Time warp
A time loop is a recursive chain of time .
Normally, any point in the present is irreversibly followed by a point in the future , i.e. H. all events happen sequentially and causally - the effect follows the cause and never the other way around. In a time loop, however, the direction of the timeline is curved so that it intersects with a point in the past or future. As a result, there is a leap in time that is limited to a certain environment.
A prime example in literature and film is the classic theme of the time machine , with which usually only a single person travels in time. Often this is combined with a correction of the past and corresponding ( dramaturgically grateful) entanglements and changes, which, however, would violate the principle of causality. One of the most famous films that takes up the topic of a time warp is Groundhog Day from 1993.
Theoretical models
The equations of general relativity have solutions that allow time loops. A prerequisite would be a sufficiently strong curvature of space-time due to enormous masses of matter.
A theory presented by the physicist Fernando de Felice suspects that the so-called gamma - ray flashes are the consequences of a time loop. According to his calculations, a black hole containing around 100–1000 million solar masses would bend space-time so strongly that a time loop is created. Felice assumes a black hole that (as is also assumed for quasars ) absorbs matter over the course of millions of years, which comes from a surrounding disk of matter . The friction within this rotating disk creates gamma radiation , a small part of which - de Felipe estimates around one percent - gets into the time warp. All the radiation that the black hole absorbs in this way in the future would now, according to de Felice's calculation, leave the time loop at the time it was created and be perceived by the observer as a gamma-ray flash.
The possibility of using such a time loop to travel into the past, however, is only possible for elementary particles, given the gravity in the vicinity of a black hole. Any solid matter would be torn apart. For time travel through living beings, as they are sometimes described in science fiction , there is still no physical model. The consequences of the loss of causality would also be so serious that most scientists reject such a possibility.
literature
Time loops and time leaps are common in the relevant literature. The best-known early representative is HG Wells ' novel Die Zeitmaschine , published in 1895 and later filmed . An extreme, satirically exaggerated example of a multiple time loop can be found in Stanisław Lem's story Seventh Journey in Star Diaries : An Adventure of “Space Münchhausen ” Ijon Tichy , who in a time vortex has a wild brawl with several copies of himself from different times supplies.
In December 1973, Richard Lupoff's short story 12:01 PM appeared , which was published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction . The short 12:01 PM was shot with permission from Richard Lupoff. Using his idea in the movie Groundhog Day saw Lupoff as plagiarism and wanted to take action against it. However, according to his own statements, he gave up after six months because he did not feel like going through a lengthy process.
The novel In the Garden of Seven Twilight by Miquel de Palol (1989) contains The Story of Dinner at Virgínia Guasch , in which the narrator relives one day (and the dinner at Virgínia Guasch that takes place on that day) over and over again. Among other things, he tries to free himself from the time warp by suicide, but wakes up again on the same day.
In the novel All You Need Is Kill (2004), the main character Keiji Kiriya relives the same day after fatal missions against aliens. Death is used to continuously improve skills in combat. With Edge of Tomorrow the story was in 2014 with Tom Cruise filmed in the lead role.
List (selection)
| title | year |
|---|---|
| All You Need Is Kill | 2004 |
| The rat in the maze | 1957 |
| Replay - The second game | 1986 |
Movies
Time loops are also a popular topic in feature films, such as in Groundhog Day , Retroactive , 12:01 , Déjà Vu - Race against Time , Source Code , Triangle - Fear comes in waves or Edge of Tomorrow . The basic problem is shown in the Terminator film series: machine beings want to take out a resistance fighter by sending a robot into the past, which is supposed to murder the resistance fighter's mother before he is born. The resistance fighter finds out about it and sends (originally ignorant) his own father afterwards to protect the woman, and from whom the resistance fighter is just being conceived.
Time loops are used in the three-part series Back to the Future , in which the protagonist occasionally (almost) encounters himself while traveling in time. The time loops even close at several points in time.
In 1993, the same year as Groundhog Day appeared, the motif of the recurring day was also taken up in the film 12:01 . In 1997, Retroactive Prisoners of Time sent James Belushi back in time, killing more people with every intervention.
In 2004, Sat.1 showed a German adaptation of the comedy with love on hold . 2007 showed ARD with Anna's nightmare shortly after 6 with Gesine Cukrowski in the title role, a further adaptation of the theme.
List (selection)
| title | year |
|---|---|
| 7 Below - House of Dark Souls | 2012 |
| 12:01 pm | 1993 |
| 12:01 PM | 1990 |
| Anna's nightmare shortly after Jan. | 2007 |
| ARQ | 2016 |
| Butterfly Effect | 2004 |
| The early comer | 2014 |
| The island of special children | 2016 |
| Doctor Strange | 2016 |
| Edge of Tomorrow | 2014 |
| Window to summer | 2011 |
| Happy deathday | 2017 |
| Interstellar | 2014 |
| Better yesterday than never ... | 1998 |
| Lola runs | 1998 |
| Looper | 2012 |
| Nightmare on Elm Street 4 | 1988 |
| Nobody | 2007 |
| Sudden and unexpected - a déjà revue | 1993 |
| Retroactive | 1997 |
| The future | 2011 |
| Timecrimes - murder is only a matter of time | 2007 |
| Death in the time warp | 2009 |
| Triangle - Fear comes in waves | 2009 |
| And the marmot greets you every day | 1993 |
| And Santa Claus says hello every day | 1996 |
| If you die, your whole life will pass you by, they say | 2017 |
| Whoever gives up is dead | 2016 |
Series
In many other film series, time loops or time travel are also a topic, for example in Star Trek , Stargate - Kommando SG-1 or Seven Days - Das Tor zur Zeit . Time travel and loops are also a central element in the TV youth series Hotel 13 .
