John Muir

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John Muir at the age of 32

John Muir [ ˈmjʊər ] (born April 21, 1838 in Dunbar , Scotland, †  December 24, 1914 in Los Angeles , California ) was a Scottish -American natural philosopher and self-taught .

He worked as a naturalist , explorer , writer , inventor , engineer and geologist .

In the course of his life, John Muir developed from a naturalist more and more to a conservationist , anticipating many of the ideas of today's eco and animal rights movement. He was a co-founder of the Sierra Club , the oldest and largest conservation organization in the United States . Its official botanical author's abbreviation is " J.Muir ".

Childhood and youth

John Muir was born on April 21, 1838, the third of eight children in Dunbar , Scotland. He attended school in Dunbar, where he also learned Latin and French, and had to memorize Bible verses every day. When he was 11 years old, his father traveled with him and two other siblings to the United States in preparation for the family's emigration. His father settled on the Fountain Lake Farm near Portage , Wisconsin , which has been a National Historic Landmark since 1990 , and the rest of the family brought in after it was set up. Muir was raised very strictly and had to do heavy farm work as a child. During this time he did not go to school, but continued to educate himself self-taught.

Due to the limited resources on the farm and the rules in his parents' house, Muir began to invent tools and machines. So he invented as a "Early-Rising Machine" (about: early risers machine ) after reading and learning had been allowed only before sunrise him. This machine was one of several timepieces that he developed over the years alongside thermometers , hygroometers and barometers .

With the encouragement of neighbors, Muir exhibited his inventions at the Agriculture Exhibition in Madison , Wisconsin, in September 1860 and won the Ingenious Whittler's Award. It was there that he met Jeanne C. Carr, the wife of Ezra Slocum Carr, professor of chemistry and natural history at the University of Wisconsin , and James Davie Butler, another faculty member. Jeanne C. Carr would become his lifelong advisor. After the exhibition, Muir stayed in Madison and earned the enrollment fees at the university through various odd jobs.

He attended the University of Wisconsin , which he left without a degree in 1863. His main interests lay in geology , chemistry and especially botany .

In the autobiography The Story of my Boyhood and Youth , which also includes descriptions and illustrations of his inventions, Muir writes about his childhood in Scotland, emigration and his life up to leaving the University of Wisconsin .

Wandering

In September 1864 he worked with his brother David as a mechanic at Wm. Trout's sawmill near Meaford, Ontario , Canada , which made rakes and broomsticks. When the factory caught fire in 1866, all his belongings, as well as records of his excursions and notes of a technical nature, went up in flames.

As the Civil War ended, he returned to the United States in May 1866 and went to Indianapolis , where he found work in the Osgood Smith & Co. factory that made wooden wheels, barrels, staves, etc. In March 1867, he suffered an accident at work when a small file injured his right eye on the cornea.

As soon as his eye healed, in April 1867, Muir decided to devote his life to studying nature.

Muir's travels

In September 1867, Muir made his 1,000 mile walk to the Gulf of Mexico . He began in Louisville , Kentucky , marched south through Tennessee to the Appalachians . Then he crossed Georgia from Athens via Augusta to Savannah . Here he took a boat along the coast to the islands in northeast Florida . Then marched through Gainesville to Cedar Key . Here he got sick and stayed for some time until he recovered. In January 1868 he reached Havana , Cuba , where he stayed for four weeks.

Living in Yosemite

On March 2, 1868, John Muir reached San Francisco . He had traveled from New York by steamboat. He was now 30 years old and really wanted to see the Yosemite area. In contrast to the typical traveler of that time, who boarded the ferry from San Francisco to Stockton, then a stagecoach to Coulterville and from here took a horse, Muir made the journey on foot. He took the ferry to Oakland and hiked through the Santa Clara Valley, over the Pachero Pass, crossed the San Joaquin Valley to Snelling, up to the foothills through Coulterville, Mariposa County , and reached the Yosemite Valley around May 22, 1868 He was overwhelmed by the beauty of nature, the mountains and lakes. Here he would spend the next 10 years exploring every area.

