the suffixes -sʲk- and -stw- .
Consonant clusters of sibilants (including affricates) adapt their terms to the last consonant: -sh-sja (the reflexive ending of the 2nd person singular: 'du dich') is pronounced [sʲ: a].
zh + dn -> zhn , z + dn -> zn
p + tn -> pn , r + tn -> rn
s + kn -> sn , k + kn -> kn
st + n -> sn ;
st + l -> sl .
h + stwo, g + stwo, zh + stwo, z + stwo -> ztwo
k + stwo, tsh + stwo, ts + stwo -> tstwo
kh + stwo, s + stwo, sh + stwo -> stwo .
h + s ^j kyj, g + s ^j kyj, zh + s ^j kyj, z + s ^j kyj -> z ^j kyj
k + s ^j kyj, tsh + s ^j kyj, ts + s ^j kyj -> ts ^j kyj
kh + s ^j kyj, s + s ^j kyj, sh + s ^j kyj -> s ^j kyj

Dissimilation

Before the infinitive ending -ти (-ty) 'd' or 't' become st :
klad- + -ty -> класти (klásty) "to lay",
plet- + -ty -> плести (plestý) "to braid".

Historical sound change

The following characteristic sound changes have occurred between Ur-Slavic and today's Ukrainian:

Vowels

* i, y> и (y) : ryti> рити (ryty) "dig".
* o, e before consonant + ь or ъ> i
(formal: {o, e} -> i | _C {ь, ъ}).
* ě (ѣ):
- at the beginning of the word: * ě> ji : * ěsti> їсти (jísty) "eat",
- According to Postalveolar (sh, zh, tsh, dzh): * ě> a : * ležěti> лежати (ležáty) "lie",
- otherwise: * ě> i .
The nasal * ę (<idg. * En / em / n̩ / m̩):
- After a single labial (b, p, w, f, m): * ę> 'я (' ja) : * pętь> п'ять (p'jat) "five",
- According to Postalveolar (sh, zh, tsh, dzh): * ę> a : * kyrčę> курча (kurtshá) "chicken",
- otherwise: * ę> yes : telę> теля (teljá) "calf".
* l̩ (syllable 'L'):
- * ъl, ьl (voiced l or lʲ)> ов (ow) : vlъkъ> вовк (wowk) "wolf",
- at the end of the word: * lъ> в (w) .

Consonants

* l before consonant or at the end of a word> в (w)
(formal: l -> w | _ #).
* dl, tl> l : * mydlo> мило (mylo) "soap".

Syllables

As in Russian, there is pleophony, i. H. between consonants the sound combinations or / ol / er / el are extended by an additional vowel:
- * or> opo (oro) : * borda> борода (borodá) "beard",
- * ol, el> oлo (olo) : * bolto> болото (bolóto) "swamp", * melko> молоко (molokó) "milk",
- * er> epe (ere) : * berza> береза (beréza) "birch".
ьj:
- C ₁ ьj -> C ₁ C ₁ j (consonant doubling after one consonant with the exception of p (r) and labials),
  but: C ₁ C ₂ ьj -> C ₁ C ₂ j (no consonant doubling after several consonants),
- * ьje> ja (possibly with consonant doubling): * žitьje> життя (zhyttjá) "life",
- * ьjь> ej : * myšьjь> myshej ,
- * rьj> p'й (r'j) ,
- * Labial + ьj> Labial + 'й (' j) .

Nominal inflection

Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are declined according to case, number and gender as in German; There are separate inflection schemes for nouns , adjectives and pronouns .

Case : In Ukrainian, the seven cases nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , locative , instrumental and vocative are distinguished.
The locative only occurs after prepositions, which is why it is called 'prepositive' in Russian.
After the inflection overviews, the individual cases are discussed in more detail.
Number : singular and plural .
The old dual is only present in remnants, either in the nominative / accusative as a recategorized nominative plural or in some paired things such as certain body parts.
Genus : are partially both the natural and grammatical gender distinction: the natural gender is the inherent property of an object designated, whether it is classified as living (human, animal) or inanimate; As in German, the grammatical gender distinguishes between masculine, feminine and neuter.

Inflection of nouns

The inflection schemes for nouns can essentially be divided according to gender. There are 4 classes:

1. Declination

This includes most of the nouns that end in -a / -ja, i.e. most feminines. Only in this class there is a special ending for the accusative singular.

