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{{Short description|1999 Japanese mecha anime series}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2008}}
{{fanpov|date=December 2011}}
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Header|
{{Infobox animanga/Header|
| name = ∀ Gundam
| name = ∀ Gundam
| image = Turnagundam.jpg
| image = Turnagundam.jpg
⚫
| caption = Cover art for ''Turn A Gundam'' Blu-ray Box I featuring the titular mecha and three of the main characters, Loran Cehack, Dianna Soriel, and her lookalike Kihel Heim
| image_size = 230px
⚫
| ja_kanji = ∀ガンダム
⚫
| caption = Cover art for ''Turn A Gundam'' Blu-ray Box I featuring the titular mecha and three of the main characters, Loran Cehack, Dianna Soriel, and her lookalike Kihel Heim.
⚫
| ja_romaji = Tān Ē Gandamu
⚫
| ja_kanji = ∀ガンダム
| genre = [[Mecha anime and manga|Mecha]]
⚫
| ja_romaji = Tān Ē Gandamu
| genre = [[Mecha]], [[Romance film|Romance]], [[Steampunk]]
| creator = [[Hajime Yatate]]<br>[[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]
| creator = [[Hajime Yatate]]<br>[[Yoshiyuki Tomino]]
}}
}}
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| director = Yoshiyuki Tomino
| director = Yoshiyuki Tomino
| producer = Yoshihiro Suzuki<br>Hideyuki Tomioka
| producer = Yoshihiro Suzuki<br>Hideyuki Tomioka
| writer = Ai Ota<br>Hiroyuki Hoshiyama<br>[[Ichirō Ōkouchi]]<br>Jirō Takayama<br>Katsuhiko Chiba<br>Minoru Yokitani<br>Miya Asakawa<br>Tetsuko Takahashi
| writer =
| music = [[Yoko Kanno]]
| music = [[Yoko Kanno]]
| studio = [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]]
| studio = [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]]
| network = [[Fuji TV]]
| network = [[Fuji Network System|FNS]]/[[Fuji News Network|FNN]] ([[Fuji TV]])
| licensee = {{English anime licensee|NA= [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]]}}
| licensee = {{English anime licensee|NA= [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]]}}{{English anime licensee|UK=[[Anime Limited]]}}
| first = April 9, 1999
| first = April 9, 1999
| last = April 14, 2000
| last = April 14, 2000
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| volume_list =
| volume_list =
}}
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer|portal=yes}}


{{nihongo|'''''Turn A Gundam'''''|{{ruby-ja|∀|ターンエー}}ガンダム|Tān Ē Gandamu|lead=1}}, also stylized as '''''∀ Gundam''''', is a 1999 [[Japan]]ese [[mecha]] [[anime]] series produced by [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]], and aired between 1999 and 2000 on Japan's [[Fuji News Network|FNN]] networks. It was created for the ''Gundam Big Bang'' 20th Anniversary celebration, and is the eighth installment in the ''[[Gundam]]'' franchise. It was later compiled in 2002 into two feature-length movies entitled '''''Turn A Gundam I: Earth Light''''' and '''''Turn A Gundam II: Moonlight Butterfly'''''.
{{nihongo|'''''Turn A Gundam'''''|{{ruby-ja|∀|ターンエー}}ガンダム|Tān Ē Gandamu|lead=1}}, also stylized as '''''∀ Gundam''''', is a 1999 [[Japan]]ese [[mecha]] [[anime]] series produced by [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]], and aired between 1999 and 2000 on Japan's [[Fuji News Network|FNN]] networks. It was created for the ''Gundam Big Bang'' 20th Anniversary celebration, and is the eighth installment in the ''[[Gundam]]'' franchise. It was later compiled in 2002 into two feature-length films entitled '''''Turn A Gundam I: Earth Light''''' and '''''Turn A Gundam II: Moonlight Butterfly'''''.


