Ice flowers
Ice flowers | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pleiospilos spec., Habit and flower |
||||||||||||
Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Aizoaceae | ||||||||||||
Martinov |
The midday flowers (Aizoaceae) are a species-rich family of plants in the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales). Its main area of distribution is southern Africa ( Capensis ). Many species are also native to Australia .
Some species and varieties are used as ornamental plants around the world . Many taxa are called " midday flowers " in German , and many other taxa are called " living stones ".
description
The midday flowers are annual or perennial plants ; it may herbaceous plants , semi-shrubs or shrubs to be. They are mostly succulent . They are C 4 or CAM plants . The leaves are mostly succulent, but there are also herbaceous leaves.
The radially symmetrical flowers are mostly hermaphroditic (some Tetragonia species are unisexual). Usually there are five (three to eight) sepals . The flowers usually contain many (3 to 200) stamens (= secondary polyandry ). Often sterile stamens ( staminodes ) are formed like a petal; these show organs are present in very different numbers from 1 to 120; real petals are usually not available. The flowers contain (one to) two to five (to twenty) carpels . The pollination is effected by diurnal insects ( Entomophilie ).
Usually capsule fruits or sometimes berries are formed that contain many (1 to 1000) seeds.
Systematics
Synonyms of the Aizoaceae family are: Ficoidaceae Juss. (nom. rej.), Mesembryanthemaceae Fenzl (nom. cons.), Sesuviaceae Horan. and Tetragoniaceae Lindl. (nom. cons).
The ice plant family is divided into four subfamilies with the following genera:
- Subfamily Aizooideae :
- Subfamily Mesembryanthemoideae Ihlenf., Schwantes & Straka :
- Aptenia
- Aridaria
-
Aspazoma N.E.Br. : With only one type:
- Aspazoma amplectens N.E.Br.
- Brownanthus
-
Caulipsolon Klak : With only one type:
- Caulipsolon rapaceum (Jacq.) Klak
- Mesembryanthemum
- Phyllobolus
- Prenia
- Psilocaulon
- Sceletium
-
Synaptophyllum N.E.Br. : With only one type:
- Synaptophyllum juttae N.E.Br.
- Subfamily Ruschioideae Schwantes ex Ihlenf., Schwantes & Straka :
- Tribus Apatesieae Schwantes ex Ihlenf., Schwantes & Straka
- Apatesia
-
Carpanthea N.E.Br. : With only one type:
- Carpanthea pomeridiana (L.) NE Br.
-
Caryotophora Leistner : With only one species:
- Caryotophora skiatophytoides Leistner
- Conicosia
- Hymenogyne
-
Saphesia N.E.Br. : With only one type:
- Saphesia flaccida (L. Bolus) NEBr.
-
Skiatophytum L.Bolus : With only one species:
- Skiatophytum tripolium (L.) L. Bolus
- Tribus Dorotheantheae (Schwantes ex Ihlenf. & Struck) Chess., GFSm. & AEvan Wyk
-
Aethephyllum N.E.Br. : With only one type:
- Aethephyllum pinnatifidum N.E.Br.
- Cleretum
- Dorotheanthus
-
Aethephyllum N.E.Br. : With only one type:
- Tribe Ruschieae
- Acrodon
- Aloinopsis
- Amphibolia
-
Antegibbaeum Schwantes ex C. Weber : With only one species:
- Antegibbaeum fissoides (Haw.) C. Weber
- Antimima
- Arenifera
- Argyroderma
- Astridia
- Bergeranthus
- Bijlia
- Braunsia
- Calamophyllum
- Carpobrotus
- Carruanthus
- Cephalophyllum
- Cerochlamys
- Chasmatophyllum
- Cheiridopsis
- Circandra
- Conophytum
- Corpuscularia
- Cylindrophyllum
- Delosperma
- Dicrocaulon
-
Didymaotus N.E.Br. : With only one type:
- Didymaotus lapidiformis N.E.Br.