	Hard	Mixed	Soft (ь)	Soft (й)
	Singular
Nom.	-а		-Yes
Gene.	-y	-і		-ji
Date ¹	-i	-і		-ji
Acc.	-u		-ju
Ins.	-oju	-eju		-jeju
Locomotive. ¹	s. Dative singular
Vok.	-о	-е		-je
	Plural
Nom. Vok.	-y	-і		-ji
Gene. ² ³	-		-ʲ	-j
Date	-at the		-jam
Acc.	animated: s. Genitive plural inanimate: s. Nominative plural
Ins.	-amy		-jamy
Locomotive.	-akh		-jakh

¹ Velar consonants are subject to the 2nd palatal change .

² In the case of stems with more than one consonant, a -e- or -o- is
inserted before the last consonant: zémli -> zemélʲ "lands", símji -> siméj "families", zhinký -> zhinók "women".

³ For nouns for job titles that can be used masculine or feminine, the plural genitive is often formed by the ending -iw .

2. Declination

	Masculine				neuter
	Hard	Mixed	Soft (ь)	Soft (й)	Hard	Mixed	Soft	Soft <* -ĭje
	Singular
Nom.	-		-ʲ after p: -	-j	-O	-e		-Yes
Gene.	-a -u		-Yes ju		-a		-Yes
Date	-owi -u	-ewi -u	-ewi -ju	-jewi -ju	-u		-ju
Acc.	animated: s. Genitive singular inanimate: s. Nominative singular				s. Nominative singular
Ins.	-om	-em		-jem	-om	-em		-jam
Locomotive.	-owi -i to Velar: -u	-ewi -i		-jewi -ji	-i
Vok.	-u -e	-e -u	-ju		s. Nominative singular
	Plural
Nom. Vok.	-y	-i		-ji	s. Genitive SINGULAR
Gene.	-iw		-iw for some: -ej	-jw	-		-ʲ	-ʲ after postalveolar sibilant: - monosyllabic: -iw after labial: -'jiw
Date	-at the		-jam		-at the		-jam
Acc.	animated: s. Genitive plural inanimate: s. Nominative plural				s. Nominative plural
Ins.	-amy		-jamy		-amy		-jamy
Locomotive.	-akh		-jakh		-akh		-jakh

3. Declination

Only feminine women belong to this class. Many cases have the same ending; they are each summarized in one line in the following table.

	Mixed	Soft (ь)
	Singular
Nom. ¹ acc. ¹ voc. ¹	-	-ʲ
Gene. Date	-i
Ins. ¹ ² <urslaw. '-ĭjǫ'	-ju
	Plural
Nom. Acc. Vok.	-i
Gene.	-ej
Date	-jam
Ins.	-jamy
Locomotive.	-jakh

¹ A -o- becomes -i- in a closed syllable : ніч, нoчі (nitsh, notshi) "night, nights".
² Duplication of the final consonant: ніч, ніччю (nitsh, nitsh: ju) "night (nom., Ins.)".

4. Declination

Only neutras with the ancient Slavic ending '-ę' belong to this class. These nouns lose their last consonant ( n or t ) in some cases .

	n-stems	t-tribes
	Singular
Nom. Acc. Vok.	ім'я (im'já) "first name"	теля (teljá) "calf"	курча (kurtshá) "chicken"
Gene.	s. Dative or nominative singular	teljaty	kurtsháty
Date Locomotive.	імені (ímen i )	teljati	kurtsháti
Ins.	іменем (ímen em ) ім'ям (im'jam)	teljam	kurtshám
	Plural
Nom. Vok.	імена (imen á )	teljata	kurtsháta
Gene.	імен (imén)	teljat	kurtshát
Date	іменам (imen ám )	telja	kurtshátam
Acc.	s. Nominative plural	s. Nominative or genitive plural
Ins.	іменами (imen ámy )	telja	kurtshátamy
Locomotive.	(по) іменах (po imen ákh )	teljatakh	(na) kurtshátakh

Inflection of adjectives

The dictionary form is the nominative singular masculine.
The gender is only distinguished in the singular.
There are three types of adjectives:
- Hard-stemmed adjectives (this also includes those on postalveolar sibilants)
- Soft-stemmed adjectives in -ij
- Soft-stemmed adjectives in -jij ;
  These are declined in the same way as the adjectives to -ij , but in the appended endings '-i-' is replaced by -ji- , '-ʲ-' by -j- .

		Singular			Plural
		Feminine	Masculine	neuter
Nom.	hard: soft:	-a- yes	-yj -ij	-e -je	-i
Gene.	hard: soft:	-oji -ʲoji	-oho -ʲoho		-ykh -ikh
Date	hard: soft:	-ij	-omu -ʲomu		-ym -im
Acc.	hard: soft:	-u -ju	animated: s. Genitive singular inanimate: s. Nominative singular
Ins.	hard: soft:	-uju ʲuju	-ym -im		-ymy -imy
Locomotive.	hard: soft:	s. Dative singular	-omu ¹ -ʲomu ¹		-ykh -ikh

¹ As an ancient Slavic relic, there is an alternative (originally indefinite) ending -im .
Another ancient Slavic relic of indefinite inflection are a few (mostly possessive) adjectives that have no ending in the nominative singular masculine, but are otherwise declined according to the above scheme. These include bábyn, babyna "belonging to the grandmother", brátiw, bratowa "belonging to the brother", powínen, powinna "must".

