Tin (IV) chloride

Structural formula
	Wedges to clarify the spatial structure
General
Surname	Tin (IV) chloride
other names	Tin chloride; Tin tetrachloride; Stannous chloride;
Molecular formula	SnCl 4
Brief description	colorless, air-smoking liquid with a pungent odor
External identifiers / databases
EC number	231-588-9
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.717
PubChem	24287
ChemSpider	22707
Wikidata	Q205004
properties
Molar mass	260.53 g · mol -1
Physical state	liquid
density	2.23 g cm −3 (20 ° C); 2.04 g cm −3 (pentahydrate);
Melting point	−33 ° C ; 56 ° C (pentahydrate);
boiling point	114 ° C
Vapor pressure	24 h Pa (20 ° C)
solubility	Hydrolysis in water, soluble in carbon tetrachloride and diethyl ether
Refractive index	1.5086 (25 ° C)
safety instructions
H and P phrases	H: 314-335-412
	P: 260-280-303 + 361 + 353-304 + 340 + 310-305 + 351 + 338
	As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions . Refractive index: Na-D line , 20 ° C

Tin (IV) chloride , sometimes simply called tin chloride , is a chloride of tin . It is a clear, smoking liquid that has a pungent, hydrochloric acid- like odor. With water, under intense heating, hydrolysis takes place to form tin dioxide and hydrochloric acid .

history

Since it was long attributed to Andreas Libavius to have discovered tin chloride around 1605 , the Latin trivial name Spiritus fumans Libavii was chosen in honor of its apparent discoverer. It was only much later that it was found out that the connection had already been mentioned around 180 years earlier, in the Book of the Holy Trinity by the Franciscan Ulmannus (1419). From 1630 the Dutch used it in cochineal dyeing .

Manufacturing

Tin (IV) chloride is obtained by adding hydrochloric acid to tin (II) chloride solutions at 60 ° C. and oxidizing them at 40 ° C. with nitric acid. The liquid then solidifies to tin chloride with five molecules of crystal water when it cools . The tin (II) chloride can also be oxidized by introducing chlorine .

{\ displaystyle \ mathrm {SnCl_ {2} + Cl_ {2} \ longrightarrow SnCl_ {4}}}

In order to produce tin chloride from tinplate waste containing 3-5% tin , the same is treated with chlorine and the volatilized tin chloride is compressed in coil coolers.

{\ displaystyle \ mathrm {Sn + 2 \ Cl_ {2} \ longrightarrow SnCl_ {4}}}

The solution of tin chloride gives off large, flowing crystals with five molecules of water of crystallization when it evaporates. The dilute aqueous solution decomposes on heating with the separation of metatin (IV) acid .

The vapors of tin chloride give with water vapor in red heat stannic acid anhydride , with hydrogen sulfide tin (IV) sulfide . Tin chloride is used as a stain in dyeing and fabric printing , to represent aniline blue and colored lacquers, also for tinning . Ammonium tin chloride (NH ₄ ) ₂ SnCl ₆ is formed when concentrated solutions of tin chloride and ammonia are mixed as a colorless crystalline powder, which dissolves in three parts of water, tolerates boiling temperature in concentrated solution, but its dilute solution separates out tin hydroxide when heated .

properties

Tin (IV) chloride pentahydrate

At room temperature, tin chloride is a colorless liquid with a specific weight of 2.23 g · cm ⁻³ . The substance produces white smoke due to its hygroscopicity in the air. The compound, which is still liquid at −20 ° C and boils at 114 ° C, is very caustic. According to Antoine, the vapor pressure function results from log ₁₀ (P) = A− (B / (T + C)) (P in bar, T in K) with A = 4.18162, B = 1384.537 and C = −54.377 in the temperature range from 250.5 to 386 K. It dissolves sulfur , iodine and phosphorus . In air or with a little water, the pentahydrate ( tin butter ) forms as a colorless crystalline mass.

