Ustym Karmaljuk

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Ustym Karmaljuk; by Vasily Tropinin , 1820s, Tretyakov Gallery , Moscow

Ustym Jakymowytsch Karmaljuk ( Ukrainian Устим Якимович Кармалюк , Russian Устим Якимович Кармелюк Ustim Jakimowitsch Karmeljuk ; born February 27 . Jul / 10. March  1787 greg. In Holowtschynzi , Province Podolia , Poland-Lithuania ; † October 10 jul. / October 22  1835 greg. In Schljachowi Korytschynzi , Podolia Governorate , Russian Empire ) was a leader of the peasant movement in Podolia between 1813 and 1835 . He is considered a Ukrainian folk hero and the "last Haidamake ".

Life

Ustym Karmaljuk was the son of poor serfs in the village Holowtschynzi ( Головчинці ), today Karmaljukowe ( Кармалюкове ) in Ukrainian Rajon Zhmerynka the Oblast Vinnytsia born. After Karmaljuk had been whipped for a minor offense by his landowner named Pyhlowskij and was sent to the 4th Uhlan Regiment for 25 years as a recruit in the Russian Army in 1812 , he escaped from the barracks in Kamianets-Podilskyj a few months later with his brother-in-law and fled to Podolia.

After his escape he organized a small group of peasants with whom he raided mansions and farms of rich peasants, starting with the estate and the distillery of his landlord Pyhlovskij and the estates of his neighbors. The Russian authorities reacted by persecuting the "rebels" for several months by Russian troops until he was captured in 1813 and sentenced to 50 gauntlets . He was then sent with a military command to a punitive battalion in the Crimea , but was able to flee with four other soldiers on the way there and continue his fight against the landowners.

The Karmaljuk uprising in 1814 covered the whole of Podolia - Lityn , Letychiv , Olhopil , as well as other areas in today's Khmelnytskyi and Vinnytsia regions . It took the authorities three years to catch him again in 1817. A death sentence passed by a tsarist court was turned into 25 lashes and ten years of forced labor in Siberia at the last moment . Again he was able to flee, return to Podolia and continue the fight at the head of a peasant crowd. In the summer of 1827 Karmaljuk was arrested again. 750 farmers stood on trial with him, 300 of whom were whipped, exiled to Siberia and 180 were recruited into the military. He succeeded in another escape (the seventh overall) from the Siberian forced labor in 1830, and again he returned to his homeland and took the lead in the fight against the landowners.

Karmaljuk's tomb

Since Karmaljuk enjoyed extraordinary authority among the peasants and therefore found shelter and refuge in every hut, he was nowhere to be found by the authorities and was able to carry out a total of up to 1200 attacks on the landowners. On the night of October 10th, Jul. / October 22,  1835 greg. he was finally shot during a raid in the village of Shljachowi Korychyntsi ( Шляхові Коричинці ) today's Woloske ( Волоське ) in Derashnya district of Khmelnitsky Oblast , which the landlords had organized on him.

Afterwards, to intimidate the farmers, his body was shown in the surrounding villages for several days and finally buried in Letychiv behind the fence of the city cemetery. At an audience in St. Petersburg, Emperor Nicholas I personally presented his murderer with a diamond ring. A government commission appointed after Karmaljuk's death interrogated 2,700 people and came to the conclusion that he was able to win over 20,000 people for the fight. In addition to farmers, refugee soldiers and poor city dwellers of both Ukrainian, Jewish and Polish origins also took part in the movement .

According to a personal acquaintance, Karmaljuk was not very tall, but broad-shouldered, unusually strong and clever. He was educated and spoke Russian , Polish and Yiddish very well , in addition to Ukrainian . Karmaljuk was against robbery and distributed the money stolen from the landlords to the poor rural population.

Aftermath

Monument to Ustym Karmaljuk in Letychiv

His resistance to oppression was sung in many Ukrainian folk songs (Za Sybirom sontse skhodyt) , in literature (by Marko Vovchok , Mychajlo Staryzkyj , Lyudmyla Staryzka-Tschernjachiwska , Stepan Vasyltschenko , Ivan Dratsch a . Wassyl Kutscher and others) and music by Walentyn Kostenko and Kyrylo Stezenko ) and immortalized in films. There is now a memorial to him on his grave.

Numerous streets in Ukraine, including in Kiev , as well as the villages of Karmaljukowe in Vinnytsia Oblast and Karmaljukiwka in Odessa Oblast, were named after him.

Taras Shevchenko called him a “glorious knight” and Maxim Gorky said, “His name will forever be glorified” and called him the “Ukrainian Robin Hood ”. A monument was erected in his honor in Letychiv.

"Ustym Karmaljuk, the Podolian Robin Hood"; Mychajlo Chornyj , 1989

Web links

Commons : Ustym Karmaljuk  - collection of images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b В. А. Тропинин - Украинец (Устим Кармелюк?) In: Nearyou.ru. 2006 (Russian).
  2. ↑ a b Entry on Ustym Karmaljuk in the Encyclopedia of the History of Ukraine ; accessed on July 27, 2019 (Ukrainian)
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Ustym Jakymowytsch Karmaljuk on Heroes of Ukraine ; Retrieved July 27, 2019 (Ukrainian).
  4. ↑ a b c History of the USSR Part 2 - The peasant movement in the Ukraine, page 127; accessed on July 27, 2019.
  5. ↑ a b c d Entry on Ustym Karmaljuk in the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia ; Retrieved July 27, 2019 (Ukrainian).
  6. ↑ Ustim Karmeljuk on calendarium.com.ua ; Retrieved July 28, 2019 (Russian).
  7. ↑ Entry on Karmaliuk, Ustym in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine ; accessed on July 27, 2019 (English)
  8. ↑ Ustym Jakymowytsch Karmaljuk in the Kiev Encyclopedia , accessed on July 28, 2019 (Ukrainian)
personal data
SURNAME Karmaljuk, Ustym
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Karmaljuk, Ustym Jakymowytsch (full name); Кармалюк, Устим Якимович (Ukrainian); Кармелюк, Устим Якимович (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ukrainian rebel leader
DATE OF BIRTH March 10, 1787
PLACE OF BIRTH Holowchynzi , Podolia Voivodeship , Poland-Lithuania
DATE OF DEATH October 22, 1835
Place of death Schljachowi Korychynzi , Podolia Governorate , Russian Empire