Enhancement and comparisons

There are two ways to put adjectives in the comparative:

Through the hard-stemmed comparative suffix - (i) shyj , which is added to the stem of the adjective (available by omitting the basic form ending -yj / ij / jij ):
молодий -> молодший (molodýj -> molódshyj) "young -> younger".
There are some irregular adjectives:
добрий -> кращий (dóbryj -> kráshtshyj) "good -> better",
великий -> більший (welýkyj -> bílʲshyj) "big -> bigger / more",
малий -> меýjн -> меýjн > ménshyj) "small -> smaller".

By placing the unchangeable adverb bilʲsh "more" in front :
гарний -> більш гарний (hárnyj -> bilʲsh hárnyj) "beautiful -> more beautiful".
Accordingly, also with mensh "less": менш гарний (mensh hárnyj) "less beautiful".

The superlative is formed by adding naj- to any desired comparative form:
молодший -> наймолóдший (molódshyj -> najmolódshyj) "younger -> youngest",
кращий -> найкращий -> найкращий -> найкращий -> найкращий -> найкращий -> найкращий (krásj bestshyj -> better -> better.
Words associated with religion also use pre- “very” as a superlative prefix instead .

In the positive, як (jak) is used to compare “like”:
київ великий як берлін (Kyjíw welýkyj jak Berlin) “Kiev is as big as Berlin”.
In the comparative with ніж (nizh) or wid (від) :
київ більший ніж гамбурґ (Kyjíw bílʲshyj nizh Hamburg) "Kiev is greater than Hamburg".

Inflection of pronouns

In many forms, pronouns have similar endings to adjectives.

Personal and possessive pronouns

The personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular have some special features. There is no gender distinction here.
Except for a few forms, they are declined in the same way in the singular and plural.
The following table is designed so that the same forms in several cases are listed only once.

	Singular		Plural
	1st person 'I'	2nd person 'you'	1st person 'we'	2nd person 'you'
Nominative	я ( yes )	ти (ty)	ми ( m y)	ви (wy)
Genitive accusative	мене (mené)	тебе (tebé)	нас (nas)	вас (what)
locative	мені (meni)	тобі (t o bi)	нас (nas)	вас (what)
dative	мені (meni)	тобі (t o bi)	нам (nam)	вам (wam)
Instrumental	мною (mnoju)	тобою (t o boju)	нами (namy)	вами (wamy)

The 3rd person pronouns are declined in a similar way to adjectives.
In the nominative they have the stem won- , in other cases the stem j- .
A preposition is preceded by an n- ; hence the double forms in the genitive and accusative.
In the locative and instrumental this n- has already become an integral part of the personal pronoun.

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	neuter	Feminine
Nominative	він (w i n)	воно (wono)	вона (woná)	вони (wony)
Genitive	його (joho) - нього ( n joho)		її (jiji) - неї ( n eji)	їх (jikh) - них ( n ykh)
accusative	його (joho)		її (jiji)	їх (jikh) - них ( n ykh)
locative	ньому ( n jomu) нім ( n im)		ній ( n ij)	них ( n ykh)
dative	йому (jomu)		їй (jij)	їм (jim)
Instrumental	ним ( n ym)		нею ( n eju)	ними ( n ymy)

The genitive is only used after prepositions or as a direct object.
The possessive pronouns are used to indicate ownership.
The possessive pronouns 'mein' and 'your' are declined identically:

	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	мій - твій (mij - twij)	моє - твоє (mojé - twoje)	моя - твоя (mojá - twoja)	мої - твої (mojí - twoji)
Genitive	мого - твого (moho - twoho)		моєї - твоєї (mojeji - twojeji)	моїх - твоїх (mojikh - twojikh)
dative	моєму - твоєму (mojemu - twojemu)		моїй - твоїй (mojij - twojij)	моїм - твоїм (mojim - twojim)
accusative	s. Nom. Sg. Mask. Or Gen. Sg. Mask.	s. Nom. Sg. Ntr.	мою - твою (moju - twoju)	s. Nominative plural or genitive plural
Instrumental	моїм - твоїм (mojim - twojim)		моєю - твоєю (mojeju - twojeju)	моїми - твоїми (mojimy - twojimy)
locative	s. Dative singular mask.		s. Dative singular fem.	s. Genitive plural

