Wittendorf

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coat of arms

Wittendorf has been part of the municipality of Loßburg , Freudenstadt district (Baden-Württemberg) , since 1974 .

history

Human traces in and around Wittendorf before the Alemannic era

Wittendorf with the Protestant Martinskirche
Wittendorf - aerial view to the south, center in the back

From the time between the 8th and 3rd millennium BC Chr. Human traces are proven on the Wittendorfer mark, i. H. from the Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic) to the Neolithic (Neolithic).

The oldest human traces were found in the Krähwinkel district . Here a striking area was secured with remains of flint tools. It cannot be determined whether the manufacturers of these devices were hunters passing by by chance from a settlement further away, or whether there was a Stone Age settlement nearby. The exposed, free location of the site on the plateau above the Ursental could have been chosen consciously by the people of that time. A Stone Age settlement in this area has not yet been proven. No excavations have taken place so far. There are only readings . The State Monuments Office of Baden-Württemberg obviously suspects a “Stone Age settlement” in the “Krähwinkel”.

In the Gewann Hoher Rain a burial mound is known from prehistoric times that cannot be identified in more detail. It was erected over a body or cremation burial. A closer investigation is not available. The hill can date from Celtic times. However, a tribal leader of the later Alemanni or the Franconian upper class may also have been buried here.

According to Oskar Paret, Celtic traces can be found near the Wittendorf marking boundary in the Waldhäuser Lehen district of Lossburg . There is a destroyed burial mound, about 0.8 m by 6 m. Red sandstone blocks from a burial chamber lie around. Paret describes the hill as a grave from the late Bronze Age (in Europe around 1800 to 800 BC). The State Monuments Office of Baden-Württemberg described the site as a prehistoric burial mound above a cremation from prehistoric and early historical times that cannot be specified.

More precise dating was possible at the municipal boundary of Wittendorf on the Böffinger mark near Bellenstein . There are clearly Celtic finds here. Remains of walls and rubbish pits with broken glass, animal bones and charcoal were found. On the one hand, they come from the Hallstatt period (8th – 5th century BC) and the subsequent Latène period . In August 1924, the archaeologist Berau discovered in Jörg Siegel's tufa quarry from Hallstatt-era shards, animal bones and huts. In June before that, Paret found a late Celtic dwelling, which he had at that time between 50 BC. BC to AD 50, most likely dated to the first half of the first century AD. In any case, they are pre-Roman, as Roman finds are in the same place on the lost Celtic dwelling. About 35 vessels have been found in broken glass. The most common are steep-walled pots with a narrowed mouth. But there were also bowls with a slightly inwardly curved rim. Brush and comb strokes were preferred as decorations . Some shards had holes for hanging up the vessels or for draining the liquid. In addition to the freehand shaped pottery, there were also turntables with smooth stripes as decoration. The surface of the ceramic is deeply blackened. At least two vessels were painted white and red on the inside. The turntable ceramic was probably imported from the Upper Rhine area. The animal bones come from cattle, pigs, sheep or goats and from the wild cat. The charcoal was formed from hardwood and coniferous trees. It can be assumed that the Celtic inhabitants in the valley cut to the Glatt used the directly adjoining area on the Wittendorf shell limestone terrace, probably also the fertile shell limestone soils on the nearby Wittendorf plateau.

Aerial view of the old town center with the Protestant Martinskirche and village linden
Center of Wittendorf - with the gray roof Gasthaus Löwen