''Turn A Gundam'' was directed by [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]], who is the main creator of the ''[[Gundam]]'' franchise, and who had written and directed many previous ''Gundam'' works. Tomino created the series as a means of "affirmatively accepting all of the ''Gundam'' series",<ref name="Interview: Yoshiyuki Tomino">{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2009-10-23/yoshiyuki-tomino |title=Interview: Yoshiyuki Tomino |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2009-10-23 |accessdate=2014-07-01}}</ref> which is reflected in the series title's use of the [[Turned A]], a mathematical symbol representing [[universal quantification]].
''Turn A Gundam'' was directed by [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]], who is the main creator of the ''[[Gundam]]'' franchise, and who had written and directed many previous ''Gundam'' works. Tomino created the series as a means of "affirmatively accepting all of the ''Gundam'' series",<ref name="Interview: Yoshiyuki Tomino">{{cite web |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2009-10-23/yoshiyuki-tomino |title=Interview: Yoshiyuki Tomino |publisher=Anime News Network |date=2009-10-23 |access-date=2014-07-01}}</ref> which is reflected in the series title's use of the [[Turned A]], a mathematical symbol representing [[universal quantification]].


==Overview==
== Overview ==
''Turn A Gundam'' takes place in the year {{nihongo|Correct Century 2345|正暦2345年|Seireki Nisen Sanbyaku Yonjū Go Nen|CC 2345}}, in a different [[calendar era]] than the previous Gundam projects. The Japanese term for Correct Century, ''Seireki'', is a wordplay on the Japanese term for the [[Common Era]] (CE) Western calendar system ({{nihongo2|西暦}}; pronounced ''Seireki'').<ref>''2001 Correct Century A Bibliographical Study of "Dark History"'', Gundam Officials 公式百科事典</ref> The population of the Earth is, at the beginning of the series, limited to simple, steam-driven technology after past cataclysms; the Moon is populated by the Moonrace, humans who left Earth after a great war long ago to reside in technologically advanced lunar colonies until such time as they deemed the Earth suitable to return to.
''Turn A Gundam'' takes place in the year {{nihongo|Correct Century 2345|正暦2345年|Seireki Nisen Sanbyaku Yonjū Go Nen|CC 2345}}, in a different [[calendar era]] than the previous Gundam projects. The Japanese term for Correct Century, ''{{Transliteration|ja|Seireki}}'', is a wordplay on the Japanese term for the [[Common Era]] (CE) Western calendar system ({{nihongo2|西暦}}; pronounced {{Transliteration|ja|Seireki}}).<ref>''2001 Correct Century A Bibliographical Study of "Dark History"'', Gundam Officials 公式百科事典</ref> The population of the Earth is, at the beginning of the series, limited to simple, steam-driven technology after past cataclysms; the Moon is populated by the Moonrace, humans who left Earth after a great war long ago to reside in technologically advanced lunar colonies until such time as they deemed the Earth suitable to return to.


==Plot summary==
== Plot ==
{{further|List of Turn A Gundam characters}}
{{Further|List of Turn A Gundam characters{{!}}List of ''Turn A Gundam'' characters}}
⚫
''Turn A Gundam'' follows the character Loran Cehack, a young member of the Moonrace. Selected as part of a [[reconnaissance]] mission to determine whether the Earth was fit for resettlement, Loran lands on the continent of North America, spends two years living on Earth as the [[chauffeur]] to the Heim family, and grows attached to its people. With the expectation of a peaceful resettlement operation from his people, he and a pair of his close friends sent down with him confirm that the Earth is now fit for the Moonrace to make their return. He's taken by surprise when the Moonrace intends to return to Earth via an offensive with mobile suits, and their first attack sparks a violent conflict between Earth and moon.

⚫
''Turn A Gundam'' follows the character Loran Cehack, a young member of the Moonrace. Selected as part of a [[reconnaissance]] mission to determine whether or not the Earth was fit for resettlement, Loran lands on the continent of North America, spends two years living on Earth as the [[chauffeur]] to the Heim family, and grows attached to its people. With the expectation of a peaceful resettlement operation from his people, he and a pair of his close friends sent down with him confirm that the Earth is now fit for the Moonrace to make their return. He's taken by surprise when the Moonrace intends to return to Earth via an offensive with mobile suits, and their first attack sparks a violent conflict between Earth and moon.