The same applies to 'our' and 'your':

	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	наш - ваш (nash - wash)	наше - ваше (nashe - washe)	наша - ваша (nasha - washa)	наші - ваші (nashi - washi)
Genitive	нашого - вашого (nashoho - washoho)		нашої - вашої (nashoji - washoji)	наших - ваших (nashykh - washykh)
dative	нашому - вашому (nashomu - washomu)		нашій - вашій (nashij - washij)	нашим - вашим (nashym - washym)
accusative	s. Nom. Sg. Mask. Or Gen. Sg. Mask.	s. Nom. Sg. Ntr.	нашу - вашу (nashu - washu)	s. Nom. Plural or gen. Plural
Instrumental	нашим - вашим (nashym - washym)		нашою - вашою (nashuju - washuju)	нашими - вашими (nashymy - washymy)
locative	s. Dative singular mask.		s. Dative singular fem.	s. Genitive plural

A special possessive pronoun is used for possession of the subject ('my own, your own, his own ...'):
свій, своє, своя, свої (swij, swojé, swojá, swojí) .
For someone else's possession, the third person uses the plural нхній (jíkhnij) "you, of them", which is inflected like a soft adjective.

Demonstrative pronouns

The pronoun той (toj) "those" has the following declension. Further uses:
той же ((самий)) (toj zhe sámyj) "the same, the same",
той, хто (toj khto) "the one who",
саме той (sáme toj) "exactly the one".

	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	той (t oj )	те	та	ті
Genitive	того (toho)		тієї (tieji)	тих (tykh)
dative	тому (tomu)		тій (tij)	тим (tym)
accusative	s. Nominative singular or genitive singular	s. Nominative singular	ту (tu)	s. Nominative plural or genitive plural
Instrumental	тим (tym)		тією (tieju)	тими (tymy)
locative	тому (tomu) тім		s. Dative singular	тих (tykh)

Another demonstrative pronoun is цей (tsej) "this".

Interrogative pronouns

In the interrogative pronoun хто, що (khto, shtsho) "who, what", a distinction is made between animate and inanimate.
There is no plural.

	Animated	Inanimate
Nominative	хто (khto)	що (shtsho)
Genitive	кого (koho)	чого (tshoho)
accusative	кого (koho)	s. Nominative singular
Dative locative	кому (komu)	чому (tshomu)
Instrumental	ким (kym)	чим (tshym)

The genitive is only used after prepositions.

When asked about an owner, the declinable чий (tshyj) "whose" is used:
чий це будинок? (tshyj tse budýnok) "Who does this house belong to? Whose house is it?"

	Masculine	neuter	Feminine	Plural
Nominative	чий (tshyj)	чиє (tshyjé)	чия (tshyjá)	чиї (tshyjí)
Genitive	чийого (tshyjoho)		чиєї (tshyjeji)	чиїх (tshyjikh)
dative	чиєму (tshyjemu)		чиїй (tshyjij)	чиїм (tshyjim)
accusative	s. Nominative singular mask. Or Genitive singular mask.	s. Nominative singular ntr.	чию (tshyju)	s. Nominative plural or genitive plural
Instrumental	чиїм (tshyjim)		s. Dative singular fem.	чиїми (tshyjimy)
locative	чийому (tshyjomu)		s. Dative singular fem.	s. Genitive plural

Case and prepositions

In the following, the most important functions of the 7 cases are presented, as well as the prepositions belonging to a case and their general formation.

Nominative

The nominative is the form given in the first place in dictionaries. Some Ukrainian words are listed here in the plural, as they do not appear in the singular:
двері (dweri) "door", ножиці (nózhytsi) "scissors", штани (shtani) "pants".
The nominative is:
- in terms: його звати / звуть ... (johó zwaty / zwutʲ) "his name is ...",
- as apposition: у ресторані «Карпати» (u restorani Karpaty) “in the restaurant 'Karpaty'” n
- as an active subject (who?),
- as a predicate: Лондон - столиця Англії (London - stolytsja Angljiji) "London is the capital of England",
  Пьотр - журналіст (Pʲotr - zhurnalist) "Peter is a journalist".
The nominative may come after the following numerals:
- 1, 21, 31 etc. (in the singular!):
  Один людина (odýn ljudýna) "ONE person", двáдцять один день (dwadtsjatʲ odýn denʲ) "21 days".
- 2, 22, 32 etc .: два дні (dwa dni) "two days".
- 3, 23, 33 etc .: три чверті (try tshwérti) "three quarters".
- 4, 24, 34 etc .: чотири рази (tshotýry razý) "four times".
For many monosyllabic words with a closed stem syllable, the stem vowel appears in the nominative as i , while in other cases it is o or sometimes e :
кінь (kinʲ) "horse" (stem: konj- ),
ніч (nitsh) "night" (stem: notsh ),
сіль (silʲ) "salt" (stem: solj- ),
стіл (stil) "table" (stem: stol- ).