In the late Celtic place of discovery on Bellenstein, the landowner, Löwenwirt Heinzelmann from Böffingen, found a crushed clay urn with burned or heavily burned bones of a young person in his tuff sandstone pit at a depth of 80 cm in February 1920. The type of burial points to Roman times . The urn is 33 cm high and the largest diameter is 28.5 cm. A few meters from where they were found, the sand graves came across a hollowed out stone box, 60 cm long, 42 cm wide and 30 cm high (40 cm, 29 cm and 19 cm in the light). It was covered with a 10 cm thick red sandstone slab, 70 cm long and 52 cm wide. The inside was also filled with burned human bones. As accessories in the stone chamber were the remains of three vessels, namely two plates of a terra sigillata and a two-handled jug made of brownish-yellow clay. From the outset, the vessels were incomplete as shards. Based on these findings, the grave can be dated to around 120 AD. Food and drinks for the afterlife were given in the pottery . The vessels were burned with the dead. The fire blew up the pottery. Most of the broken pieces were put into the tomb. Rotten wood with iron nails was found next to the site. This indicates that the body was cremated in a wooden box or on a nailed wooden board. The graves suggest a nearby Roman settlement ( villa rustica ). Dr. Paret believes that water, a sunny location and fertile soil are the main conditions for such a facility and refers to the nearby corridor "Vogelherd". The Romans found fertile soil on the limestone plateau on the Wittendorfer mark. However, aerial photographs have so far not produced any results. If the settlement was in what is now the wooded slope, it is also difficult to find.

The two Roman coins found on the former Neunecker Weg near the "Ziegelbrunnenäcker" may have been lost in post-Roman times. In any case, they are not proof of a Roman settlement in Wittendorf. One coin bears the image of Emperor Marc Aurel (161–180 AD), on the other coin the image of Emperor Trajan (98–117 AD) is suspected.

Old routes

The appearance of the Stone Age people on Wittendorfer Markung, the stone slab grave at Waldhäuser Lehen (Loßburg) and the grave mound in Wittendorf ( Hoher Rain ) require at least old paths. Early medieval road connections led from Dornstetten to Wittendorf and on to Dornhan to the Roman fort Waldmössingen . Roman finds near the path are known from Dornstetten and from the Bellenstein. However, there is no evidence of a Roman road connection. In addition to this north-south axis, two supra-local connection routes led from east to west. That of Neuneck coming Heerweg led to Wittendorf first in the Upper Heergäßle (= whether the Heergäßle?) And the Won Firgel or when Käppele in 1560 mentioned Landtstraß , 1488 ostrich called [= paved traffic route without row of houses], and took first about the today's road through Hohenholz (towards Loßburg). This so-called country road is identical to the alpirsbacher weg . A north-westerly junction of the Heerweg points at the Alamannen cemetery on Laiberg, north of the "Kalkofen", to Lombach . The straight course Lombach – Neuneck – Oberiflingen suggests the early medieval church path from Lombach to the mother parish of Oberiflingen. From Neuneck a junction also leads east of the Wittendorfer Church onto the Dornhaner Weg. The former intersection of Dornstetter – Dornhaner Weg, Neunecker Weg and Heerweg formed a triangle in Wittendorf, in the middle of which stands the former fortified church of St. Martin. Here, too, there is no evidence of a Roman military route. Peter Goeßler sees a more local transition over the Glatt at the Bellenstein with the small Roman burial ground that connects the Böffingen and Wittendorf markings with their fertile plateaus on the right and left of the Glatt on an easy ascent.

Historical overview since Wittendorf was founded

A Merovingian cemetery was excavated in the Laiberg / Steingau / Kalkofen district in 1991. 96 graves with partial double burials were documented. Two children's graves were found as early as 1910 and 1911. The cemetery probably contained 300 to 400 burials between 630 and 670. According to this, the place must already have been of considerable size. The burial ground is the furthest west in front of the Black Forest. Original finds such as jewelry, utensils and weapons are exhibited in the Loßburg Local History Museum. The skeleton of a 20 to 25-year-old woman shows clear characteristics of the age determination.