From summer 1868 to spring 1869 he worked as a shepherd for John Connel aka Smokey Jack. He undertook serious studies of the geology and botany of the Sierra. He tended Pat Delany's sheep in the Tuolumne Meadow area from June to September , and in November took a part-time job at JM Hutchins' sawmill in Yosemite Valley. Besides exploring the mountains of the Sierra Nevada . He accompanied William Fred McClure , a California State engineer, and Joseph Burwell McChesney , an Oakland school principal, on their tour of Upper Yosemite. In August he met the geologist Joseph LeConte and joined his 10-day expedition into the highlands, Bloody Canyon and Mono Lake. He was then interviewed by journalist Teresa Yelverton. Yelverton, who wrote 250 pages in four weeks, of which John Muir read the manuscript. She published a novella under the title Daughters of Ahwahnee (later renamed Zanita: A Tale of the Yo-Semite ).

From October to December 1870 he again worked as a shepherd for Pat Delaney along the Tuolumne River near La Grange, and in January 1871 he resumed work at the JM Hutchins sawmill. However, jealousy about Muir's fame led to the fact that he gave up work at Hutchins. In May 1871, Ralph Waldo Emerson visited Muir in the Yosemite Valley. In August Muir began studying glaciers extensively in preparation for a book for the Boston Academy of Sciences , and in September he submitted his first article on glaciers to the New York Tribune . He stayed at Black's Hotel for the winter until the spring of 1872, working on manuscripts and drafts. In the summer, Muir decided to pursue a professional writing career.

In March 1872 he was an eyewitness to a major earthquake in the Yosemite Valley, and in April he built a log cabin here. In July 1872, Merrill Moores came and spent a few months with Muir. He also met Asa Gray , the botanist. In August / September he went on a two-week tour to the Illiluette Basin . and in September followed nine days with Merrill Moores at Hetch Hetchy . In October, Muir met William Keith and accompanied him on his excursion to Mount Ritter . In November, Keith took Muir to the San Francisco Bay Area ; Muir met Ina Coolbrith, Charles Warren Stoddard and other celebrities here. In December he was back in Yosemite Valley and went on winter excursions to Glacier Point, Tenaya Canyon. He worked on articles on glaciers.

In April 1873, his father Daniel left the family to join a religious group in Hamilton, Canada.

In the spring of 1873 he wrote articles for the magazine "The Overland Monthly". In June visit him in Yosemite: Jeanne Carr, Emily Pelton, with whose family he lived in Prairie du Chien 1860–1861, Albert Kellogg , the botanist, and William Keith , painter. Muir & Keith became close friends. In June-July, Muir went on a six week trip to the High Sierra, Tuolumne Canyon, with Mrs. Carr, William Keith and Albert Kellogg. This was followed in September by an excursion with Galen Clark , Billy Simms, Albert Kellogg through Mariposa Grove , North Fork San Joaquin. In September / October, Muir climbed Mount Whitney from the east side and visited Mono Lake. From November 1873 to August 1874, he moved to Oakland to write. He lived at the home of JB McChesney, a school principal, met John Swett and worked on his Sierra Studies.

In July 1874 he met John Strentzel with his wife and their only daughter Louie. Jeanne Carr played a matchmaker and it wasn't until 1879 that the two got to know each other better.

In August he returned to Yosemite and accompanied the photographer John James Reilly into the high mountains of the Sierra. In September he continued his stay in "Black's Hotel". In October – November he traveled to Lake Tahoe & Mount Shasta . He climbed Mt. Shasta and spent a week in a blizzard at 2,740 m (9,000 ft) altitude. In December he completed the ascent of Mt. Shasta and then crossed the watershed between the Yuba & Feather rivers. In February 1875 he visited the Bay Area again and stayed with the Swett family in San Francisco. April - May 1875 he climbed Mt. Shasta again, this time in the company of the experienced mountaineer Jerome Fay. In May-June he made another tour to Yosemite high country and Owens River, together with William Keith, John Swett and JB McChesney. In July he visited the southern Sierra with George Bayley and Charles Washburn and climbed Mount Whitney on July 20. In August he followed the course of the Merced River. From September to November, he undertook a three-month trip with his mule "Brownie" by the southern Sierra, the redwoods ( Sequoia study). During the winter months until the spring of 1876 he lived again with the Swett family and worked on his articles for magazines. He met Henry George .