The night of the first attack, Loran is at the White Doll, an enormous humanoid statue, for a coming-of-age ceremony. When the Moonrace attacks and the battle in town can be seen from a distance the children panic. In the midst of this panic, the White Doll shatters, revealing a metallic figure within, and the shrine collapses around it. During the panic, Loran recognizes the White Doll as a mobile suit, and succeeds in applying his knowledge of the Moonrace's mobile suits to pilot it. The death of the Heim patriarch in the attack pulls the family and Loran into the budding war; Loran becomes the designated pilot of the White Doll, and its discovery prompts the excavation of further mobile suits in the various "mountain cycles" covering the Earth. As the Moonrace's invasion rapidly turns into a full-fledged war against the increasingly armed Earthrace, it becomes clear that this state of affairs is divisive among both groups; while the Moonrace's queen Dianna Soreil attempts to negotiate with the local leaders for a peaceful solution by which the Moonrace can come to reside on the Earth, the militaristic among both populations interfere with the negotiations again and again, forcing the war to continue as opposed to accepting a compromise.
The night of the first attack, Loran is at the White Doll, an enormous humanoid statue, for a coming-of-age ceremony. When the Moonrace attacks and the battle in town can be seen from a distance the children panic. In the midst of this panic, the White Doll shatters, revealing a metallic figure within, and the shrine collapses around it. During the panic, Loran recognizes the White Doll as a mobile suit, and succeeds in applying his knowledge of the Moonrace's mobile suits to pilot it. The death of the Heim patriarch in the attack pulls the family and Loran into the budding war; Loran becomes the designated pilot of the White Doll, and its discovery prompts the excavation of further mobile suits in the various "mountain cycles" covering the Earth. As the Moonrace's invasion rapidly turns into a full-fledged war against the increasingly armed Earthrace, it becomes clear that this state of affairs is divisive among both groups; while the Moonrace's queen Dianna Soreil attempts to negotiate with the local leaders for a peaceful solution by which the Moonrace can come to reside on the Earth, the militaristic among both populations interfere with the negotiations again and again, forcing the war to continue as opposed to accepting a compromise.


==Media==
== Media ==
⚫
=== Anime ===
⚫
{{Main|List of Turn A Gundam episodes{{!}}List of ''Turn A Gundam'' episodes}}
The series aired 50 episodes in Japan from April 9, 1999 to April 14, 2000 on [[Fuji TV]], being the only Gundam anime to air on said channel. It was directed by [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]] and produced by Hideyuki Tomioka, Takayuki Yoshii, and [[Yoshihiro Suzuki]]. Character designs was by [[Akira Yasuda]] and Yoshihito Hishinuma while mecha designs were done by Atsushi Shigeta, [[Kunio Okawara]], [[Syd Mead]], Takumi Sakura. Shigemi Ikeda directed the art and Yota Tsuruoka directed the sound. Toshiaki Ohta and [[Yoko Kanno]] composed the music.


⚫
The eponymous Turn A Gundam is notable because it is the first Gundam mecha designed entirely by a foreigner, the famous American visual futurist and conceptual artist [[Syd Mead]]. The first design of the new Gundam created by Mead was rejected at first by Yoshiyuki due to its extremely exotic appearance, since Tomino decided that he wanted a figure closer to previous Gundam designs. Because of its quality and impressive appearance, the old design was not discarded at all by Tomino, instead renamed and used by him as the antagonist mobile suit design ''Sumo''.<ref>「∀ガンダム」全記録集, Kondasha, {{ISBN|4-06-330088-9}}.</ref>
⚫
===Anime===

====Production and design====
⚫
The eponymous Turn A Gundam is notable because it is the first Gundam mecha designed entirely by a foreigner, the famous American visual futurist and conceptual artist [[Syd Mead]]. The first design of the new Gundam created by Mead was rejected at first by [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]] due to its extremely exotic appearance, since Tomino decided that he wanted a figure closer to previous Gundam designs. Because of its quality and impressive appearance, the old design was not discarded at all by Tomino, instead renamed and used by him as the antagonist mobile suit design ''Sumo''.<ref>「∀ガンダム」全記録集, Kondasha, {{ISBN|4-06-330088-9}}.</ref>