Episodes (selection)
In the episode Déjà Vu (5 × 18; original title: Cause and Effect ; 1992) of the series Star Trek - The Next Generation, the crew of the Enterprise gets into a time loop, at the end of which there is always the destruction of the spaceship, until Data always himself leaves more indications of the "coming" events. Only when the destruction can be averted does the time loop end.
In 1998, the episode And Daily Greetings from the Kobold (4 × 11; original title: Twas the Night Before Mxymas ) of the US TV series Superman - The Adventures of Lois & Clark was broadcast for the first time on German television . As a result, Superman has to deal with his adversary Mr. Mxyzptlk, who lets him experience Christmas Eve again and again, with the people in Metropolis becoming more and more hopeless with each repetition.
In the episode Monday (6 × 14; Original title: Monday ) of the X-Files series from 1999, a woman tries to change the course of a day that she has to go through again and again. The building is destroyed by a bomb in a bank robbery carried out by her friend. In the bank is Fox Mulder, with whose help the disaster can finally be prevented.
In 2000, the subject was taken up in the US TV series Stargate SG-1 ( No end in sight ; 4 × 06; original title: Window of Opportunity ): Colonel Jack O'Neill and Teal'c experience a period of ten Hours again and again.
In 2001/2002 the topic was dealt with in the series Buffy - The Bane of Demons , episode Die Zeitschleife (6 × 05; original title: Life Serial ), in which Buffy repeatedly ends up in the magic shop, no matter which door she wants to leave him through until she manages to sell a certain item to a certain customer by rethinking. This time loop was created by one of the three villains Warren, Andrew and Jonathan, who provide a kind of "competition" to see who can defeat Buffy the fastest.
In the episode Die Zeitschleife (3 × 04; original title: I Do Over ; 2008) of the series Eureka - The secret city Jack Carter is stuck in a time loop and relives the wedding of Allison Blake and Nathan Stark again and again.
In 2008, the theme of the American series Supernatural was taken up in the episode And daily greetings… (3 × 11; original title: Mystery Spot ) . One of the main characters, Sam Winchester , has to watch over and over again how his brother Dean dies. Every morning Sam explains to his brother that it is exactly like in And Groundhog Day . Within the time warp every morning on the radio Heat of the Moment of Asia , after the breakthrough Back in Time by Huey Lewis and the News .
In the episode And Greetings from Miss Tutweiler (1 × 06; original title: International Dateline ; 2008) of the series Zack & Cody on board , Cody experiences the same day again and again when crossing the date line .
The Netflix series Dark (first broadcast on December 1, 2017) is about the story of missing children who travel through a wormhole to another time and are trapped there. The protagonists live in an eternal time loop in which everything always happens as it always has, whereby the present can never be changed.
In the Tatort episode Murot and the Groundhog (episode 1084, first broadcast on February 17, 2019), Inspector Murot experiences the day of a robbery on a bank, in which he dies, until he can persuade the bank robber to give up.
The Matryoshka series (broadcast since February 2019) varies the psychological theme of Groundhog Day . In it, two people experience overlapping time loops that only end when they learn to solve their personal character problems.
In the series Großstadtrevier (episode 451, Always Monday ), Police Chief Krabbe experienced four times the same Monday on which he represented the sick Chief Police Officer Küppers and despite his eagerness to do everything right, at the end of the day there were deaths to complain about. He is completely desperate until he realizes that he is not alone in the world. On the fifth Monday of this time loop, Krabbe suggests Mrs. Küppers to his colleague Schirmer as a substitute and the day passes without deaths and the spell of the time loop is broken.
Others
The German electro punk band Frittenbude released a song on their second album Katzengold in 2010 with the title And daily greets the marmot , in which the theme of eternal repetition is taken up.
Individual evidence
- ↑ www.cosmos.esa.int
- ↑ Breaking out of the time loop. In: www.wissenschaft.de. Retrieved September 8, 2019 .
- ↑ 12:01 PM (1990) Awards . In: IMDb . Retrieved February 21, 2008.
- ^ SF Recollections by Richard Lupoff . In: Timebinders . Archived from the original on November 15, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
- ↑ de.memory-alpha.org
- ↑ StarTrekArchiv.com: TNG episode guide ; accessed on May 17, 2010. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )
- ↑ fernsehserien.de: Superman - The Adventures of Lois & Clark Episode Guide Season 4 ; Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ↑ fernsehserien.de: The X-Files Episode Guide Season 6 ; Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ↑ sf-radio.net: Stargate SG1 episode guide 4 × 06 ; Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ↑ sf-radio.net: Buffy Episode Guide ; Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ↑ Supernatural episode guide 3 × 11 ( memento of the original from September 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Retrieved May 17, 2010.
- ↑ Musikradar.de: Supernatural: Season 3 - The track list ; Retrieved October 16, 2013.
- ↑ Always Monday. In: daserste.de. Retrieved April 27, 2020 .
- ↑ frittenbude.blogsport.de