In January 1876, Muir gave his first public lecture on the Protection of Forests in Sacramento at the Literary Institute. William Keith knew that Muir was excited before his first public appearance and loaned him one of his paintings, “The Headwaters of the Merced,” which said, “Just look at the painting Johnny. You'll think you're back in the mountains. You'll relax and be fine. ”(Look at the picture. You will think that you are back in the mountains. You will relax and you will be fine.) Once in Sacramento, the seat of government in California, he also looked the conversation with MPs. From July to September he worked as a newspaper reporter for the "San Francisco Bulletin" and toured the middle Sierra. From October to November he participated in the survey of the Coast & Geodetic Survey in Nevada and Utah .

From May to July 1877, traveled to Utah as a correspondent for the Bulletin . From August to September he made an excursion through the Gabriel Mountains, returned to northern California, visited the sequoias of Santa Cruz Big Trees, climbed Mount Hamilton and gave lectures at the State Normal School (now San José State University ). In September he led Asa Gray, Sir Joseph Hooker, Bidwell party to Mount Shasta. In October he took a six-day boat trip from Bidwell Ranch to Sacramento and returned to San Francisco by steamboat. In October / November he took the train from Martinez to Visalia ; walked to the Kings River: South Fork, Middle Fork, Converse Basin and back to Visalia. From there he took the railroad to Merced . He built a boat in Hopetown and drove it back to Martinez via the Merced & San Joaquin Rivers. In the winter of 1877–1878 he returned to San Francisco and lived with the Swett family, where he wrote and lectured.

In the spring of 1878 he traveled repeatedly to Martinez. Then take a trip to the headwaters, North and Middle Forks, of the American River . From July to November 1878 he participated as a correspondent for the "San Francisco Evening Bulletin" in the exploration of the Coast & Geodetic Survey of the 39th parallel in Utah & Nevada. From the winter of 1878 to the spring of 1879 he lived with Isaac Upham in San Francisco and began working on the "bee pasture" articles and other contributions for Scribners.

In June 1879 he announced his engagement to Louie Strentzel. She was a trained pianist and could have given public concerts; instead, she helped her parents manage the orchard. Her brother John had died in 1857 and she was all that was left of the parents.

From June 1879 to January 1880 he went on his first trip to Alaska as a bulletin correspondent. The itinerary includes Portland , Seattle and Victoria . In Fort Wrangell he meets missionary S. Hall Young and they travel to Sitka , Stikine River , Fairweather Mountain and Glacier Bay . In January 1880 he is back in Portland, where he lectures. In total, Muir made seven trips to Alaska.

He makes a detour up the Columbia River . In February 1880 he takes a trip to Lake Tahoe with Thomas Magee ; He also visits the Bidwells on their ranch. Now he visits the Strentzel family in Martinez again.

Marriage and management of the plantation

On April 14, 1880, Muir married Louie Wanda Strenzel (1847–1905), the daughter of a Pole who fled Poland after the revolution of 1830 and came to California after a few years in Texas in 1849, and moved to Martinez , California. on the property of his father-in-law John Strentzel, originally a doctor, but who had become the successful owner of large plantations with oranges, lemons and apricots in the hills east of the Bay of San Francisco . For the wedding, Dr. Strentzel gave them 20 acres and the house they lived in, which was just a mile from the newly built 1882. Muir became the farm manager and also managed smaller areas that he bought himself. After the death of his father-in-law in 1890, he moved with his wife and two daughters, Annie Wanda (1881–1942) and Helen Lillian (1885–1964), into the spacious main house, which he lived in until his death in 1914. In 1890, Muir handed over the management of the plantation to his brother David. It was not until 1891 that he turned back to science and philosophy , economically secured by the plantation.

In 1881 he took, along with Edward William Nelson , on an Arctic expedition aboard the USRC Thomas Corwin (now United States Coast Guard USCG, " Coast Guard of the United States ") part. In July 1884, his wife Louie Muir accompanied him to the Yosemite Valley. She soon realized that she could not keep up with her husband and that the unfamiliar climbing was very exhausting. So it was the first and only time that she took part in his mountain tours. In October, Robert Underwood Johnson urges him to resume writing. In December his sister Annie Muir comes to Martinez for a longer stay and to relax.

In August 1885, Muir took a two-week trip to Yellowstone Park , where he met and traveled with Mr. and Mrs. AH Sellers. When he returns, he receives news that his father is dying. He rushes to Portage to meet his family and they travel to Kansas City together. You meet the father Daniel Muir still alive and can say goodbye. In the spring of 1887, Muir accepted the offer to publish a book entitled “Picturesque California” and to write some articles for it. In August 1888 his wife decided to sell or rent part of the Strentzel plantation in order to free her husband from his administrative duties and thus to revive his study of nature and writing. From the winter of 1888 to the summer of 1889, he sporadically rented rooms in San Francisco to concentrate on writing for Picturesque California .

