Pacific wren

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Pacific wren
Troglodytes pacificus, 1.jpg

Pacific wren ( Troglodytes pacificus )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
Superfamily : Certhioidea
Family : Wrens (Troglodytidae)
Genre : Troglodytes
Type : Pacific wren
Scientific name
Troglodytes pacificus
Baird, SF , 1864

The Pacific wren ( Troglodytes pacificus ) is a bird art from the family of wrens (Troglodytidae) located in Canada and the United States is widespread. The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The Pacific wren reaches a body length of about 9.0 to 11.0 cm with a weight of about 8.0 to 12.0 g. It is a small, dark wren, with a small beak and light eye stripe , chin and throat. The upper wing-coverts are reddish brown with darker stripes. The hand and arm wings are brown and also have darker stripes. The upper chest is light wood brown, the belly and the flanks a little more colorful than the chest, but with dark stripes. The control feathers are maroon with dark bands. The eyes are brown, the beak light brownish and slightly lighter at the base and the legs light brown. It is very similar to the winter wren ( Troglodytes hiemalis Vieillot , 1819), but appears overall darker and more colorful with reddish tones, especially on the throat and chest. Compared to the sympatric species of the house wren ( Troglodytes aedon Vieillot , 1809) it is smaller, has a shorter tail and more noticeable stripes on the belly. Both sexes are similar. Juveniles resemble adult birds but have brown backs, shoulder feathers, and rump . The upper tail covers show no bandages. The eye stripe is only indistinctly and the underside looks darker. The feathers are lined with dark colors.

Behavior and nutrition

The Pacific wren feeds largely on invertebrates such as insects. B. beetles , Schnabelkerfen , two-winged birds , butterflies , hymenoptera or spiders , amphipods and centipedes . There are also reports that it feeds on snails and fruits. When searching for food, it moves mainly on the ground, on decayed logs and the masses of roots of fallen trees, in the vegetation of the undergrowth, trees standing on tree trunks and crevices in the cliff. In 122 stomachs of birds from British Columbia collected throughout the year, 66% contained beetles, 51% spiders, 30% moths and butterfly larvae, 23% mites and ticks, 22% bees, wasps and ants, 14% flies, 11% pseudoscorpions , 10% millipede and 10% harvestmen .

Vocalizations

The male Pacific wren's song is remarkably long and complex. It contains a journey of overflowing, jingling warbles that last five to ten seconds. The female is not known to sing. Compared to the winter wren, the quality is rather rough and choppy. The frequency rate and the general frequency of the tones is higher. His repertoire also includes a sharp timp and chek, chek sounds. Individual males recorded over two mornings uttered 21 types of songs. Their songs contained 137 to 385 syllables. Singing males put their tails forward and swing their heads from side to side. In suspicious encounters, the singing is choked, rough and usually paired with a fast flapping of the wings. Noise in the vicinity can affect the singing. In British Columbia, areas near the freeway have been found to increase song length. In areas close to the sea, the songs are slower syllable and are performed in individual variations during the length of the song.

Reproduction

It lays eggs in Oregon in early to mid-April, in British Columbia in mid-April, in Idaho in late April, and in Alaska in late May. For the latter, this could last until late July. There are two or three breeding attempts per year. In two studies in Alaska with few nest enemies (only 2% of 65 nests were robbed), 22% and 78% of the males were polygamous . In another area with 19% nest robbery from 59 nests, only 10% of the males were polygamous. The nest is typically domed with a side entrance and is built from grass, moss, twigs, bark, roots, shredded and crumbled wood, feathers and hair. He places these in a wide variety of places such as old woodpecker caves, natural caves, in root niches of fallen trees, on stream banks and decaying wooden blocks, in clumps of moss on trees and on erect trees, but also on the ground and up to 18 meters above it. Usually the male builds several nests and the female chooses the most suitable one and delimits it. The common red squirrel ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ( Erxleben , 1777)) is one of the nest robbers in Alaska, probably because the nests are built higher up there. A clutch consists of three to nine eggs. Larger clutches of up to 12 eggs are probably due to two females laying in the same nest. The islanders of this species have smaller clutches. The eggs are clear white with light brown or reddish brown spots, especially on the thicker end. At T. p. meligerus , the eggs can also be pure white. The eggs are 14.0 to 19.2 × 11.6 to 14.0 mm in size, with eggs tending to be larger in Alaska. The incubation is carried out exclusively by the female. The nestlings fledge after 14 to 19 days. They are then fed an additional 9 to 18 days before moving independently. It is estimated that 30 to 90% of the broods are successful. Over an altitude gradient between 100 and 1,300 meters in southwest British Columbia, philosophy , the survival of the nest and the number of nests decrease with altitude. This suggests that the species has less adapted to breeding at high altitude. A female caught for ringing in California was at least 6.5 years old.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the Pacific wren