The nominative plural has the same endings in the 1st and 3rd declension as the genitive singular.
Masculine of the 2nd declination also have the endings -и / і / ї (-y / i / ji) .
Neutra have -a / я (-a / ja) in the nominative plural .
Adjectives have -i / ї - (i / ji) in the nominative plural .

Genitive

The genitive is often used as in German (whose? From what? How?) By specifying possession and belonging: голова комісії (golowa komisiji) "the head of the commission".

It is also written next to the times: якого числа? - першого січня (jakoho tshysla? - pershoho sitshnja) “on what date? - on 1 January".

The genitive represents the indefinite accusative of the direct object in negative sentences: стола я ще не замовив ( stola ja shtshe ne zamowyw) ([a] table I haven't ordered yet) "I haven't ordered a table yet".

It stands as partitive “(something) (of)”:
Дайте, будь ласка, хліба й масла (dajte, budʲ laska, khliba j masla) “give [me] (some) (of) bread and (something) (of the) butter “.

Instead of the nominative or the inanimate accusative, the genitive plural is used after the numerals 5–20, 25–30, 35–40, etc.:
п'ять діб (p'jatʲ dib ) "five (24-hour) days".

It comes after the prepositions без (bez) "without", біля (bilja) "next to, along", близько (blyzʲko) "near", від - до (wid - do) "from - to (to)", для (dlja) "for", крім (krim) "except (that)", після (pislja) "after (temporally)" and з (z) meaning "from / from": з Києва (z Kyjewa) " from Kiev “,
для чого? (dlja tshóho?) "for what?".

Nouns of the first declension :

In the genitive singular, they end in -и / і / ї (-y / i / ji) depending on the stem ending .

In the plural they have no ending or a -ь / й (-ʲ / j) is left behind. Stressed -e / o- becomes -i-
in monosyllabic words : доба -> діб (doba -> dib) "24-hour day". If the stem ends in several consonants, an additional vowel is inserted ¹ : журналістка -> журналісток (zhurnalistka -> zhurnalistok) "Journalistin -> der Journalistinnen", читальня -> читален -> der Lesesaalен.

Nouns of the 2nd declension :

Neutra have the ending -y / ю (-u / ju) in the singular .
There is no ending in the plural, soft neutrals leave a -ь (-ʲ) behind.
In monosyllabic words, as in the 1st declination, stressed -e / o- becomes -i- : село -> сіл (selo -> sil) "village".
Here too there is an additional vowel ¹ for stems that end in several consonants : вікно -> вікон (wiknó -> wikon) "window -> the window", ядро - ядер (jadró - jader) "core -> der Cores ".

Masculina have the ending -a / я (-a / ja) in the singular, in the
plural it is usually -ів (-iw)

However, many masculines have the ending -y / ю (-u / ju) in the singular like the neuter ; these include nouns for abstract concepts, weights and measures, collective terms, facilities and institutions, psychological states, natural phenomena and others: університету, дощу, ідеалу (uniwersytetu, doshtshu, idealu) "the university, the rain, the ideal".

In some of them, both types of endings can occur in the genitive singular, whereby the basic term is differentiated:
рака <> ракy (raka <> raku) "of the lobster <> of the cancer (zool./astr./med.)", Соняшника < > соняшнику (sonjashnyka <> sonjashnyku) "the sunflower - the sunflower seed".

Nouns of the 3rd declension have -i in the singular , -ей (-ej) in the plural .

ім'я (im'ja) "first name" has in the genitive singular імені (imeni) , in the plural імен (imen) .
The t-stemmed nouns of the 4th declension add -ти (-ty) in the genitive singular to the basic form , in the plural -т (-t) .

Masculine and neutral adjectives have the ending -ого (-oho) in the genitive singular , feminine adjectives have -ої (-oji) .
In the genitive plural there is the same ending as in the locative plural.

¹ The vowel to be added ( e or o ) is selected according to the rules of the vowel insert .

dative

The dative case is the case of the indirect object (whom?):
Треба сказати їм правду (treba skazaty jim prawdu) "you should tell them the truth".

It is in many impersonal expressions:
- For age information : cкільки їм років? (skilʲky jim rokiw?) “How old are you?” - йому 20 років, а їй 18 (jomu dwádtsjat rokiw, a jij wisimnádtsjatʲ) “he is 20 years old and she is 18”.