Mead designed the Turn A Gundam using real world industrial design aspects, which were aimed to make it look simple and realistic.<ref name="MG">Master Grade Turn A Gundam instruction manual</ref> The shield was one of the components designed by Syd Mead with little constraint from the production team. It needed to be big enough so that the suit could hide behind it, making it easier for the anime production staff to draw. Syd Mead imagined it to be like a clam shell and finally settled with a design that looked like the old MS-14 Gelgoog's shield from the first series.<ref>ROBOの石, 石垣 純哉(mechanical design assistant) homepage</ref>
Mead designed the Turn A Gundam using real world industrial design aspects, which were aimed to make it look simple and realistic.<ref name="MG">Master Grade Turn A Gundam instruction manual</ref> The shield was one of the components designed by Syd Mead with little constraint from the production team. It needed to be big enough so that the suit could hide behind it, making it easier for the anime production staff to draw. Syd Mead imagined it to be like a clam shell and finally settled with a design that looked like the old MS-14 Gelgoog's shield from the first series.<ref>ROBOの石, 石垣 純哉(mechanical design assistant) homepage</ref>
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''Turn A Gundam'' is the last entry of the Gundam franchise (not counting the compilations and future video game cut scenes) to be mostly hand painted on [[cel]]s. ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam SEED]]'', released in 2002, was the first series to switch entirely to [[digital ink and paint]].
''Turn A Gundam'' is the last entry of the Gundam franchise (not counting the compilations and future video game cut scenes) to be mostly hand painted on [[cel]]s. ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam SEED]]'', released in 2002, was the first series to switch entirely to [[digital ink and paint]].


The series had two films releases, Turn A Gundam I: Earth Light released February 9, 2002 and Turn A Gundam II: Moonlight Butterfly released February 10, 2002. The films were a condensed retelling of the 50 episodes between the two.
====Episode list====
⚫
{{Main|List of Turn A Gundam episodes}}


===Manga===
=== Manga ===
The Series had two manga adaptations. One by [[Kōichi Tokita]] published by [[Kodansha|Kodansha Ltd]]. running from April 15, 1999 to March 15, 2000 through [[Comic BomBom|Comic BomBom Magazine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ガンダムコミック大全 - ∀ガンダム／ときた洸一 |url=http://allthatgundam.web.fc2.com/comic/turnatokita.htm |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=allthatgundam.web.fc2.com}}</ref> Another written by [[Yoshiyuki Tomino]] running from June 26, 1999 to March, 2002 that was published by [[Kodansha|Kodansha Ltd]]. In their magazine, [[Monthly Magazine Z]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ガンダムコミック大全 - ∀ガンダム／曽我篤士 |url=http://allthatgundam.web.fc2.com/comic/turnasoga.htm |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=allthatgundam.web.fc2.com}}</ref>
{{Expand section|date=January 2013}}

There would be a manga release that would serve as a prequel for the main series titled, Turn A Gundam: Tsuki no Kaze written by [[Akira Yasuda]] that would be published by [[Kadokawa Shoten]] in their magazine, Gundam Ace running from March 2004 to March 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ガンダムコミック大全 - ∀ガンダム 月の風／あきまん(安田 朗) |url=http://allthatgundam.web.fc2.com/comic/turnagaiden.htm |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=allthatgundam.web.fc2.com}}</ref> The manga would follow a younger Loran prior to the events of the main show or manga. Here it is shown the process that Loran and the other characters training to for the upcoming reconnaissance mission on earth. As well as introduce how Loran would eventually be selected for the mission, and send off to earth.