The Pacific wren breeds in northern moist coniferous forests with extensive undergrowth, deciduous forests and mixed forests. On the Aleutian islands he is satisfied with crippled vegetation and the lack of large trees. It often matures in mature forests, occasionally with adjacent alluvial land such as moor, swamp, rivers or lakes. Nevertheless, it is also present far from the water. In British Columbia, it is abundant along river routes with spawning salmon, the genus Pacific salmon . This is likely because the presence of salmon attracts more invertebrates, which serve as prey for the Pacific wren. It occurs at altitudes from sea level to 3750 meters in the Sierra Nevada . In winter it uses a wide range of habitats, such as open woodlands, deciduous forests, closed areas with burned-down areas and parks and gardens if bushes and dense vegetation are available.

migration

The Pacific wren can be a stationary bird , a migratory bird or a barbed bird , depending on the location . His wanderings are at night. On the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands to central California, in the interior to the southwest of Alberta and western Montana, it is present all year round. The remaining breeding areas are abandoned during the winter, including the higher mountain elevations. Even in areas where it is present in winter e.g. B. in western Montana, the number of birds is significantly reduced compared to summer. Spring hikers leave the winter area between mid-March to late April and arrive in the breeding area in late March to late May. Autumn hikers move from late July to early November and reach the wintering areas between September and December. Migrants have been discovered as far as New Mexico .

Subspecies

Fourteen subspecies are known.

  • Troglodytes pacificus alascensis Baird, SF , 1869 occurs on the Pribilof Islands . The subspecies is relatively large, medium brown on the throat and chest and brownish flanks.
  • Troglodytes pacificus meligerus ( Oberholser , 1900) is widespread on the westernmost islands of the Aleutian Islands . The subspecies is large, appears matt dark with a dark brown top.
  • Troglodytes pacificus kiskensis ( Oberholser , 1919) occurs in the western Aleutian Islands. The subspecies is similar to T. p. meligerus, however, appears lighter and less reddish brown on the upper side.
  • Troglodytes pacificus tanagensis ( Oberholser , 1919) is widespread in the western central Aleutian Islands.
  • Troglodytes pacificus seguamensis Gabrielson & Lincoln , 1951 occurs in the central Aleutian Islands.
  • Troglodytes pacificus petrophilus ( Oberholser , 1919) occurs on Unalaska Island .
  • Troglodytes pacificus stevensoni ( Oberholser , 1930) is widespread on the Alaska Peninsula .
  • Troglodytes pacificus ochroleucus Rea , 1986 occurs on the islands south of the islands Alaska peninsula.
  • Troglodytes pacificus semidiensis ( Brooks, WS , 1915) is common on the Semidi Islands .
  • Troglodytes pacificus helleri ( Osgood , 1901) occurs on Kodiak Island and Afognak Island . The subspecies is similar to the nominate form but does not have a reddish brown tint. The top is dark brown throughout.
  • Troglodytes pacificus pacificus Baird, SF , 1864 occurs in southeastern Alaska , western Canada, and the northwestern United States.
  • Troglodytes pacificus muiri Rea , 1986 is distributed in southwest Oregon to central California .
  • Troglodytes pacificus obscurior Rea , 1986 occurs in the interior of the western USA, as well as on the coastal regions of central California.
  • Troglodytes pacificus salebrosus Burleigh , 1959 is distributed in the interior of the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada. The subspecies is similar to the nominate form, has a brown upper surface and a lighter, brown throat and chest.

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the Pacific wren was in 1864 by Spencer Fullerton Baird under the scientific name Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus . The type specimen was collected by Caleb Burwell Rowan Kennerly (1830–1861) at Semiahmoo Bay. As early as 1809, Louis Pierre Vieillot introduced the genus Troglodytes, which was new to science . This name is derived from "trōglē, trōgō κτρωγλη, τρωγω " for "cave, gnaw" and "-dutēs, duō -δυτης, δυω " for "diving, immersing". The species name »pacificus« refers to the Pacific . "Helleri" is Edmund Heller , "muiri" is John Muir and "stevensoni" is dedicated to Donald Harley Stevenson (1892–1926). "Alascensis" refers to Alaska , "kiskensis" to Kiska Island , "tanagensis" to Tanaga Island , "seguamensis" to Seguam Island and "semidiensis" to Semidi Islands . »Salebrosus« is the Latin word for »rough, coarse« and derives from »salebra, salire«, »bumpy, jump«. "Obscurior" means "darker" from "obscurus" for "dark, indistinct, obscure". »Meligērus μελιγηρυς « for »melodious, melodious« is derived from »melos μελος « for »song«. "Petrophilus" is a Greek word formation from "petra πετρα " for "stone" and "philos, phileō, philos φιλος, φιλεω, φιλος " for "loving, dear, lover". "Ochroleucus" has its origin in "ōkhros ωχρος " for "bright yellow" and "leukos λευκος " for "white".

