Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus
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Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) |
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The Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV or VSV-IN officially Indiana vesiculovirus ) is from the family of Rhabdoviridae derived virus species (type species) of the genus vesiculovirus . It is thus related to the rabies virus from the genus Lysssavirus in the same virus family. It is the causative agent of vesicular stomatitis , an infectious disease in ungulates. In humans, too, it can cause mild flu-like symptoms and, rarely, mouth sores and swelling of the lymph nodes. The host spectrum includes insects , cattle , horses and pigs , which is why it is a zoonosis in humans and has an impact on agriculture . The symptoms in cattle are similar to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) (caused by a virus that is not closely related ).
Vesicular stomatitis viruses
In the genus Vesiculovirus there are (among others) several species known as Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV):
- Indiana vesiculovirus ( Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus , VSIV or VSV-IN, type species)
- Alagoas vesiculovirus ( Vesicular stomatitis Alagoas virus , VSAV or VSV-AV)
- New Jersey vesiculovirus ( Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus , VSNJV or VSV-NJ)
properties
VSIV is an arbovirus . Natural infections with VSIV go through two phases, a lytic phase in mammals and a persistent non-lytic phase with insects as a vector .
VSIV is a typical representative of the genus Vesiculovirus with a single-stranded RNA genome in negative polarity . The genome codes for five proteins : the glycoprotein G , the large protein (L, a polymerase ), the phosphoprotein (P), the matrix protein (M) and the nucleoprotein (N).
The glycoprotein mediates adsorption and cell entry ( membrane fusion ) via an endosome , preferably via clathrin vesicles. The VSIV L protein gene makes up half of the genome and catalyzes replication together with the phosphoprotein. The matrix protein envelops the ribonucleoprotein , consisting of the viral genome, the nucleoprotein and the replication-relevant proteins (L and P).
Symptoms
Symptoms in animals include ulceration of the mucosa of the mouth, udder, and around the coronary ligament. Possible systemic symptoms are cachexia , lethargy, and pyrexia . The disease usually subsides within two weeks. In the absence of drug therapy, containment is based on hygiene and quarantine .
Applications
The virus glycoprotein is often used for pseudotyping in lentiviral vectors.
The utility of the virus as an oncolytic virus for the treatment of malignant brain tumors as well as the underlying mechanisms are examined.
As part of the Ebola fever epidemic in 2014 was supported by the Canadian National Microbiology Laboratory , a vaccine based on the virus Vesicular stomatitis with antigens of the Ebola virus develops and as VSV-EBOV first preclinical tests subjected to monkey. Phase I tests on humans are scheduled to run from autumn 2014.
The development of another possible vaccine (against COVID-19 , triggered by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ) was reported in August 2020. For this purpose, a hybrid virus, VSV-SARS-CoV-2 was known, produced by the viral gene for its surface protein from the gene for VSV at Spike - protein was exchanged from SARS-CoV-2.
Web links
- Vesiculovirus . In: ViralZone . Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
- Vesicular Stomatitis Virus ( Memento from May 12, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) at the Lab-On-Site Project .
- Wissenschaft.de: With Crispr / Cas against viruses (October 10, 2019)
Individual evidence
- ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
- ↑ a b ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Akabane orthobunyavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ Vesicular Stomatitis Virus . In: Zoonoses . School of Veterinary Medicine, University Wisconsin, Madison WI. Retrieved January 28, 2019 (via WebArchive)
- ^ Vesicular Stomatitis , Center for Food Security & Public Health, Iowa State University, January 2016 (PDF).
- ↑ ICTV : Master Species List 2018a v1 MSL including all taxa updates since the 2017 release. Fall 2018 (MSL # 33)
- ↑ Vesiculovirus . In: ViralZone . Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
- ↑ J. Cronin, XY Zhang, J. Reiser: Altering the Tropism of Lentiviral Vectors through Pseudotyping . In: Current Gene Therapy . 5, No. 4, 2005, pp. 387-398. PMID 16101513 . PMC 1368960 (free full text).
- ^ GN Barber: VSV Tumor Selective Replication and Protein Translation . In: Oncogene . 24, No. 52, 2005, pp. 7710-7719. doi : 10.1038 / sj.onc.1209042 . PMID 16299531 .
- ↑ TP Cripe, PY Wang, P. Marcato, YY Mahller, PWK Lee: Targeting Cancer-initiating Cells With Oncolytic Viruses . In: Molecular Therapy . 17, No. 10, 2009, pp. 1677-1682. doi : 10.1038 / mt.2009.193 . PMID 19672244 . PMC 2835002 (free full text).
- ↑ K. Özduman, G. Wollman, JM Piepmeier, AN van den Pol: Systemic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Selectively Destroys Multifocal Glioma and Metastatic Carcinoma in Brain . (PDF) In: The Journal of Neuroscience . 28, No. 8, 2008, pp. 1882-1893. doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI.4905-07.2008 . PMID 18287505 .
- ↑ DF Stojdl, B. Lichty, S. Knowles, R. Marius, H. Atkins, N. Sonenberg, JC Bell: Exploiting Tumor-Specific Defects in the Interferon Pathway with a Previously Unknown Oncolytic Virus . In: Nature Medicine . 6, No. 7, 2000, pp. 782-789. doi : 10.1038 / 77558 . PMID 10888934 .
- ^ Philipp Graf: The anti-Ebola offensive. In: transcript. Issue 9, 2014, pp. 18-19.
- ↑ Canada offers experimental Ebola vaccine VSV-EBOV to West Africa . CBC News. August 12, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
- ↑ Canada's experimental Ebola vaccine: How does it work? . CTV News. August 13, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
- ↑ SciTechDaily: Researchers Created a Virus That Mimics SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 Coronavirus - Here's Why . Source: Washington University School of Medicine. 19th August 2020
- ↑ James Brett Case, Paul W. Rothlauf, Rita E. Chen, Zhuoming Liu, Haiyan Zhao, Arthur S. Kim, Louis-Marie Bloyet, Qiru Zeng, Stephen Tahan, Lindsay Droit, Ma. Xenia G. Ilagan, Michael A. Tartell, Gaya Amarasinghe, Jeffrey P. Henderson, Shane Miersch, Mart Ustav, Sachdev Sidhu, Herbert W. Virgin, David Wang, Siyuan Ding, Davide Corti, Elitza S. Theel, Daved H. Fremont , Michael S. Diamond and Sean PJ Whelan: Neutralizing Antibody and Soluble ACE2 Inhibition of a Replication-Competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a Clinical Isolate of SARS-CoV-2 , in: Cell Host and Microbe, July 3, 2020 (online), doi: 10.1016 / j.chom.2020.06.021