Ruschioideae

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Ruschioideae
Ruschia pulvinaris

Ruschia pulvinaris

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Midday flowers (Aizoaceae)
Subfamily : Ruschioideae
Scientific name
Ruschioideae
Schwantes ex Ihlenf. , Schwantes & Straka

The Ruschioideae are a subfamily of the family of aizoaceae (Aizoaceae) within the order of caryophyllales (Caryophyllales). It is the most generic subfamily of the family.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The members of the subfamily Ruschioideae are perennial and rarely annual plants. Their succulent leaves are usually cylindrical or triangular and rarely flat. The epidermis rarely contains distinct bladder cells and is usually xeromorphic.

Generative characteristics

The petals are of staminodial origin. The placenta is arranged basal or parietal, the ovary below. The nectaries are lophomorphic, i.e. H. comb-shaped. They are either separated from each other or form a ring. The glands are rarely flattened.

The fruits are hygrochastic capsule fruits with swelling ridges, mostly of valvar origin and with only a small septal portion near the outer edge of the capsule. They never reach the middle of the capsule. Mostly there are compartment covers and additional closure bodies.

cytology

The basic chromosome number is x = 9.

distribution

The subfamily Ruschioideae is distributed in the southern area of Australia , Botswana , Chile , Lesotho , Namibia , New Zealand , South Africa and Swaziland . In addition, representatives of the subfamily occur in the Channel Islands , southern England , southern Europe , the southern coast of the Mediterranean , California , the United States and probably other areas. The majority of the genera grow in winter rain areas with less than 300 millimeters of precipitation per year. A limited number are native to areas with bimodal rainfall. Some grow in summer rain areas .

Systematics

External system

The Ruschioideae are one of the four subfamilies of the ice plant family (Aizoaceae) within the order of the carnation-like (Caryophyllales). The subfamily differs from the other subfamilies in its parietal to basal placentation , comb-shaped nectaries and probably the free sepals and petals . Only in this subfamily is there a solid, xeromorphic epidermis .

Phylogenetic studies by Cornelia Klak and colleagues from 2003 revealed the following relationships within the Aizoaceae family:

 Aizoaceae 

Sesuvioideae


   

Aizooideae


   

Mesembryanthemoideae


 Ruschioideae 


Apatesieae


   

Dorotheantheae


   

Ruschiae








Internal system

The subfamily was first recognized by Gustav Schwantes in 1947. However, in the absence of a Latin diagnosis, the name was invalidly published according to the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature . A Latin diagnosis was published in 1962 by Hans-Dieter Ihlenfeldt (* 1932), Gustav Schwantes and Herbert Straka (1920–2009). The type of subfamily is the genus Ruschia .

The subfamily is divided into three tribes :

Tribus Apatesieae Schwantes ex Ihlenf., Schwantes & Straka
The plants are annual to perennial. Their leaves are usually flat. Clear bladder cells are only present along the leaf margins. The nectary of the flowers is wide, flat and ring-shaped. The fruits have receded swelling tissue that penetrates into the partial fruits.

Tribus Dorotheantheae (Schwantes ex Ihlenf. & Struck) Chess., GFSm. & AEvan Wyk
The plants are annual. their leaves flat. Clear bladder cells are present on the entire leaf surface. The segmented nectarium of the flowers is wide, flat and ring-shaped. The fruits have receded swelling tissue that penetrates into the partial fruits.

Tribus Ruschiae
The plants are persistent with woody shoots. Their leaves are cylindrical or triangular and often fused to form a sheath at the base. The epidermis is xeromorphic and rarely contains distinct bladder cells. The flowers have comb-shaped nectaries that are either separate from one another or form a ring. The capsule fruits are hygrochastic and only very rarely xerochasic .