The dative is after the prepositions
завдяки (zawdjaký) "dank, kraft", всупереч (wsýperetsh) "in contrast to, in spite of", наперекір (naperekír) "in spite of, in spite of, in contrast to".

The dative singular has the following endings:
- The nominative singular ending -a / я (-a / ja) is replaced by -i ; there is a phonetic change: -ка / га / ха (-ka / ha / kha) -> -ці / зі / сі (-tsi / zi / si) .
  The ending -i is also used in the feminine of the 3rd declination
  and in the neuter of the 4th declination ( -ені, -ті (-eni, -ti) ).
- Masculina usually have -ові / еві / єві (-owi / ewi / jewi)
  or alternatively, like the neuter, the ending -y / ю (-u / ju), depending on the stem ending .
  In multi-part personal names (e.g. first and last name) the second element usually takes this shorter ending: панові Іванові Шевченку (panowi iwanowi Shewtshenku) "[dem] Mr. Ivan Shevchenko".

The ending -ами / -ями (-amy / -jamy) is in the plural .

Masculine and neutral adjectives have the ending -ому (-omu) in the dative singular , feminine -ій / їй (-ij / jij) .
In the dative plural there is -им / im / їм (-ym / im / jim) depending on the stem ending .

accusative

The accusative is used as a direct object (whom?) In the UNVERNISHED predicate: Він зробив помилку (win zrobyw pomylku) "he made a mistake".

It stands for a temporal expansion: цілу годину (tsilu hodynu) "for a whole hour".

It is used in the prepositions крізь (krizʲ) "through something", про (pro) "over (topic)", через (tsherez) "through / over", по (po) "through, up, along" and (im Case of directions) with у / в (u / w) and на (na) :

pro : про що ви розмовляєте? (pro shtsho wy rozmowljájete?) "What are you talking about?", я про нього нічого не знаю (yes pro njóho nitshóho ne znáju) "I don't know anything about him", про мене ( how you want it) like".

tsherez : tsherez rik “in a year (from now)”, tsherez rítshku “across the river”, itý tsherez lis “to go through a forest”, tsherez dorohu wid domu - mahazyn “from our house across the street there is one Business"; powidómyty johó tsherez kóhosʲ “to notify him through someone”.

For neutral nouns, the nominative and accusative usually have the same form.
The accusative only has a special form for nouns in the first declension and for adjectives and pronouns ending in - (j) a in the singular - (j) u .
Otherwise one uses the respective nominative for its function for inanimate nouns and the respective genitive for animate nouns (humans, animals). This also applies to pronouns as substitutes for nouns and adjectives as more detailed descriptions.
These rules also apply to adjectives. Feminine adjectives in the singular, like nouns, have the accusative ending -у / ю (-u / ju) .

Instrumental

The instrumental indicates, among other things, the tool with which an action is carried out (with what?):
Олівцем (oliwtsem) "with a pencil", яким чином? - таким чином (jakym tshynom? - takym tshynom) “how? - so (in such a way) ”.

Likewise, the means of transport: літаком (litakom) "by plane".

For living beings, together with the preposition з / зі (z / zi) "(together) with", there is the accompaniment to: він пішов до школи зі сестрою (win pishow do shkoly zi sestroju) "he went to school with [his] sister ".

The instrumental stands without a preposition for through or along movements.

It is used as an argument for verbs of interest or participation:
цікавитися музикою (tsikawytysja muzykoju) "interested in music", займатися читанням (zajmatysja tshytannjam) "occupied with reading".

Nouns are used in the instrumental for
information about being, becoming and occupation: Ким хочетe бути? - Перекладачкою ( kym khotshete buty? - Perekladatshkuju ) “what (eigtl .: to whom) would you like to become? - Translator"; він працює лікарем (win pratsoje likarem) "he works as a doctor".

The instrumental comes after the prepositions з / зі / із (z / zi / iz) in the meaning "with", за (za) "behind, behind ... her", перед "before", над "over", під "Under" and між "between".

The instrumental singular is formed as follows:
- Nouns of the first declension (on - (j) a ) have the endings -ою / ею / єю (-oju / eju / jeju) depending on the stem end .
- Masculine of the second declension have analogously -ом / ем / єм (-om / em / jem) .
  The same applies to the neuter of the second declination; only the neutras in -ja have the ending -ям (-jam) .

For masculine and neutral adjectives, the instrumental singular has the ending -ім (-im) , feminine ones have -ою (-uju) .

To form the instrumental plural of nouns and adjectives, add -и (-y) to the respective dative-plural ending ( the endings -aми / ями; ими / iми / їми (-amy / jamy; ymy / imy / jimy)) .

locative

The locative is often used together with a preposition in place (where?):
Книга - на столі (knyha - na stoli ) "the book is on the table".

