Zwoleń
| Zwoleń | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Mazovia | ||
| Powiat : | Zwoleński | ||
| Gmina : | Zwoleń | ||
| Area : | 15.91 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 51 ° 21 ' N , 21 ° 35' E | ||
| Residents : | 7698 (June 30, 2019) | ||
| Postal code : | 26-700 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 48 | ||
| License plate : | WZW | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | DK79 Warsaw - Bytom | ||
| DK12 Radom - Puławy | |||
| Next international airport : | Warsaw | ||
| Administration (as of 2018) | |||
| Mayor : | Arkadiusz Sulima | ||
| Address: | pl. Kochanowskiego 1 26-700 Zwoleń |
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| Website : | www.zwolen.pl | ||
Zwoleń is the county seat of the Powiat Zwoleński of the Masovian Voivodeship in Poland with about 7700 inhabitants. It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with 15,104 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2019).
geography
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The city is located in the south of the voivodeship. The next district towns are about 20 to 25 kilometers away. There are Kozienice in the north, Puławy on the Vistula in the east, Lipsko in the south and the city of Radom in the west. The neighboring towns are all the villages of the Zwoleń municipality: Niwiki in the northwest, Jedlanka and Strykowice Górne in the north, Strykowice Błotne in the northeast, Atalin in the east, Zielonka Nowa and Bożenczyzna in the southeast, Osiny and Pałki in the southwest and Mostki, Ostrowy and Podzagajnik in the west. With the exception of Bożenczyzna, Ostrowy and Pałki, the places have school offices (sołectwa). The city takes up about ten percent of the municipal area.
The area around the city is dominated by agriculture , in the south of the town there is a small forest area. The 37.3 kilometers long Zwoleńka, formerly also called Lucymia or Stawka , flows through the eastern part of the urban area.
history
In 1983 traces of human habitation were found on the outskirts of Zwoleń between 70 and 85,000 years ago. This included flint tools and a large number of animal remains found, particularly horses, but also mammoth bones . They are among the oldest traces of human presence in Poland today. Historically, the city belongs to Lesser Poland and the Radomskie cultural region (also Ziemia Radomska) in the area of the historic land around Sandomierz on the Vistula and Pilica . The region was described by Oskar Kolberg in the 19th century . At the crossroads of important trade routes, from Greater Poland to Lviv and between Kraków and Mazovia , the village of Gotardowa Wola emerged towards the end of the 14th century . The Radom Forest was one of the favorite hunting areas of King Władysław II Jagiełło . He granted the village privileges on February 20, 1425 and gave the new city of Zwoleń rights based on the Magdeburg model. About 50 years later the city came under the rule of the Starostei in Radom. In 1507 a subordinate city council of Zwoleń is mentioned for the first time.
The wealthy town had a parish school since 1494, which reached a high level over the next century. Many children were able to attend Kraków University. By 1540 the city had about a thousand inhabitants and shoemakers were the most important group among the craftsmen. A city fire in 1558 destroyed most of the buildings and the wooden church. The new church was built from bricks until 1595. The city council found the king's hearing after a dispute with the starost. Zygmunt August created the Starostei Zwoleń in 1571 with the villages of Bartodzieje , Rawica, Sucha , Suska Wola and Tczów . This later survived somewhat smaller for over 200 years.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Zwoleń flourished with over 2700 inhabitants. In addition to the shoemakers, there were many distilleries, and later the tanning trade became important. The iron and salt trade made Jews a wealthy and larger group that comprised about ten percent of the city's population. The noble families Kochanowski and Owadowski expanded the parish church by two chapels. The second half of the 17th century was marked by plague and looting. After raiding their own troops, the Swedes burned part of the city in February 1656. A year later, troops from Transylvania invaded the city. It burned again in 1659. Almost two thirds of the houses were destroyed in these events, and the city was then inhabited by a little more than a thousand people. The year 1672 was marked by the battle for the crown between King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki and Jan Sobieski . The Swedes plundered again in 1702. The population reached a maximum of 850 in 1730. By the end of the century there were fewer than a thousand people, 30 percent of whom were Jews.
After the Kościuszko Uprising was put down in 1794, Poland was divided a third time the following year . Zwoleń came under the Habsburg monarchy and received a military garrison because of its proximity to South Prussia . In 1800 a violent fire broke out that destroyed the town hall and the Church of St. Anne. In June 1809, Prince Józef Poniatowski took the city. Six years later, the one hundred year Russian rule began .
