Ulrich II from meeting
Ulrich II of meetings. († 1. April 1182 ) and Latin Udalrich / Voldoricus de Treven called, was from 1161 to 1181 Patriarch of Aquileia in northern Italy. First, he supported Emperor Friedrich I (Barbarossa) in his unsuccessful struggle for supremacy over the northern Italian states and the papacy. He was involved in a dispute with the Patriarch of Grado , in which he was ultimately successful. At the peace treaty in 1177 between Emperor Friedrich I and Pope Alexander III. he was mediating. Ulrich died on April 1, 1182, after having headed the Patriarchate for twenty years, seven months and seven days.
Descent and family of origin
Ulrich was the son of Count Wolfrad II von Treffen (Abensberg) and Ratenstein, Vogt von Isny . The father came from the Swabian dynasty of the Counts Altshausen-Veringen . The best-known representative of this family is Hermann the Lame (Hermannus Contractus, Hermann von der Reichenau), author of the first world chronicle dating from the birth of Christ and the presumed author of the Salve Regina . This is shown in a fresco in the collegiate church in Ossiach . Hermann himself traced his descent back to St. Ulrich von Augsburg († July 4, 973).
Ulrich's mother Hemma was the daughter of Count Weriand (until 1130 Vogt von Gurk / Carinthia ), a descendant of Count Askuin, a relative of the important Countess Hemma von Gurk . From her came the possession of the lordship Treffen (Carinthia) with the Castle Treffen (Carinthia) and the title Count von Treffen as well as the Castle Tiffen .
Ulrich's sister Willbirg (first mentioned in 1169, † before 1212) was married to Count Heinrich von Lechsgemünd -Matrei and Mittersill (first mentioned in 1169, † around 1207).
Taking office
Nothing is known about Ulrich's spiritual career. When Patriarch Piligrim (Peregrin) of the Carinthian ducal family of the Sponheimers died on August 8, 1161 , Ulrich, his relative, succeeded in the monastery and paid homage to Emperor Friedrich I (Barbarossa) on September 29, 1161.
Ulrich von Treffen was appointed Patriarch of Aquileia at a difficult time. After the death of Pope Hadrian IV , the struggle for supremacy between emperor and pope entered a new stage due to the dispute over the choice of his successor. The disputes between the Staufer Emperor Friedrich I and Pope Alexander III intensified . Venice and the Patriarchate of Grado (Aquileia Nova), which had long competed with Aquileia, were hostile to the emperor and his supporters. While the church-minded Pope Alexander III. recognized as a legitimate Pope, Emperor Frederick I had his election rejected and the edict issued that Viktor IV , whom his party had opposed, was to be recognized as Pope. Who should dare to choose Alexander III. to use would be punished with death. Thereupon Alexander III answered. these orders with the curse on Friedrich I and Viktor IV and their followers.
In order to obtain the secular investiture , Ulrich went to Cremona to Frederick I's court camp on September 8, 1162, accompanied by the imperial notary Burchard . However, the emperor only gave him the regalia in exchange for the promise that he would be obedient to the (counter) Pope Viktor IV and that he would go to him immediately. Ulrich then left the imperial court camp, but pretended to be unwell on the way and continued his journey without having introduced himself to Pope Viktor IV, who was currently in Reggio . The notary Burchard, who had gone with Ulrich to get him into possession of the regalia of the Patriarchate of Aquileia and to introduce him to the diocese of Belluno , opposed this procedure together with Duke Heinrich of Carinthia . However, the two could not prevail against Ulrich.
Burchard nevertheless continued the journey with the patriarch in order to support the war armor that Ulrich had promised and at the same time to prevent all of Ulrich's undertakings against the pope.
On the fourth day they reached Venice and word quickly spread of the Patriarch's actions. The cardinals who resided here and supporters of Alexander III. were very happy about this approach. As the Venetians were very surprised at the procedure, Burchard spread the rumor that the emperor had ordered this on purpose in order to tempt the opposing party. With this, Burchard hoped to be able to hide the emperor's misfortune from the Venetians for at least a while.
Then Ulrich returned to Aquileia, accompanied by Duke Heinrich of Carinthia and Burchards zur See. On the way they changed their travel plan. Ulrich and Burchard headed for Treviso through the swamps. The Duke, however, had four sailors row him in a little boat , while his entourage went on a heavily built ship. When he came to the mouth of the Tagliamento , he and the lightly built boat were buried by the extraordinarily swollen waters. Burchard did not leave the Patriarch's side and was finally able to get him to send the antipope Viktor IV a declaration of obedience. In addition, Ulrich gave his vassals the order to stand for the campaign requested by the emperor.