==Relationship with other ''Gundam'' series==
== Relationship with other ''Gundam'' series ==
''Turn A Gundam'' has been cited by Director Tomino and other sources as a show that would unify the stories from the various ''Gundam'' series into one.<ref name="Interview: Yoshiyuki Tomino"/><ref>Newtype USA 1, page 11</ref> Throughout the show, [[mobile suits]] resembling those from the eras depicted in previous ''Gundam'' shows and indicated to be preserved by [[nano machines]] for thousands of years, including as those of the [[Universal Century]], are excavated by the show's various factions. In Episode 42, this plotline comes to a culmination as the history of the Correct Century timeline is shown in a collection of clips known as the '''{{nihongo|Dark History|黒歴史|Kuro Rekishi}}''', which is revealed to be events that took place in different ''Gundam'' series prior to ''Turn A Gundam'', thus making those events part of the Correct Century timeline's history.<ref>''Turn A Gundam'', episode 43</ref>
''Turn A Gundam'' has been cited by Director Tomino and other sources as a show that would unify the stories from the various ''Gundam'' series into one.<ref name="Interview: Yoshiyuki Tomino"/><ref>Newtype USA 1, page 11</ref> Throughout the show, mobile suits resembling those from the eras depicted in previous ''Gundam'' shows and indicated to be preserved by [[nano machines]] for thousands of years, including as those of the [[Universal Century]], are excavated by the show's various factions. In Episode 42, this plotline comes to a culmination as the history of the Correct Century timeline is shown in a collection of clips known as the '''{{nihongo|Dark History|黒歴史|Kuro Rekishi}}''', which is revealed to be events that took place in different ''Gundam'' series prior to ''Turn A Gundam'', thus making those events part of the Correct Century timeline's history.<ref>''Turn A Gundam'', episode 43</ref>


The book ''2001 Correct Century, A Bibliographical Study of "Dark History"'', printed in black pages in front of the ''Universal Century Gundam Officials Encyclopedia'', is supposedly uncovered by a fictional ''Lecturer in Black History'' named Yokk Wakk Onimott during Correct Century 1993. Onimott spends two years to fix the broken pages, five years to interpret the language, and a year to find a publisher. He states that the book was first printed around 3,000 years ago by the Rhea branch of the Earth Federation Government University. Included in the book is a picture drawn by [[Kunio Okawara]] showing a mobile suit supposed to be MS-04 as a S.U.I.T. project of the [[Zeon]] forces in UC0072~0075. It supposedly was found in 1993 Correct Century in the mountain cycle ''Library A-a''. The white page introduction by another fictional writer, ''Minaka Junkers'', an economy assistant professor of the Rhea branch of the Earth Federation Government University, states the book was published in UC0100 to celebrate the Centennial anniversary of the Universal Century. Thus it is officially claimed that the Universal Century is a time before Correct Century, possibly around 3,000 years before the story of Turn A begins.<ref>Gundam Officials 公式百科事典</ref>
The book ''2001 Correct Century, A Bibliographical Study of "Dark History"'', printed in black pages in front of the ''Universal Century Gundam Officials Encyclopedia'', is supposedly uncovered by a fictional ''Lecturer in Black History'' named Yokk Wakk Onimott during Correct Century 1993. Onimott spends two years to fix the broken pages, five years to interpret the language, and a year to find a publisher. He states that the book was first printed around 3,000 years ago by the Rhea branch of the Earth Federation Government University. Included in the book is a picture drawn by [[Kunio Okawara]] showing a mobile suit supposed to be MS-04 as a S.U.I.T. project of the [[Zeon]] forces in UC0072~0075. It supposedly was found in 1993 Correct Century in the mountain cycle ''Library A-a''. The white page introduction by another fictional writer, ''Minaka Junkers'', an economy assistant professor of the Rhea branch of the Earth Federation Government University, states the book was published in UC0100 to celebrate the Centennial anniversary of the Universal Century. Thus it is officially claimed that the Universal Century is a time before Correct Century, possibly around 3,000 years before the story of Turn A begins.<ref>Gundam Officials 公式百科事典</ref>