In 1899, Muir was one of the experts who were allowed to participate in the Edward Henry Harriman- funded expedition to Alaska. See → Harriman Alaska Expedition

Harriman later helped fund Muir's world travel by giving him free passage on his shipping routes.

Travel to Europe and around the world

John Muir began his European tour in 1893 in his birthplace in Dunbar, Scotland. He also visited England and the fjords of Norway, south of Trondheim . Muir traveled through Switzerland and saw the Matterhorn and the Gorner Glacier in the Valais Alps . He crossed the mountains to northern Italy. He then visited the lakes of Killarney in Ireland. He started his return journey from Scotland on September 16, 1893 with the mail ship SS "Campania" of the Cunard Royal Mail.

On his return, Muir took the opportunity to meet some writers and publishers on the east coast. He visited the homes and tombs of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts and took a walk to Walden Pond, where the book Walden by Henry David Thoreau originated.

England, France and Germany

Muir began his next journey with Charles Sprague Sargent and his family. Sprague had been appointed director of the newly established Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University in 1873 . In 1884 he was chairman of the New York Commission for the Establishment of Adirondack Park and Catskill Mountains and in 1896 the committee of the National Academy of Sciences for the preparation of a federal regulation for the protection of forests. Muir got to know so many museums and art galleries in London, Paris and Berlin that he felt he had seen enough for a lifetime.

Russia and China

Muir was tired of further visits to museums, art galleries, old churches and palaces, he separated from the Spragues and went to Russia. Here he enjoyed the mountains and forests of the Caucasus and the Black Sea. He traveled by train through Siberia , through the wheat fields on the Volga and the vast forests to Vladivostok . From Vladivostok, Muir went to China in Manchuria , and later he also visited Shanghai and Guangzhou . Since he got sick, he couldn't see much of China. He also really wanted to visit India and the Himalaya Mountains .

India

Upon arriving in Calcutta , Muir went straight to Darjeeling , where he enjoyed the sight of the sunrise over the Himalayan mountains from Tiger Hill. It is the highest point in the Darjeeling Mountains at an altitude of 2,590 m (8482 feet). Muir also traveled to Shimla , in northern India, to see the Himalayan cedar (Cedrus deodara) forests .

Egypt

From Bombay , Muir traveled by ship to Alexandria in Egypt . He visited Cairo and the pyramids with the Great Sphinx of Giza . He took a Nile ship to Asyut and Aswan , then traveled back to Cairo.

Australia

His next destination was Australia . Muir visited the Zoological and Botanical Gardens and Parks in Fremantle , Melbourne and Sydney . He traveled inland to explore the eucalyptus forests. The most species-rich genera are eucalyptus and acacia with around 600 and 1000 species, respectively. These two genera largely shape the flora and vegetation of Australia and belong to the Great Dividing Range. Muir took a 120km train ride from Sydney to Mount Victoria in the Blue Mountains (NSW) to see the Jenolan Caves . He also went to Queensland to see the Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) and saw the Great Barrier Reef from aboard his ship.

New Zealand

From Australia it was just a jump to New Zealand . After arriving in Auckland on the North Island, John Muir toured the Rotorua area with its forests and geyser hot springs. The good reputation of the redwoods as a building material had led to the planting of the trees here in Rotura in 1901. The results of the planting have been mixed - of the original 12 hectares, only six hectares have survived to this day. On his trip to the South Island he was impressed by the volcanic cones of Mount Tongariro , Ngauruhoe and Ruapehu . In Christchurch he visited the Botanical Gardens and Aoraki / Mount Cook with the Mueller Glacier at his feet.

Japan and Hawaii

After short stops in Timor , Indonesia , the Philippines and Canton in China, Muir boarded the steamer “Siberia” of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company , which was owned by Edward Henry Harriman , for the journey home. He enjoyed the gardens of the Shinto Shrine near Nagasaki and from Yokohama he could see the world-famous Fujiyama . Muir stopped in Hawaii on his way home and enjoyed the lush tropical vegetation and the beauty of the views from Diamond Head to Honolulu .