The Alamanni settled the village places in the second settlement phase in the 5th and 6th centuries. Century. The name of the place Wittendorf can be traced back to the personal name Wito. More likely, however, is the derivation of “witu” (locative dative for forest). Since 6./7. In the 19th century Wittendorf belonged to the mother parish of Oberiflingen . In the 8th / 9th The first church in Wittendorf, a Martinskirche, was built in the 19th century. In conclusion, from later sources, it can be assumed that the parish of Wittendorf and Schnait (now part of Wittendorf) had to pay interest to the monastery Stein a. Rh. Via the Widemhof in Oberiflingen. Around the year 1100 a certain Albert and his brother Cuono gave the Reichenbach monastery a hat in Wittendorf. After 1115 Hartmuot von Wittendorf handed over large property to this monastery. Wittendorf is first mentioned in a document with the exact date in 1143 (September 22nd). In the Reichenbacher donation book, Hartmuot von Wittendorf is named among other things at the church consecration festival. In 1275 the parishes of Wittendorf and Schnait ( Snaite ) are mentioned. The two parishes then belonged to the deanery of Crespach . In 1451 Wittendorf received the Schnaiter tithe in exchange from the Johannitern zu Rexingen . At that time, Schnait was already part of Wittendorf. On September 14, 1501, Gangolf von Geroldseck zu Hohengeroldseck with the rule of Loßburg also sold Wittendorf to the Alpirsbach monastery . In 1502 the Alpirsbach monastery built the tithe barn in Wittendorf. The year is carved in stone on the building.

In 1514 the subjects of the Lossburg rulership revolted against the Alpirsbach monastery in connection with the peasant uprising Poor Konrad . The Wittendorf community was also involved. The result was severe fines, some of which were “eternal and permanent”. In 1544 it was recorded for the first time in Wittendorf that a woman was accused of witchcraft . Endlin, the wife of Konrad Lowmayer, was imprisoned in Dornhan on suspicion of witchcraft . The bailiffs Wendel Zipp zu Alpirsbach and Benedikt Schwenkh zu Dornhan accused them and also condemned them. However, she was released from prison after swearing a primal feud and promising to cross the Rhine.

Martinskirche , built in 1786 by church council builder Goez

From 1635 to 1649 the Wittendorf parish was without spiritual support due to the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War . Pastor Zehe was killed on the run in 1635. The place was deserted by war and plague , the rectory burned down, but not the church. Several devastating fires raged in Wittendorf. During the fire in 1785, the church, church tower and 7 town houses fell victim to a fire. The church was rebuilt in 1786 by church council builder Wilhelm Friedrich Goez from Ludwigsburg. In the great village fire in 1846, 28 houses burned down within three hours, including the newly built schoolhouse.

In 1968 the Wittendorfer church branch Oberbrändi was assigned to the parish of Fürnsal . In 1974 Wittendorf joined the municipal administration of Lossburg. In 1981, Unterschnaitertal came from Sterneck to the Wittendorf local authority, Oberbrändi from Wittendorf to Sterneck.

Romsgrund is first mentioned in 1360 with Rumsgrund and Ramsgrunt . "Rame" [= dirt] means swamp, swamp. The place is said to have had seven courtyards. Two farms are named in the stock records and in the Freudenstadt office description.

In 1934 the sub-community Romsgrund was incorporated into the overall community Wittendorf.

On July 1, 1974, Wittendorf was incorporated into Loßburg.

In Wittendorf there is a local history museum in the granary, in which special exhibits from the village's history are kept.

Sons and daughters of Wittendorf

The list contains well-known people who were born in Wittendorf, regardless of whether they later had their sphere of activity here.

  • Rudi Paret (1901–1983), philologist and Islamic scholar

literature

  • Jänichen, Hans, The possession of the Stein am Rhein monastery (previously Hohentwiel) north of the Danube from the 11th to the 16th century, in: Yearbook for Statistics and Regional Studies of Baden-Württemberg, 4th year, 1958, pp. 76–86
  • Loßburger Hefte, No. 3, witch hunt in Loßburg, Büchenberg, Ödenwald, Rodt, Schömberg, 24-Höfe and Wittendorf, Freudenstadt 1997
  • Loßburger Hefte, No. 5, Historical outline of Loßburg and its suburbs, Freudenstadt 1999, p. 151–160
  • Loßburger Hefte, No. 9, boundary stones and field names of Loßburg and its suburbs, Freudenstadt 2004, pp. 193-231
  • Franz, Paul, Klaus M. Heckmanns and Hans Saile, Wittendorfer Heimatbuch, Horb 1993