It comes after the prepositions о / об (o / ob) "at (time)" and при (pry) "at" and (in the case of places) after у / в (u / w) and на (na) :

u / w stands
for location
information on limited areas or in buildings: у ресторані (u restorani) "in the restaurant", w uniwersytéti "in the university", u mahazýni "in the shop", u teátri "in the theater";
- for cities: в Києві "in Kiev", u místi "in the city";
- also: в армії (w ármjiji) "in the army", в Європі (w jewrópi) "in Europe".

na stands
- for location information on flat, unlimited areas: na stadióni "in the stadium", na místsi / plóshtshi "on the square", na wúlytsi "on the street", на сонці (na sóntsi) "in the sun";
- in events: на концерті (na kontserti) “at the concert”;
- for 'on': на столі (na stolí) "on the chair";
- for 'um' with comparative: на метр коротший (na metr korót_shyj) "shorter by one meter";
- at the time: piw na shóstu "(it is) half past five" , tshwertʲ na shóstu "(it is) quarter past five";
- when specifying circumstances: на біду (na bidú) "unfortunately", на швидку руку (na shwydkú rúku) "in a hurry", на його очах (na johó otshákh) "in his presence";
- also: на цей раз (na tséj raz) “for this time”; на (візьми)! (na wizʲmy!) "here !, take it, stop!".

o (b) stands next to the time: о третій годині (o tretij hodýni) "at three o'clock".

pry stands
- for circumstances: при денному світлі (pry dénnomu swítli) "in daylight", при малярії (pry maljaríji) "to a malaria case," при існуючих умовах (pry isnújutshykh umówakh) "under the circumstances", при умові, що (pry umówi, shtsho) “on the condition that”;
- for location-like information such as: при ньому (pry njómu) "with him", при мені (pry mení) "in my presence", у ме́не не бу́ло при собі́ гро́шей “I had no money with me”.

Formation of the locative singular:
- Masculine personal names have -owi / - (j) ewi :
  на батькові (na batʲkowi) , на ковалеві (na kowalewi) , на водієві (na wodijewi) .

The ending - (j) akh is in the plural .

Masculine and neutral adjectives have the locative singular -ому (-omu) , feminine has the same ending as in the dative singular, -ій / їй (-ij / jij) .
In the locative plural there is -ix / їх (-ikh / jikh) for adjectives .

vocative

The vocative is the form of direct address (like 'Herr Müller! Peter! Mein Freund!'). It is therefore used especially for names of people.

Only masculine or feminine nouns in the singular have a special form for the vocative.
Otherwise, the respective form of the nominative is used for the function of the vocative.
Most hard-bodied masculines end in -e : Максиме! Петре! (Maksyme! Petre!) “Maxim! Peter!".
This can lead to a change of consonants: друже! хлопче! (druzhe! khloptshe!) “Friend! Boy!".
A few masculine nouns (especially kinship names), most of which end in -ко / -к , have the ending -y (-u) : дядьку! (dadʲku!) “Uncle!”, Влодку! (Wlodku!) , Сину! (synu!) "Son!", тату! (tatu!) “Papa!”.
Even females with a soft stem end in -e : столице! (stagger!) “Capital!”.
Soft-stemmed feminine first names ending in a consonant + -я (-ja) replace this ending with -ю (-ju) :
Наталю! Катрусю! (Natalju! Katrusju!) “Natalja! Katrusja! ".
Adjectives and pronouns have no special endings for the vocative.

Verbal inflection

With all verbs one differentiates between infinite and finite forms. The former are differentiated according to aspect and inflected like nouns, while the latter are conjugated according to person and number, tense and mode.

Infinite forms

In Ukrainian there is an infinitive, a verbal noun and 4 (out of 5 present in Urslavic) participles, 2 of which can be used as a gerund.

From a present passive participle there are only a few forms that have solidified into independent words on -myj :
відомий (widómyj) "well known, famous",
знайомий (znajómyj) "familiar / known (with)".

infinitive

This form is given in dictionaries.

The infinitive of all verbs ends in -ty : мати (má ty ) "haben".
In reflexive verbs, the reflexive suffix is added: дивитися (dywýty sja ) "to look at".

In some verbs, the ending has the word accent, e.g.
For example : іти (itý) “to go”, плести (plestý) “to weave ”, нести (nestý) to “carry”.

The stem of the present indicative is extended by a syllable in many verbs:

Around a vowel: писати - я пишу (pys á ty - ja pyshú) "write - I write" ...
Um -wa- : малювати - я малюю (malju wá ty - ja maljúju) "paint - I paint".