Later sources would greatly increase the time frame between the two. The official English Gundam.info Archives website, created by Sunrise, describes Correct Century as, "similar to early 20th Century America, but is actually set tens of thousands of years in the distant future and incorporates every Universal Century and Another Gundam timeline that ever existed."<ref>[http://en.gundam.info/archives/index.html Gundam Archives, Gundam.info]</ref> The manual for the Master Grade Turn X [[gunpla]], released in June 2014, would further explain the Dark History as the original ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]'' marking the beginning of humanity's space age, and ''Turn A'' as the final result, with all other ''Gundam'' series, including those that were produced prior to ''Turn A'': ''[[Mobile Fighter G Gundam|G Gundam]]'', ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam Wing|Gundam Wing]]'', and ''[[After War Gundam X|Gundam X]]'', and those produced after: ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam SEED|Gundam SEED]]'', ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam 00|Gundam 00]]'', and ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam AGE|Gundam AGE]]'', taking place in the tens of thousands of years in between the two shows.<ref>Manual for the Master Grade Turn X [[Gunpla]].</ref>
Later sources would greatly increase the time frame between the two. The official English Gundam.info Archives website, created by Sunrise, describes Correct Century as, "similar to early 20th Century America, but is actually set tens of thousands of years in the distant future and incorporates every Universal Century and Another Gundam timeline that ever existed."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.gundam.info/archives/index.html |title=Gundam Archives, Gundam.info |access-date=2014-07-01 |archive-date=2014-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824050125/http://en.gundam.info/archives/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The manual for the Master Grade Turn X [[gunpla]], released in June 2014, would further attempt to expand what is covered by the Dark History as the original ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]'' marking the beginning of humanity's space age, and ''Turn A'' as the final result, with all other ''Gundam'' series, including those that were produced prior to ''Turn A'': ''[[Mobile Fighter G Gundam|G Gundam]]'', ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam Wing|Gundam Wing]]'', and ''[[After War Gundam X|Gundam X]]'', and those produced after: ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam SEED|Gundam SEED]]'', ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam 00|Gundam 00]]'', and ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam AGE|Gundam AGE]]'', taking place in the tens of thousands of years in between the two shows.<ref>Manual for the Master Grade Turn X [[Gunpla]].</ref>


==Theme Songs==
== Music ==
'''Openings:'''
'''Openings:'''
*{{nihongo|"Turn A Turn"|ターンAターン|Tān Ē Tān}} by [[Hideki Saijo]] (Ep. 2-38)
*{{nihongo|"Turn A Turn"|ターンAターン|Tān Ē Tān}} by [[Hideki Saijo]] (Ep. 2-38)
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'''Endings:'''
'''Endings:'''
*"Aura" by [[Shinji Tanimura]] (Ep. 1 - 40)
*"Aura" by [[Shinji Tanimura]] (Ep. 1 - 40)
*{{nihongo|"Tsuki no Mayu"|月の繭||Moon's Cocoon}} by [[Yoko Kanno]] (sung by Aki Okui) (Ep. 41-49)
*{{nihongo|"Tsuki no Mayu"|月の繭||Moon's Cocoon}} by [[Yoko Kanno]] (sung by Aki Okui) (Ep. 41–49)
*{{nihongo|"Kagirinaki Tabiji"|限りなき旅路||The Endless Journey}} by Aki Okui (Ep. 50)
*{{nihongo|"Kagirinaki Tabiji"|限りなき旅路||The Endless Journey}} by Aki Okui (Ep. 50)
*"After All" by [[Donna Burke]] (First compilation movie ending)
*"After All" by [[Donna Burke]] (First compilation film ending)
*"Tsuki no Mayu" (Moon's Cocoon) by Yoko Kanno (sung by Aki Okui) (Second compilation movie ending ~ In its full version right before the ending credits which are instrumental only)
*"Tsuki no Mayu" (Moon's Cocoon) by Yoko Kanno (sung by Aki Okui) (Second compilation film ending ~ In its full version right before the ending credits which are instrumental only)


'''Inserts:'''
'''Inserts:'''
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*"Black History" by Kaoru Nishino
*"Black History" by Kaoru Nishino