Web links

Wikisource: Wittendorf  - in the description of the Oberamt Freudenstadt from 1858

swell

  1. ↑ cf. Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, administrative district Karlsruhe, ref. 34, Wittendorf site index, municipality Loßburg, administrative district Freudenstadt, parcel no. 688, 689, 694 - 696, TK 7516, FK SW 09.36 (as of April 1986)
  2. ↑ cf. Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, land monument preservation, district Karlsruhe, Wittendorf, municipality Loßburg, district Freudenstadt, parcel no. 452, TK 7516, FK SW 10.37
  3. ↑ cf. Paret, Oskar, Württemberg in prehistoric times and early history, Stuttgart 1961, p. 248
  4. ↑ cf. Find reports Schwaben, NF VIII (1933–1935), Stoll 1933, Stuttgart 1935, p. 78
  5. ↑ cf. Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, land monument preservation, administrative district Karlsruhe, ref. 34, archaeological site directory Loßburg, district Freudenstadt, parcel no. 742 TK 7516 FK SW 12.38, prehistoric burial mound
  6. ↑ cf. Find reports from Schwaben, 1924–1926, NF III, Stuttgart 1926, pp. 48 and 57f; see. Find reports from Schwaben 1917-1922, NF 1, Stuttgart 1922, pp. 85f; see. Paret, Oskar, The late Celtic time and a new find from the Black Forest, in: From the Black Forest, sheets of the Württemberg Black Forest Association 1926, pp. 109–111
  7. ↑ cf. Goeßler, Peter, The first Roman finds from the Oberamt Freudenstadt, From the Black Forest, sheets of the Württemberg Black Forest Association, No. 5/6 May / June 1920 p. 36
  8. ↑ cf. Landesdenkmalamt, soil monument preservation, Ref. 34 Nü, Böffingen, municipality of Glatten, district of Freudenstadt, Bellenstein plot no. 976/2, 977 - 990, FW 47, 53, 54, 55, TK 7517, FK SW 10.35 (as of April 1986); see. Find reports from Schwaben 1917-1922, NF 1, Stuttgart 1922, pp. 85f; see. Paret, Oskar, The late Celtic time and a new find from the Black Forest, in: From the Black Forest, sheets of the Württemberg Black Forest Association 1926, pp. 109–111
  9. ↑ cf. Find reports Schwaben, 18th year, 1910, addendum by P. Goeßler, No. 47,3
  10. ↑ cf. HStAS (Main State Archives Stuttgart): H 102/2 vol. 9, fol. 72b (bearing book 1560) and H 102/2, vol. 6 fol. 108a (stock book 1488)
  11. ↑ cf. Goeßler, Peter, The first Roman finds from the Oberamt Freudenstadt, From the Black Forest, sheets of the Württemberg Black Forest Association, No. 5/6 May / June 1920 pp. 34–37
  12. ↑ HStAS: A 470 U 555; see. Jänichen, Hans, The possession of the Stein am Rhein monastery (previously Hohentwiel) north of the Danube from the 11th to the 16th century, in: Yearbook for Statistics and Regional Studies of Baden-Württemberg, 4th year, 1958, pp. 80–82
  13. ↑ LBST (State Library Stuttgart): Cod. Hist, nr.. 147, fol. 23b
  14. ↑ LBSt: Cod. Hist., No. 147, fol. 26a
  15. ↑ LBSt (State Library Stuttgart) Cod. Hist., No. 147, fol. 28 a / b
  16. ^ EAF (Archbishop's Archive Freiburg): H 56, p. 13
  17. ↑ HStAS: B 43 U 120; H 218 vol. 131, fol. 236b-238b
  18. ↑ HStAS: A 470 U 513
  19. ↑ cf. SaLoßburger Hefte, No. 5, Historical outline of Lossburg and its suburbs, Freudenstadt 1999, pp. 114–117
  20. ↑ See Saile, Hans, Loßburger Hefte, No. 5, Geschichtlicher Abriss von Loßburg and its suburbs, Freudenstadt 1999, pp. 88–93
  21. ↑ LKASt (Landeskirchliche Archiv Stuttgart): A 29/5282 (parish description 1827, p. 4 f. And 1905, p. 9)
  22. ↑ HStAS: A 470 U 918
  23. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 492 .

Coordinates: 48 ° 25 '  N , 8 ° 30'  E