Battle for Grado
The military service that he had to afford the emperor cost dearly for the young patriarch. The Venetians had sided with Pope Alexander III. and should therefore feel the vengeance of Emperor Friedrich I. In 1162 Frederick ordered Verona , Ferrara and Padua to attack the Venetian possessions from one side, while Ulrich and the nobility of Friuli were to recapture the island of Grado, which the Venetians had previously wrested from the Patriarchate of Aquileia. The Patriarch of Grado , Enrico Dandolo , was forced to flee to Venice . The Doge Vitale Michiel II responded with power and sent a powerful fleet to Grado. Ulrich II was captured by the Venetians together with 12 canons and 700 Friulian noblemen, while many fleeing people were persecuted, killed and the land was devastated all around.
The Venetians returned home victorious and put the Patriarch Ulrich II and the Friulian nobles in prison. Their release was preceded by a shameful treaty in which the Patriarch of Aquileia had to undertake to deliver 12 fat pigs and 12 large loaves of bread as a tribute to the Republic of Venice on “giovedi grasso” ( fat Thursday ).
In the following years the animals were slaughtered at a public festival to celebrate the victory of Doge Vitale Michiel II over Ulrich II von Treffen in 1162. From this festival the Venetian Carnival developed .
Ulrich II turns to Pope Alexander III. to
With the year 1163 it became clear that Ulrich II had renounced the emperor and the Pope Viktor IV, who was recognized by him, because on the day in Würzburg, which was announced by Friedrich I for Easter, neither Ulrich nor one of his appeared Deputy.
When Frederick I returned to Italy at the end of October 1163, Ulrich had met his court in Lodi and in November 1163 accompanied Emperor Frederick I, Pope Viktor IV and the Abbot of Cluny as the bones of Blessed Bassianus in a more solemn manner Procession from Old Lodi to New Lodi.
When Pope Viktor IV died on April 20, 1164 and four days later, again illegally, a new antipope, Paschal III. Ulrich renounced the schism. However, he found strong opposition to this decision in the cathedral chapter until around 1170.
Emperor Friedrich I, too, was dissatisfied with this appointment of the new antipope, which was made against his will. Ulrich and the Bishop of Concordia appeared at Archbishop Eberhard's and told him that it was the will of the Emperor that the conflict in the church should be settled peacefully.
Ulrich II is the patriarch of Pope Alexander III. approved
It was not until 1169 that Ulrich received confirmation of his election from Pope Alexander III. In addition, he later received the dignity of papal legate.
Ulrich II. As a link between Emperor Friedrich I and Pope Alexander III.
After the battle of Legnano on May 29, 1176, Emperor Friedrich I tried with Pope Alexander III. to reconcile. Alexander III declared himself ready to conclude a peace, if King William of Sicily , the Greek Emperor and the League of Lombards would be included in the peace treaty and their representatives would also take part in the peace negotiations. Friedrich's envoy agreed to this proposal.
The peace and unity of the Church should be held at a solemn council in the presence of Pope Alexander III. and Friedrich I. are announced. Friedrich ordered Ulrich to attend this council and, if possible, to come to Ravenna beforehand, since Friedrich needed his sensible advice.
In a further letter, Emperor Friedrich announced to the Patriarch that the Council of Mary Candlemas would be held in Ravenna. He asked Ulrich to come there with his prelates. Archbishop Wichmann von Magdeburg should also deliver this repeated written request orally. Ulrich then asked his suffragan bishops to appear with him at the emperor's court camp in Ravenna. The rectors of the Mark were very surprised when they heard of Ulrich's plans and immediately sent him a warning letter in which they frankly explained that it was indecent for him to heed this call. They forbade him to go to the emperor under any pretext, as this would be against the apostolic majesty and run counter to the consideration he was obliged to observe towards her.
The rectors had issued similar orders to Ulrich's suffragan bishops. In fact, the Bishop of Padua did not dare to obey the patriarch's call for fear of the bitterness of the people.
Regardless of the formal prohibition on the part of the rectors, Ulrich set out with his bishops, prelates and other loyal followers to answer the emperor's call.
Ulrich II mediates peace between Emperor Friedrich I and Pope Alexander III.