==North American release==
== North American release ==
On 22 July 2010, [[Bandai Entertainment]] announced that they had acquired the license to release ''Turn A Gundam'' in the [[United States]]<ref>[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-07-22/bandai-adds-tales-of-the-abyss-turn-a-gundam Anime News Network:] Bandai Ent. Adds Tales of the Abyss, Turn A Gundam. Retrieved on 22 July 2010,</ref> and that they were planning to release the series on Region 1 DVD in 2011. The release was cancelled in January 2012 when Bandai Entertainment announced it would no longer offer any new products in the North American territory.<ref>{{cite web | author=ANN staff | date=January 2, 2012 | title=Bandai Entertainment to Stop Releasing New DVDs, BDs, Manga | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-01-02/bandai-entertainment-to-stop-releasing-new-dvds-bds-manga | publisher=[[Anime News Network]] | accessdate=July 23, 2013}}</ref>
On July 22, 2010, [[Bandai Entertainment]] announced that they had acquired the license to release ''Turn A Gundam'' in the [[United States]]<ref>[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-07-22/bandai-adds-tales-of-the-abyss-turn-a-gundam Anime News Network:] Bandai Ent. Adds Tales of the Abyss, Turn A Gundam. Retrieved on 22 July 2010,</ref> and that they were planning to release the series on Region 1 DVD in 2011. The release was cancelled in January 2012 when Bandai Entertainment announced it would no longer offer any new products in the North American territory.<ref>{{cite web | author=ANN staff | date=January 2, 2012 | title=Bandai Entertainment to Stop Releasing New DVDs, BDs, Manga | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-01-02/bandai-entertainment-to-stop-releasing-new-dvds-bds-manga | publisher=[[Anime News Network]] | access-date=July 23, 2013}}</ref>

On October 11, 2014, at their 2014 [[New York Comic Con]] panel, Sunrise announced they will be releasing all of the Gundam franchise, including ''Turn A Gundam'' in North America though distribution from [[Right Stuf Inc.]], beginning in Spring 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-10-11/sunrise-partners-with-right-stuf-to-release-gundam-franchise-stateside/.79830|title=Sunrise Partners with Right Stuf to Release Gundam Franchise Stateside|publisher= [[Anime News Network]]|date=2014-10-11|access-date=2014-10-12}}</ref>


On October 11, 2014 at their 2014 [[New York Comic-Con]] panel, Sunrise announced they will be releasing all of the Gundam franchise, including ''Turn A Gundam'' in North America though distribution from [[Right Stuf Inc.]], beginning in Spring 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-10-11/sunrise-partners-with-right-stuf-to-release-gundam-franchise-stateside/.79830|title=Sunrise Partners with Right Stuf to Release Gundam Franchise Stateside|publisher= [[Anime News Network]]|date=2014-10-11|accessdate=2014-10-12}}</ref>
On March 11, 2015, [[Right Stuf Inc.]] announced that the first 25 episodes will be released on June 30, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rightstuf.com/site/main/news/individual/FT0000007562.html|title=Right Stuf, Inc. and Sunrise Inc. announce Turn A Gundam Part 1 for June 30, 2015|publisher=[[Right Stuf Inc.]]|date=2015-03-11|access-date=2015-03-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313152519/http://www.rightstuf.com/site/main/news/individual/FT0000007562.html|archive-date=March 13, 2015}}</ref> Sunrise and Right Stuf will also release the ''Turn A Gundam'' films in addition to the TV series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-07-03/right-stuf-sunrise-to-release-original-gundam-tv-anime-on-blu-ray-disc/.90041|title=Right Stuf, Sunrise to Release Original Gundam TV Anime on Blu-ray Disc|publisher=Anime News Network|date=2015-07-03|access-date=2015-07-05}}</ref>