Conicosia pugioniformis from the Apatesieae tribe
Dorotheanthus bellidiformis from the tribe Dorotheantheae
Delosperma congestum from the Ruschiae tribe

The following genera are assigned to the tribe:

Synonyms of the subfamily are Ruschioideae Schwantes (1947, nom. Inval.), Caryotophoroideae Ihlenf., Schwantes & Straka (1960, nom. Inval.), Hymenogynoideae Schwantes (1957, nom. Inval.), Hymenogynoideae Schwantes (1962) and Lofomorfoideae Rappa & Camarrone (1953).

Botanical history

Gustav Schwantes made the first efforts in 1947 and 1957 to subdivide the subfamily into tribe. In 1971 he had divided the Ruschioideae into five tribes and 22 subtribes. Heidrun EK Hartmann replaced them in 1988, 1991, and 1998 with twelve informal groups without any formal classification.

On the basis of studies on the nectaries of the flowers, Pascale Chesselet , Gideon Francois Smith and Abraham Erasmus Van Wyk recognized the tribe Apatesieae, Dorotheantheae, Delospermeae and Ruschieae in 2002. Phylogenetic investigations by Cornelia Klak and coworkers led in 2003 to a tribe Ruschieae expanded to include the members of the tribe Delospermeae.

proof

literature

  • Heidrun EK Hartmann (Ed.): Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Aizoaceae AE . Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2001, ISBN 3-540-41691-9 , pp. 13-14 .
  • Hans-Dieter Ihlenfeldt, Gustav Schwantes, Herbert Straka: The higher taxa of the Mesembryanthemaceae . In: Taxon . Volume 11, Number 2, 1962, pp. 52-56 ( JSTOR 1217212 ).
  • Cornelia Klak, Angeline Khunou, Gail Reeves, Terry Hedderson: A phylogenetic hypothesis for the Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales) based on four plastid DNA regions . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 90, number 10, 2003, pp. 1433-1445 ( doi: 10.3732 / ajb.90.10.1433 ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Cornelia Klak, Angeline Khunou, Gail Reeves, Terry Hedderson: A phylogenetic hypothesis for the Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales) based on four plastid DNA regions . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 90, number 10, 2003, p. 1443.
  2. ↑ Cornelia Klak, Angeline Khunou, Gail Reeves, Terry Hedderson: A phylogenetic hypothesis for the Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales) based on four plastid DNA regions . In: American Journal of Botany . Volume 90, number 10, 2003, p. 1436.
  3. ↑ Gustav Schwantes: System der Mesembryanthemaceen . In: Succulents . Volume 1, 1947, p. 39.
  4. ↑ Hans-Dieter Ihlenfeldt, Gustav Schwantes, Herbert Straka: The higher taxa of the Mesembryanthemaceae . In: Taxon . Volume 11, Number 2, 1962, pp. 53-54.
  5. ↑ HEK Hartmann (ed.): Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Aizoaceae . Springer, 2001, Volume 1, pp. 14-20.
  6. ↑ Gustav Schwantes: System der Mesembryanthemaceen. Succulents . Volume 1, 1947, pp. 34-40.
  7. ^ Gustav Schwantes: Flowering stones and mid-day flowers . Ernest Benn, London 1957.
  8. ^ Gustav Schwantes: The classification of the Mesembryanthemaceae . In: Hans Herre (Ed.): The genera of the Mesembryanthemaceae . Table Mountain, Cape Town 1971.
  9. ↑ Volker Bittrich, Heidrun EK Hartmann: The Aizoaceae - a new approach . In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 97, Number 3, pp. 239-254 ( doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.1988.tb01581.x ).
  10. ^ Heidrun EK Hartmann: Mesembryanthema . In: Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium . Volume 13, 1991, pp. 75-157.
  11. ^ Heidrun EK Hartmann: Groupings in Ruschioideae (Aizoaceae) . In: Mesemb Study Group Bulletin . Number 13, 1998, pp. 35-36.
  12. ↑ Pascale Chesselet, Gideon F. Smith, Abraham E. van Wyk: A New Tribal Classification of Mesembryanthemaceae: Evidence from Floral Nectaries . In: Taxon . Volume 51, Number 2, 2002, pp. 295-308 ( JSTOR 1554928 )

Web links

Commons : Ruschioideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files