The urgent invitation, which the emperor sent again to Ulrich in the meantime, led Ulrich to ignore the reservations of the cardinals. Without waiting for the Pope's imminent arrival, he went to the emperor's court camp. At the end of February 1177 he was in Candelare Castle (half a mile south of Pesaro ) and on March 16 in Coccorane Castle (two miles south of Pesaro).
However, Ulrich soon hurried back to meet Alexander III on March 24th. on his entry into Venice with the Duke and Patriarch of Venice together with the suffragan bishops.
The Archbishop of Magdeburg and the Elected von Worms later came to Venice to make new proposals for the venue, as the originally chosen Bologna had been rejected by Friedrich. In order not to break off the peace work he had begun, Alexander himself went to Ferrara , where he appointed all bishops and rectors of the Lombard cities on Palm Sunday (April 17, 1177).
From the side of the Lombards there were: Patriarch Ulrich, the archbishops of Ravenna and Milan with their suffragans , as well as the rectors of the cities with the margraves and counts.
After a heated argument it was agreed that Venice should be the place of the negotiation and the Pope immediately drove back there.
The emperor landed in Venice on the evening of July 23rd and was released from the ban on the morning of the following day. The Patriarch of Venice then took him to the Church of St. Mark, where the Pope awaited him and gave him the kiss of peace.
The Pope himself read Holy Mass and, according to the Gospel, addressed the assembled crowd. The Pope had his Latin address to the Emperor translated into German by Patriarch Ulrich.
On August 1st, in a solemn meeting, which Alexander opened with a speech, peace between the Empire and the Church was invoked. Much business was done in the days that followed. Ulrich took a personal and lively interest in these negotiations and also took care of the interests of his large district .
Ulrich was welcomed with joy and honor by the clergy and the people on his return from this memorable day, which ended the long-standing dispute between Pope and Emperor.
Only one person went away empty-handed in this reconciliation: the Archbishop of Salzburg Adalbert III. of Bohemia . Alexander felt compelled to give him up because the emperor irreconcilably hated him. In return, the emperor had dropped Archbishop Heinrich , who had been appointed by him . At the request of the Pope, Ulrich took the Archbishop of Salzburg to his court and prepared him an honorable stay until he was to be entrusted by the Pope with another archbishopric.
Late years
While Ulrich wanted to rest afterwards from these arduous efforts, he received the message from his parents that soldiers of Duke Hermann of Carinthia had besieged their castle and they asked him to hurry up immediately.
Ulrich immediately gave up all other projects and collected as many vassals as he could in a hurry and hurried to Carinthia. However, already in Villach he received the news that the enemy had already conquered and occupied the meeting . On the advice of his loyal followers, however, he made no attempt to recapture meetings by siege, as he was not equipped to do so. He had to return to Aquileia without having done anything.
On January 25, 1180, Emperor Frederick I gave the patriarch a comprehensive letter of confirmation about all rights and possessions, including the island of Grado and all its affiliations, including the area between the two rivers Piave and Livenza .
Since there were long-term disputes over Grado with the Patriarch of Venice, who actually took his name from Grado, Ulrich tried to settle this dispute before the papal chair. While Patriarch Heinrich of Venice went to Rome himself, Ulrich sent Bishop John of Vicenza and the Aquileian scholastic Romulus as his procurators there. Heinrich renounced there in favor of Ulrich and his successors to the dioceses of Istria and all treasures that Popo had previously taken from Grado, as well as all possessions that the Church of Grado had on the disputed borders. He renounced for himself and all his successors to the metropolitan rights over all churches that Aquileia owns and over its sixteen subordinate dioceses.
After Ulrich had regulated the external relations of the patriarchate in this way, he directed his efforts towards the internal pacification of his patriarchate and, due to his position as apostolic legate and metropolitan, led the canons to the line of Alexander III.
Design of the crypt in the Basilica of Aquileia
Ulrich II had the crypt of the Basilica of Aquileia painted on the ceilings and walls with splendid frescoes in the Veneto-Byzantine style . The frescoes are exceptionally well preserved.
The themes depicted are the sufferings of Christ and the story of St. Hermagoras , the first martyr of Aquileia. The quality of the preservation of these frescoes is exceptionally good. Normally, moisture damage u. a. for the fact that only remnants of paintings remain in this area, if at all. The Byzantine influence cannot be overlooked, especially in the scene of the Descent from the Cross.