{\ displaystyle \ mathrm {SnCl_ {4} +5 \ H_ {2} O \ longrightarrow SnCl_ {4} \ cdot 5 \ H_ {2} O}}

In larger amounts of water, the tin (IV) chloride dissolves with extensive hydrolysis , the solution being strongly acidic. Solutions of tin chloride are also obtained by treating tin acid with hydrochloric acid , of tin (II) chloride solution with chlorine, when treating a tin (II) chloride solution mixed with hydrochloric acid with nitric acid , when dissolving tin in aqua regia . The latter solution also contains tin (II) chloride and results in dyeing the name of nitrate of tin, scarlet, Zinnkomposition, Zinnsolution, physics, Rosiersalz, Rosa acid . Instead of these solutions of unsafe content, tin chloride is now more frequently on the market in solid form.

use

Tin (IV) chloride is used as steam in the hot end coating of container glass, with a thin layer of tin oxide being deposited on the hot glass surface, which makes the glass more resistant to abrasion and scratching. Tin (IV) chloride is used as a stain in the stuff printing shop (where the tin chloride solution containing free acid cannot be used, ammonium hexachlorostannate , pink salt is used ), for the representation of tar colors and paints , also for tinning .

Tin (IV) chloride is also used to produce organic tin compounds such as tetrapropyltin .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Entry on tin chlorides. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on May 26, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Entry on tin (IV) chloride in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on January 10, 2017(JavaScript required) .
↑ ^a ^b Data sheet Stannic Chloride, 5-Hydrate from Avantor Performance Materials , accessed on October 9, 2014.
↑ David R. Lide (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . 90th edition. (Internet version: 2010), CRC Press / Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids, pp. 4-140.
↑ Entry on tin tetrachloride in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), accessed on February 1, 2016. Manufacturers or distributors can expand the harmonized classification and labeling .
↑ Hans-Werner Schütt: In search of the philosopher's stone. The history of alchemy . CH Beck Munich, Munich 2000, p. 372 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
^ Stull, DR: Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Ind. Eng. Chem. 39 (1947) 517-540, doi: 10.1021 / ie50448a022 .
^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . tape 20 . Leipzig 1909, tin chloride , p. 944–945 ( web digitization , zeno.org).
^ Richard W. Weiss: Compounds of Germanium, Tin, and Lead, including Biological Activity and Commercial Application Covering the Literature from 1937 to 1964 . Springer Science & Business Media, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-51889-8 , pp. 162 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

Web links

Commons : Tin (IV) Chloride - Collection of Pictures, Videos, and Audio Files

[roempp-1] Entry on tin chlorides. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on May 26, 2014.

[GESTIS-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Entry on tin (IV) chloride in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on January 10, 2017(JavaScript required) .

[jtb-3] Data sheet Stannic Chloride, 5-Hydrate from Avantor Performance Materials , accessed on October 9, 2014.

[CRC90_4_140-4] David R. Lide (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . 90th edition. (Internet version: 2010), CRC Press / Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids, pp. 4-140.

[CLP_100.028.717-5] Entry on tin tetrachloride in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), accessed on February 1, 2016. Manufacturers or distributors can expand the harmonized classification and labeling .

[Schütt_2000-6] Hans-Werner Schütt: In search of the philosopher's stone. The history of alchemy . CH Beck Munich, Munich 2000, p. 372 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[7] Stull, DR: Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Ind. Eng. Chem. 39 (1947) 517-540, doi: 10.1021 / ie50448a022 .

[Meyers_1909-8] Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . tape 20 . Leipzig 1909, tin chloride , p. 944–945 ( web digitization , zeno.org).

[Richard_W._Weiss-9] Richard W. Weiss: Compounds of Germanium, Tin, and Lead, including Biological Activity and Commercial Application Covering the Literature from 1937 to 1964 . Springer Science & Business Media, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-51889-8 , pp. 162 ( limited preview in Google Book search).