Theory and methods of nature conservation

John Muir (1907)

With his writings he became one of the pioneers of natural philosophy and the philosophical justification of nature conservation. In 1871 he used the term interpretation for the translation of the language of nature. The concept of nature and cultural interpretation on which the information and educational work of all national parks in the USA is based is still a reminder today.

In 1892, John Muir and other colleagues founded the Sierra Club , one of the first nature conservation organizations in the modern sense and today one of the largest and most influential environmental organizations in North America. He was its first president and held the post until his death in 1914.

Muir was closely connected to a large number of people who recognized that the settlement of the seemingly infinite spaces between the Atlantic and Pacific and the closure of the Frontier around 1890 came with a special responsibility for nature and the resources of the United States. They established the scientifically based nature protection. Muir campaigned for wilderness protection and wanted to take extensive forests and other federally owned areas out of use. Gifford Pinchot , who was a close friend of Muir and the founder of the United States Forest Service , became the spokesman for the opposite side . Pinchot took the position that forests and other natural resources should be used sustainably , so that their value and possible uses are permanently preserved. The debate became known under the terms of conservation for sustainable use and preservation for non-use. Both representatives pushed through their ideas in different areas: Pinchot's thoughts led to the National Forests of the USA, while Muir was decisive for the establishment of national parks and national monuments .

Muir invited President Theodore Roosevelt (who had read Muir's books) to explore the scenic beauty and protection of threatened regions with him. Together they visited Yosemite in 1903 and went on a multi-day camping tour, during which Muir Roosevelt explained the importance of nature and landscape protection and that Yosemite, as California's state park at the time, was insufficiently protected. At the instigation of Roosevelt, the valley was transferred back to the federal government in 1906 and significantly expanded and designated as Yosemite National Park . Muir was one of the most famous figures in North America and an influential scientist. In the USA he was called "Father of our National Parks ", "Wilderness Prophet" and "Citizen of the Universe". As a wilderness explorer, he was known for his expeditions and scientific descriptions of the Sierra Nevada ( California ) and the Alaskan glaciers .

Muir was very committed to preserving the natural abilities of animals and was a great opponent of domestication . He thought domesticated animals were soulless and only half alive.

Honors

John Muir on a commemorative quarter dollar coin

After John Muir are named:

The US Post issued a stamp in 1964 to honor John Muir on the 50th anniversary of his death.

The state of California has also celebrated John Muir Day ( Memorial Day ) on April 21 every year since 1989 , on which California schools of the Muirs plant are particularly commemorated.

Muir was also selected to represent California in the 2005 State Quarter .

On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the National Park Service, a $ 5 commemorative gold coin was minted. On the front are John Muir and President Theodore Roosewelt with the Half Dome of Yosemite National Park in the background. This finances z. B. Projects such as the expansion and maintenance of cycle and hiking trails and many other things that are important for tourists today, who also contribute to the preservation of the national park with their visit.

Fonts

Publications in newspapers and magazines (selection)

literature

  • John Clayton: Natural rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the creation of America's public lands , New York; : London: Pegasus Books, 2019, ISBN 978-1-64313-080-4
  • Dieter Steiner : The University of the Wilderness: John Muir and his path to nature conservation in the USA , Munich: oekom, 2011, ISBN 3865812732
  • Donald Worster : A passion for nature: the life of John Muir , Oxford [u. a.]: Oxford Univ. Press, 2008, ISBN 0199782245
  • S. Hall Young: Alaska days with John Muir . Publisher Fleming H. Revell Company New York, Chicago [etc.] Published 1915
    • S. Hall Young: My days in Alaska with John Muir From the American English by Jens Lindenlaub. KT-Verlag 2019
  • Mary H. Wade: Pilgrims of to-day John Muir pp. 1-52 Publisher: Little, Brown, and Co. Boston Published 1916
  • Dennis C. Williams: God's Wilds: John Muir's Vision of Nature . Publisher: Texas A&M University Press, 2002 ISBN 978-1-5854-4143-3
  • Anne Rowthorn: The Wisdom of John Muir: 100+ Selections from the Letters, Journals, and Essays . Publisher: Wilderness Press, Birmingham, AL, 2012 ISBN 978-0-8999-7694-5
  • Steven J. Holmes: The Young John Muir . An environmental biography. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison 1999, ISBN 978-0-299-16150-7
  • Andrea Wulf : Protection and nature. John Muir and Humboldt . Chapter in Wulf's book Alexander von Humboldt and the Invention of Nature . Translated from the English by Hainer Kober . Bertelsmann, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-570-10206-0 , pp. 392-415. (About the influence of Alexander von Humboldt on Muir's work and his understanding of nature)
  • Dumas Malone (Ed.): Dictionary of American Biography . Volume 13, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1943, pp. 314-316.