Ulrich II von Treffen died on April 1, 1182.
literature
- Archive for Austrian History 1891. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. books.google.com
- The Cambridge Medieval History volumes 15. Plantagenet Publishing books.google.com
- EA Thomas: Relics, Prayer, and Politics in Medieval Venetia: Romanesque Painting in the Crypt of Aquileia Cathedral . Princeton University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-691-01175-2 , books.google.com
- Härtel, Reinhard, University of Graz. 2013 gams.uni-graz.at
- Thomas F. Madden: Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice . JHU Press, Baltimore 2003, ISBN 978-0-8018-9184-7 , books.google.com
- Karl August Muffat: The Counts of Treffen in Carinthia as a branch of the Alemannic dynasty of the Counts of Veringen-Alshausen . Munich 1855. In: Bavarian Academy of Sciences (Munich) / Historical class: Treatises of the historical class of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences ; 7th volume, 3rd section, pp. 545-600, books.google.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Money and Commerce at the time of the silver penny - Friesacher Pfennig: Trade Currency ( memento of 20 January 2013, Internet Archive ) in the Internet Archive by oenb.at . Retrieved June 10, 2015.
- ^ Karl August Muffat: The Counts of Treffen in Carinthia as a branch of the Alemannic dynasty of the Counts of Veringen-Alshausen . Munich 1855, pp. 583, 598, books.google.de
- ^ RI IV, 2.2 n. 994, regesta-imperii.de, accessed on June 9, 2015.
- ↑ RI IV, 2.2 n.1007 , regesta-imperii.de, accessed June 4, 2015.
- ^ Edward Muir: Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice . P. 16, books.google.com Princeton University Press 1981. ISBN 978-0-691-10200-9
- ↑ James H. Johnson: Venice Incognito: Masks in the Serene Republic . University of California Press, 2011., ISBN 978-0-520-26771-8 , p. 36, books.google.com
- ↑ Andr. Danduli Chronicon ap. Muratori Script. Rer. Ital. vol. XII. P. 288
- ^ Heinrich Kretschmayr: History of Venice . Vol. I. Gotha 1905, 1920, Stuttgart 1934. Darmstadt 1964, 2nd reprint of the Aalen 1986 edition, reprint o. O. and o. J. (2010) p. 251.
- ↑ zeno.org
- ↑ Otto Morena ap. Murator. Script. Rex ital. Vol. VI. P. 1121.
- ^ Undated letter from Emperor Friedrich I to the Patriarch Ulrich bei Pez. Cod. Dipl. II p. 415 CXLV No. 19.
- ↑ lcp 414 No. 18.
- ^ Undated letter from Archbishop Wichmann of Magdeburg near Pez. icp 434 No. 160. Wichmann wanted to come to Venice personally, but was prevented from doing so by sea storms on the way there and returned to Ravenna. Therefore he announced to the Patriarch in writing that the arrival of Emperor Ulrich would be very welcome, so that he could conduct himself on the matter of the Church. That is why the emperor wished to meet him somewhere by the sea near Ravenna.
- ↑ Pez. Cod. Dipl. II p. 429 no. CLIV.
- ↑ Pez. lcp 427 No. CL.
- ↑ The reason why Frederick so eagerly invited the Patriarch was not only due to ecclesiastical matters, but also to the financial embarrassment in which he found himself at the time. He had sent both his Chancellor and Count Heinrich von Dietz to Ulrich to negotiate a loan that Ulrich was to raise from the Venetians or from his brother-in-law, Count Heinrich von Lechsgmünd , for which the Emperor promised him every security he wanted. RI IV, 2,3 n.2266 , regesta-imperii.de accessed on June 9, 2015.
- ↑ RI IV, 2,3 n.2283 , regesta-imperii.de accessed on June 9, 2015.
- ↑ Ulrich's letter to Abbot Otto von Eberndorf in Pez. Cod. Dipl. II p. 423 No. 5.
- ↑ Letter from Pez I. cp 420 No. 2.
- ^ Ughelli Italia Sacra V. 71.
- ↑ Sergio Tavano: On the trail of art in Friuli Venezia Giulia . 1988, p. 19.
- ^ Annalisa Giovannini, Paola Ventura, Marzia Vidulli Torlo: Aquileia - History Art Archeology . Trieste (I). P. 107 f.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Ulrich II from meeting |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Udalrich de Treven; Voldoricus de Treven |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Patriarch of Aquileia |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 12th Century |
| DATE OF DEATH | April 1, 1182 |