Some verbs have contractions from the verb stem and the infinitive ending:
- The last consonant is dropped : іти - я йду (itý - ja j d ú) "go - I go"
- A d or t before the infinitive ending becomes s (see the section on dissimilation ):
  класти - я кладу (klásty - kla d ú) “lay - I lay”.

The infinitive to є (je) is бути (búty) "to be".

Present participle Active

This form is formed by replacing the ending -ть (-ty) of the 3rd person plural present indicative with -чий (-tshyj) .
In occasional adjectival use, the resulting form is inflected like a hard-stemmed adjective.
The gerund derived from this has the ending -чи (-tshy) :
знаючи (znajutshy) “knowing, in knowing; English: knowing “.

Past participle Active I (L-participle)

This participle is used to form the finite past tense:
він був "he was" (literally: 'he - who was').
It is rarely found as an adjective formed from intransitive verbs:
почорнити -> почорнілий (potshornýty -> potshorn í lyj) "turned black".
It is formed by replacing the infinitive ending -ty with -лий (-lyj) (inflected like an adjective) or -в (-w) .
There are irregular verbs:
- іти -> ішов, ішла ... (itý -> ishów, ishlá) "go",
- їсти -> їв, їла ... (jísty -> jiw, jiwa) "eat".
- In reflexive verbs, the participle is followed by the reflexive suffix:
  дивитися -> дивився, дивилася ... (dywýtysja -> dywyw sja , dywyla sja ) "look at".
Only the following forms are used for the finite past tense together with a subject:

	Singular	Plural
Masculine subject	-в (-w) (!)	-ли (-ly)
Feminine subject	-ла (-la)
Neutral subject	-ло (-lo)

Past participle Active II

This participle is also mostly used as a gerund.

It is formed by adding the suffix -ший (-shyj) to the L-participle on -в (-w) . In the gerund there is the ending -ши (-shy) : знати -> знавши (znaty -> znaw shy ) something like : "know -> have known".

Past Participle Passive (PPP)

Only this participle is commonly used as an adjective.

It is formed by adding -a- or -e- to the infinitive stem, depending on the verb ; then add one of the suffixes -tyj or -nyj . (There doesn't seem to be a difference which of the two is used.) Жати -> жатий (zháty -> zhatyj) "mow -> mowed", лишити -> лишений (lyshýty -> lyshenyj) "leave".

Verbs in class 4 are jotified :
пекти -> печений (pektý -> petshenyj) "bake -> baked".

Verbal nouns

This form is created by replacing the PPP with -nnja :
питати -> питання (pytáty -> pytánnja) "ask -> question",
замовляти -> замовлення (zamowljáty -> let zamówlennja -> order, Command".

A stressed -e- before this ending becomes i .

The resulting noun is inflected like a neutral noun of the 2nd declension on '-2.je'.

Finite forms

Of the tenses and modes of the Urindo-European only the present tense in the indicative and imperative has been preserved. (The old forms of imperfect, aorist and past perfect have been lost, as in modern Russian and Polish.)
The future tense of imperfective verbs and conditional forms are formed by an auxiliary verb or a suffix derived from an auxiliary verb.
The past is formed by a participle, a finite auxiliary verb is missing.

indicative

Present indicative

Applied to an imperfective verb says something about the present, applied to a perfect verb says something about a process to be completed in the future.

Past tense indicative

The past is formed in both aspects with the help of the L-participle alone.

Future tense

The future tense can be formed on the one hand by suffixes, on the other hand by the auxiliary verb buty + infinitive conjugated in the present indicative . In the following, both forms of formation are shown using the example of the verb їсти (jísty) "essen"; what is attached is shown underlined in the legend:

Future tense
I'll eat	я їстиму (ja jisty mu ) я буду їсти (ja búd u jísty)
you will eat	ти їстимеш (ty jisty mesh ) ти будеш їсти (ty búd esh jísty)
he will eat	він їстиме (win jisty me ) він буде їсти (win búd e jísty)
we will eat	ми їстимо (my jisty mo ) ми будемо їсти (my búd emo jísty)
you will eat	ви їстимете (wy jisty mete ) ви будете їсти (wy búd ete jísty)
they will eat	вони їстимуть (woní jisty mutʲ ) вони будуть їсти (woní búd utʲ jísty)

Individual evidence

↑ Русанівський. Тараненко, Зяблюк 2004, p. 104
↑ Жовтобрюх. Кулик 1965 pp. 117–118

[1] Русанівський. Тараненко, Зяблюк 2004, p. 104

[2] Жовтобрюх. Кулик 1965 pp. 117–118