literature

  • Spencer Fullerton Baird: Review of American birds, in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution . tape 1 . Smithsonian Institution, Washington 1864 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Spencer Fullerton Baird: On Additions to the Bird-Fauna of North America, made by the Scientific Corps of the Russo-American Telegraph Expedition . In: Transactions of the Chicago Academy of Sciences . tape 1 , 1869, p. 311-325 ( babel.hathitrust.org ).
  • Winthrop Sprague Brooks: Notes on birds from east Siberia and arctic Alaska . In: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . tape 59 , 1915, pp. 361-413 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Thomas Dearborn Burleigh: Two new subspecies of birds from western North America . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 72 , April 22, 1959, pp. 15-17 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Edward Clive Dickinson , Leslie K. Overstreet, Robert Jack Dowsett, Murray Duncan Bruce: Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology . Aves Press Limited, Northampton 2012, ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5 .
  • Ira Noel Gabrielson, Frederick Charles Lincoln: A new Alaskan race of the winter wren . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 64 , May 14, 1951, pp. 73-74 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Josep del Hoyo , Nigel James Collar , Jeffrey Shaw Marks in: Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Pacific Wren (Troglodytes pacificus) in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Harry Church Oberholser : A New Wren from Alaska . In: The Auk . tape 17 , no. 1 , 1900, p. 25–26 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 69 kB ]).
  • Harry Church Oberholser: Notes on the wrens of the genus Nannus Billberg . In: Proceedings of The United States National Museum . tape 55 , no. 2265 , 1919, pp. 223-236 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Harry Church Oberholser: Another new subspecies of Nannus troglodytes from Alaska . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 43 , September 26, 1930, pp. 151-152 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Wilfred Hudson Osgood: New Subspecies of North American Birds . In: The Auk . tape 18 , no. 2 , 1901, p. 179–185 (English, sora.unm.edu [PDF; 300 kB ]).
  • Amadeo Michael Rea in Allan Robert Phillips: The known birds of North and Middle America. Distributions and Variation, Migrations, Changes, Hybrids, etc. Band 1 : Hirundinidae to Mimidae; Certhiidae . Roberts Rinehart Publisher, Denver 1986, ISBN 978-0-9617402-0-7 .
  • Louis Pierre Vieillot: Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale, contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois . 2 (delivery 18). Chez Desray, Paris 1809 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1807-1809).

Web links

Commons : Pacific Wren ( Troglodytes pacificus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Josep del Hoyo u. a.
  2. ↑ IOC World Bird List Dapple-throats, sugarbirds, fairy-bluebirds, kinglets, hyliotas, wrens, gnatcatchers
  3. ↑ a b Spencer Fullerton Baird (1869), p. 315, plate 30, figure 3.
  4. ^ Harry Church Oberholser (1900), pp. 25-26.
  5. ↑ a b Harry Church Oberholser (1919), pp. 228-229.
  6. ↑ a b Harry Church Oberholser (1919), pp. 230–232.
  7. ↑ a b Ira Noel Gabrielson u. a. (1951), p. 74.
  8. ↑ Harry Church Oberholser (1919), pp. 232-233.
  9. ↑ a b Harry Church Oberholser (1930), pp. 151–152.
  10. ↑ Amadeo Michael Rea (1986), p. 138.
  11. ↑ a b Winthrop Sprague Brooks (1915), p. 400.
  12. ↑ a b Wilfred Hudson Osgood (1901), pp. 181-182.
  13. ↑ a b c Spencer Fullerton Baird (1864), pp. 138 & 145.
  14. ↑ a b c Amadeo Michael Rea (1986), p. 140.
  15. ↑ Thomas Dearborn Burleigh (1959), p. 16.
  16. ↑ Louis Pierre Vieillot, pp. 52-56.
  17. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 391.
  18. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 345.
  19. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 278.
  20. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 249.
  21. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 300.
  22. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 279.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Vieillot categorized the house wren ( Troglodytes aedon ) and the reed warbler ( Acrocephalus arundinaceus ) in the new genus.
  2. ↑ For the history of the publication see Edward Clive Dickinson u. a. P. 157.