Shortly before the November uprising, the population exceeded 2000 people. In February 1831, Polish troops fought two battles in the city. Then a cholera epidemic broke out. Ten years later, after the fire of 1834, Zwoleń had only 1,700 inhabitants, thanks to the trading center there were 3,000 people in 1863. During the January uprising , the city was captured by Poles for the first time in January 1863. Supporters of the uprising like Father Fryderyk Włocki were sentenced to forced labor for collecting weapons and money and had to go into exile. Colonel Czachowski later came to town three times and recruited insurgents. Father Józef Musielewicz, born in Zwoleń, was his chaplain. In 1864 the city came to Polish hands for the last time. After that, many people were arrested and Zwoleń lost its town charter in 1869.
The place grew despite everything and at the beginning of the 20th century had 6,000 inhabitants. More than 40 percent were Jews. Most of the almost 550 houses were still made of wood in 1907. At the turn of the century the volunteer fire brigade, the Volkshaus, theater groups, the credit company and the Towarzystwo Spożywców "Społem" were founded. The education and school system was expanded. After the revolution of 1905, national democracy developed in Zwoleń. The youth went on a long school strike and demanded the right to use the Polish language in class. - Zwoleń came under Austrian occupation again in 1915. In early 1918 the residents organized a large anti-Austrian demonstration.
In the Second Polish Republic , Zwoleń was given city rights back in 1925. The place built the slaughterhouse, a power station, a fire station and the agricultural school. Over 30 percent of the houses were renovated using brick construction. In the interwar period, trade gradually weakened and tanneries collapsed during the economic crisis.
On September 6, 1939, the city with 9500 inhabitants was heavily bombed. The next air raid and artillery fire followed on September 8th . The following day the Germans marched into Zwoleń. At the beginning of 1941, the occupiers established the Zwoleń Ghetto , to which they also resettled Jews from the region and gathered around 7,000 people. From June 1942 members of the intelligentsia were sent to prisons and extermination camps . Many of the Home Army supporters were deported to Germany for forced labor. Over 200 people from the area were shot dead in the Jewish cemetery. Public executions later took place in the market square. In September 1942 the ghetto was dissolved and they were transported to the Treblinka extermination camp . On June 19, 1944, 42 people were executed in the market after 18 Zwoleń and 15 others were shot in Leokadiów at the beginning of the year .
At the end of the summer of 1944, the city was occupied by German front-line units who were preparing to defend the Vistula against the Russians. During the advance of the Red Army , they withdrew from Zwoleń on the night of January 14-15, 1945. The Russians started with arrests, then their policy was continued by the communist authorities. On June 15, 1946, a battle between the Russians and the Zagończyk group broke out near the town . The soldiers responded with retaliatory measures against the population. Amnesty and emigration ceased the activity of the partisans.
Since 1954 the seat of a powiat, the city received today's hospital and the Starostei. The first housing developments were built. The erection of memorials in 1958 and 1961 commemorated the executions and Jan Kochanowski. After the events of Radom in 1976, the region suffered from reduced government funds. Documents have yet to be evaluated to appreciate the events of the 1980s.
The Powiat Zwoleński was founded in 1954 and dissolved again in 1975. The area came from the Kielce Voivodeship to the Radom Voivodeship . City and rural municipality Zwoleń were merged in 1990/1991 to form urban and rural municipality. This came in 1999 to the Masovian Voivodeship and the re-established Powiat Zwoleński.
local community
The city and country community (gmina miejsko-wiejska) Zwoleń with an area of 161 km² includes the city itself and 28 villages with school boards.
traffic
The national road DK79 runs through the municipality and Zwoleń from north to south. It leads from Warsaw to Bytom ( Bytom ) . In Zwoleń it crosses the national road DK12 from Radom to Puławy. The DW787 voivodeship road leads from Pionki near Radom to Zwoleń.
The nearest train station is Garbatka-Letnisko on the Łuków - Radom railway line .
The nearest international airport is Warsaw .
Personalities
The painter Renata Jaworska was born here in 1979.
literature
- Zwoleń , in: Guy Miron (Ed.): The Yad Vashem encyclopedia of the ghettos during the Holocaust . Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009 ISBN 978-965-308-345-5 , pp. 993f.
