Winter wren

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Winter wren
Troglodytes hiemalis Central Park NY.jpg

Winter wren ( Troglodytes hiemalis )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Certhioidea
Family : Wrens (Troglodytidae)
Genre : Troglodytes
Type : Winter wren
Scientific name
Troglodytes hiemalis
Vieillot , 1819

The winter wren ( Troglodytes hiemalis ) is a bird art from the family of wrens (Troglodytidae) located in Canada , the United States and Mexico is widespread. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The winter wren reaches a body length of approx. 8.0 to 12.0 cm with a weight of approx. 8.0 to 12.0 g. Like the Pacific wren ( Troglodytes pacificus Baird, SF , 1864) it is a small, dark wren with a stubby tail, a short beak and a pale eye stripe . The top is reddish brown with rich dark stripes. The wrist and arm wings are brown with dark stripes. The chin, throat and upper chest are light wood brown. The rest of the underside is light wood brown with dark speckles and squiggles. The flanks are more colorful than the chest with dark stripes. The control feathers are light maroon with dark bands. The eyes are brown, the beak light brown with a lighter base, and the legs light brown. It is very similar to the Pacific wren, but looks paler and less splendidly reddish in color, especially on the throat and the upper chest area. Compared to the sympathetic kind of the house wren ( Troglodytes aedon Vieillot , 1809) it is smaller, with a shorter tail and more noticeable stripes on the belly. Both sexes are similar. Young animals resemble adult birds, but the brown of the back, shoulder feathers, rump and upper tail covers lack the dark and whitish stripe pattern. The eye stripe is only indistinctly recognizable, the underside of dark and distinct dark fringed feathers.

Behavior and nutrition

When searching for food, the winter wren moves mainly on the ground, on fallen trees, rhizomes or destroyed forest, in scrub and the strata in the lower area of ​​tree tops. Here it feeds on a wide range of invertebrates. In a study in New Hampshire , of 55 possible feeding places, it was 49.2% on tree bark, 25.5% in foliage, 14.5% on the ground under fallen leaves, 9.1% on herbs and ferns and 1.8% in observed in the air while foraging. There are no reliable data on the exact composition of his diet. It is believed that it feeds on invertebrates similar to the Pacific wren.

Vocalizations

The song of the winter wren is similar to that of the Pacific wren. The male emits a long complex song of stumbling trills and jingling sounds lasting five to ten seconds. The quality of the songs sounds less harsh than the Pacific Wren's, with less class, maximum frequency, and low frequency adjustments. A typical call is a rich, hard kilp-kilp - sound, often with a rising tone and lower frequency than that of the Pacific wren. He seldom emits lively alarm calls.

Reproduction

In comparison to the Pacific wren, little data is available on the breeding biology of the winter wren. The nest description and the location of the building are not described. It lays its eggs from late April to probably late May. Some of the pairs observed in Ontario are believed to have two broods per year. A clutch consists of three to nine eggs, usually five to nine. The eggs are 15.2 to 18.6 × 11.9 to 13.6 mm in size. The breeding season lasts about 16 days. The nestlings are fed by both parents. The incubation is carried out exclusively by the female. The nestlings fledge after 15 to 20 days. The time during which the young animals are still fed after leaving the nest is not known.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the winter wren

The winter wren breeds in a variety of forest types, including moist coniferous forest, pure deciduous forest, and mixed forests. Mostly it stays in mature, old stands with large trees, on fallen wooden blocks, on tree stumps and well-developed undergrowth. Often he uses stacks of wood in recovering forests for accommodation. In winter it is found in a similar habitat, but when it moves into the lower-lying forests, the floodplain areas and areas inhabited by people with parks and wooded areas with dense undergrowth.

migration

The winter wren, depending on the location, a migratory bird , migratory or stroke bird be. He winters regularly in southern Iowa , northern Illinois , northern Indiana , southeast Michigan , southeast and extreme south Ontario , central New York , southeast New Hampshire , extreme southeast Maine and south to Florida and west and east of Kansas , central Oklahoma, and east Texas . During this time it is less common in Nova Scotia , New Brunswick and Newfoundland . It also winters in small numbers in the southern Rocky Mountains and the southern Great Plains south to Arizona and New Mexico and the extreme northeast of Mexico from Coahuila to Tamaulipas . Spring migrants leave the winter quarters from mid-March to late April and reach their breeding area between late March and late May. Autumn migratory birds migrate from late July to early November and are winter quarters from September to December.

Subspecies

There are two known subspecies.

  • Troglodytes hiemalis hiemalis Vieillot , 1819 occurs in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States.
  • Troglodytes hiemalis pullus ( Burleigh , 1935) is common in the mountains from West Virginia to Georgia . The subspecies is darker and less reddish on top compared to the nominate form . The underside looks pale brown. The wings are longer, the beak shorter and slimmer.

Etymology and history of research

Tablet that Vieillot used for the first description

The first description of the winter wren was in 1819 by Louis Pierre Vieillot under the scientific name Troglodytes hiemalis . He described the type specimen from Plate 3, Figure 6 of Alexander Wilson's American Ornithology . As early as 1809, Louis Pierre Vieillot introduced the genus Troglodytes, which was new to science . This name is derived from "trōglē, trōgō κτρωγλη, τρωγω " for "cave, gnaw" and "-dutēs, duō -δυτης, δυω " for "diving, immersing". The species name "hiemalis" is of Latin origin and means "wintry" from "hiems, hiemis" from "winter". "Pullus" is the Latin word for "dark-colored, blackish".

literature

  • Thomas Dearborn Burleigh: Two new birds from the southern Appalachians . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 48 , no. 15 , May 3, 1935, pp. 61-62 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Edward Clive Dickinson , Leslie K. Overstreet, Robert Jack Dowsett, Murray Duncan Bruce: Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology . Aves Press Limited, Northampton 2012, ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5 .
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Donald Eugene Kroodsma, David Brewer, Eduardo de Juana in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • Louis Pierre Vieillot: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale, contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois . 2 (delivery 18). Chez Desray, Paris 1809 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1807-1809).
  • Louis Pierre Vieillot: Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs . tape 25 . Deterville, Paris 1819 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).

Web links

Commons : Winter Wren ( Troglodytes hiemalis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Donald Eugene Kroodsma u. a.
  2. ↑ IOC World Bird List Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers
  3. ^ A b Louis Pierre Vieillot (1819), p. 514.
  4. ↑ Thomas Dearborn Burleigh (1935), p. 61.
  5. ↑ Louis Pierre Vieillot (1809), pp. 52–56.
  6. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 391.
  7. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 192.
  8. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 324.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Vieillot categorized the house wren ( Troglodytes aedon ) and the reed warbler ( Acrocephalus arundinaceus ) in the new genus.
  2. ↑ For the history of the publication see Edward Clive Dickinson u. a. P. 157.