- Dinteranthus
- Diplosoma
- Disphyma
- Dracophilus
- Drosanthemum
- Eberlanzia
- Ebracteola
- Ectotropis
- Enarganthe
- Erepsia
- Esterhuysenia
- Faucaria
-
Fenestraria N.E.Br. : With only one type:
- Fenestraria rhopalophylla N.E.Br.
- Frithia
- Gibbaeum
- Glottiphyllum
- Hallianthus
- Hammeria
- Hard manthus
- Hereroa
- Ihlenfeldtia
- Jacobsenia
- Jensenobotrya
- Jordaaniella
- Juttadinteria
- Khadia
- Lampranthus
-
Lapidaria Dinter & Schwantes : With only one species:
- Lapidaria margaretae Dinter & Schwantes
- Leipoldtia
- Lithops
- Machairophyllum
- Malephora
- Marlothistella
- Mestoklema
- Meyerophytum
- Mitrophyllum
- Monilaria
- Mossia
-
Muiria N.E.Br. : With only one type:
- Muiria hortenseae N.E.Br.
- Namaquanthus
- Namibia
- Nananthus
- Nelia
- Neohenricia
- Octopoma
- Odontophorus
- Oophytum
- Orthopterum
- Oscularia
- Ottosonderia
- Peersia
- Phyllobolus
- Pleiospilos
- Polymita
- Prepodesma
- Psammophora
- Rabiea
- Rhinephyllum
- Rhombophyllum
- Ruschia
- Ruschianthemum
- Ruschianthus
- Sarcozona
- Bad anthus
- Schwantesia
- Scopelogena
- Smicrostigma
- Stayneria
- Stoeberia
- Stomatium
- Tanquana
- Titanopsis
- Trichodiadema
- Vanheerdea
- Vanzijlia
-
Vlokia S.A. Hammer : With only one type:
- Vlokia atra S.A. Hammer
- Wooleya
- Zeuktophyllum
- Tribus Apatesieae Schwantes ex Ihlenf., Schwantes & Straka
- Subfamily Sesuvioideae Ihlenf., Schwantes & Straka :
- Cypselea
- Sesuvium
- Tri-theme
-
Tribulocarpus S.Moore : With only one species:
- Tribulocarpus dimorphanthus (Pax) S.Moore
- Zaleya
literature
- HEK Hartmann (Ed.): Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Aizoaceae AE . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2001, ISBN 3-540-41691-9 .
- HEK Hartmann (Ed.): Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Aizoaceae FZ . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2001, ISBN 3-540-41723-0 .
- Cornelia Klak, Angeline Khunou, Gail Reeves, Terry Hedderson: A phylogenetic hypothesis for the Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales) based on four plastid DNA regions . In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 90, 2003, pp. 1433-1445, (online).
- Cornelia Klak, Peter V. Bruyns, Terry AJ Hedderson: Phylogeny and New Classification for Mesembryanthemoideae (Aizoaceae) . In: Taxon . Volume 56, Number 3, 2007, pp. 737-756, JSTOR: 25065858
Individual evidence
- ↑ HEK Hartmann (ed.): Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Aizoaceae . Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2001, Volume 1, p. 9.
- ↑ Cornelia Klak et al .: A phylogenetic hypothesis for the Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales) based on four plastid DNA regions . 2003, pp. 1442-1443
- ↑ HEK Hartmann (ed.): Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Aizoaceae . Springer, 2001, Volume 1, pp. IX-XI and Volume 2, pp. IX-XII.
Web links
- The family in the Flora of Zimbabwe. (English)
- Key to the subfamilies
- The Aizoaceae family on the AP website. (Section systematics)
- The Aizoaceae family at DELTA. (Section description)
- Family description in the Western Australian flora. (English)
- Family description in the Flora of North America. (English)
- Family description in the Flora of China. (English)