Web links

Commons : John Muir  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Entry in the National Historic Landmarks Program ( Memento from May 7, 2011 on WebCite )
  2. ^ Jeanne C. Carr: John Muir . In: California Illustrated Magazine, Vol. 2, June 1892, pp. 88-94
  3. ↑ John Muir in Indiana By Harold W. Wood, Jr.
  4. ↑ Map of John Muir's 1000 miles Walk to the Gulf
  5. ^ A thousand-mile walk to the Gulf . Edited posthumously by William Frederic Badè
  6. ^ Northern Mariposa County
  7. ^ Map of John Muir's 1868 route - drawn in 7 sectors by Julia van der Wyk 2006
  8. ↑ Mc Chesney A Brief Biography
  9. ↑ A Journal of Ramblings Through the High Sierras: July 21-31, 1870 by Joseph LeConte
  10. ^ Therese Yelverton
  11. ↑ Black's Hotel, 1869-1888, Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, Cal. Stereoviews of Carleton E. Watkins (1829 1916)
  12. ↑ Merrill Moores
  13. ↑ Illilouette Basin - John Muir Trail - Journal 2013
  14. ↑ Mount Ritter by John Muir from The Mountains of California by John Muir (1911)
  15. ↑ INA Coolbrith (1841-1928) 1st Poet Laureate of California & Librarian
  16. ↑ original manuscript letters of John Muir, 1861-1914 held by Wisconsin Historical Society
  17. ^ Joseph Burwell McChesney - A Brief Biography in Oakland Publid Library
  18. ^ John Swett is known as the father of public school education in California
  19. ↑ WILLIAM KEITH 1839-1911 Biography and Works
  20. ^ John and Annie Bidwell Mansion - State Historic Park
  21. ^ The Upper American River Watershed originates at the crest of the Sierra Nevada near Lake Tahoe. The upper watershed has three forks: the North, Middle, and South Fork;
  22. ^ S. Hall Young
  23. ^ The Life and Letters of John Muir . by William Frederic Badè. Chapter XIII - Nevada, Alaska, and a Home. 1878-1880
  24. ^ Cruise of the revenue steamer Corwin in Alaska and the NW Arctic ocean in 1881
  25. ^ Picturesque California and the Region West of the Rocky Mountains, from Alaska to Mexico , (1888-1890) Edited by John Muir. Muir wrote six of the articles. Originally published as thirty parts, then ten, and finally as two volumes (J. Dewing and Company: 1888-1890)
  26. ↑ Alaska. Volume I. Narrative, Glaciers, Natives . By John Burroughs, John Muir and George Bird Grinnell . Publisher: Doubleday, Page and Company, New York Published 1901
  27. ↑ Tiger Hill Darjeeling - sunrise views of the Kanchenjunga Mountain range
  28. ↑ Great Dividing Range
  29. ↑ Hoop pine . Queensland Governement - Department of Agriculture and Fisheries , August 25, 2010, archived from the original on February 25, 2017 ; accessed on September 14, 2019 (English, original website no longer available).
  30. ↑ Rotorua region
  31. ^ The Redwoods - Whakarewarewa Forest, Rotorua, New Zealand
  32. ↑ Mt. Cook region
  33. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . A botanical, historical, biographical research on dedications in the plant species. Ed .: Free University of Berlin - Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. 2016, ISBN 978-3-946292-10-4 , doi : 10.3372 / epolist2016 .
  34. ^ Members: John Muir. American Academy of Arts and Letters, accessed April 17, 2019 .
  35. ^ The Californian trinity , The Economist, July 8, 2010
  36. ^ Assembly Bill 476 (1989) Establishes John Muir Day , The Sierra Club, September 25, 1989
personal data
SURNAME Muir, John
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Scottish-American polymath
DATE OF BIRTH April 21, 1838
PLACE OF BIRTH Dunbar , Scotland , UK
DATE OF DEATH December 24, 1914
Place of death Los Angeles , California , United States