On March 11, 2015, [[Right Stuf Inc.]] announced that the first 25 episodes will be released on June 30, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rightstuf.com/site/main/news/individual/FT0000007562.html|title=Right Stuf, Inc. and Sunrise Inc. announce Turn A Gundam Part 1 for June 30, 2015|publisher=[[Right Stuf Inc.]]|date=2015-03-11|accessdate=2015-03-12|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313152519/http://www.rightstuf.com/site/main/news/individual/FT0000007562.html|archivedate=March 13, 2015}}</ref> Sunrise and Right Stuf will also release the ''Turn A Gundam'' movies in addition to the TV series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-07-03/right-stuf-sunrise-to-release-original-gundam-tv-anime-on-blu-ray-disc/.90041|title=Right Stuf, Sunrise to Release Original Gundam TV Anime on Blu-ray Disc|publisher=Anime News Network|date=2015-07-03|accessdate=2015-07-05}}</ref>
On April 3, 2015, [[Right Stuf Inc.]] announced the remaining 25 episodes of the show would be released on August 4, 2015, via Blu-ray release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-06 |title=Right Stuf, Inc. and Sunrise Inc. announce Turn A Gundam Part 2 for August 4, 2015! {{!}} Anime, Manga and More @ Right Stuf |url=http://www.rightstuf.com/site/main/news/individual/FT0000007578.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |archive-date=2015-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406030016/http://www.rightstuf.com/site/main/news/individual/FT0000007578.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>


==Reception==
== Reception ==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Turn A Gundam.jpg|right|thumb|190px| A plastic miniature model of the Turn A Gundam redesigned by Hobby Japan Modeller celebrating MG100 being Turn A Gundam and the release of the Turn A DVD box set using the old 1/100 Turn A Model.]] -->
{{Expand section|date=January 2013}}
{{Expand section|date=January 2013}}
''[[Mobile Suit Gundam 00]]'' designer [[Yun Kōga]] cited ''Turn A'' when asked about her favorite series within the franchise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/video_reviews/110877|title=411 Movies Interviews: Yasuhiro Nightow, Satoshi Nishimura, Seiji Mizushima, Yousuke Kuroda, and Yun Kouga.|publisher=4mania|accessdate=December 18, 2013|date=July 22, 2009}}</ref>
''[[Mobile Suit Gundam 00]]'' designer [[Yun Kōga]] cited ''Turn A'' when asked about her favorite series within the franchise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.411mania.com/wrestling/video_reviews/110877|title=411 Movies Interviews: Yasuhiro Nightow, Satoshi Nishimura, Seiji Mizushima, Yousuke Kuroda, and Yun Kouga.|publisher=4mania|access-date=December 18, 2013|date=July 22, 2009}}</ref>


The Turn A Gundam was chosen to be the 100th Master Grade model of Gunpla (abbreviation of Gundam Plastic Model) and at an earlier time, the first release of the Turn A Gundam DVD box set was announced. Two of the three Model Magazine in Japan, Hobby Japan and Dengeki Hobby was informed to build their own Turn A model using the old 1/100 kit for a display in the official announcement of the MS100 Turn A. Hobby Japan modeller Seira Masuo drastically redesigned the unit<ref>Hobby Japan, June, 2007 issue, Gunpla LOVE</ref> while Dengeki Hobby modeller went for the original approach of diorama.<ref>Dengeki Hobby, May, 2007 issue, 20th anniversary of Turn A</ref> Both of the models was placed next to the MG100 draft design at the Bandai display forum at the announcement of MG100. Tomino addressed his little disappointment in the design of Turn A Gundam not having good reception, but he commented that it was happy to see that it was not pointless work as Turn A was selected as the 100th Master Grade model.<ref name="MG"/>
The Turn A Gundam was chosen to be the 100th Master Grade model of Gunpla (abbreviation of Gundam Plastic Model) and at an earlier time, the first release of the Turn A Gundam DVD box set was announced. Two of the three Model Magazine in Japan, Hobby Japan and Dengeki Hobby was informed to build their own Turn A model using the old 1/100 kit for a display in the official announcement of the MS100 Turn A. Hobby Japan modeller Seira Masuo drastically redesigned the unit<ref>Hobby Japan, June, 2007 issue, Gunpla LOVE</ref> while Dengeki Hobby modeller went for the original approach of diorama.<ref>Dengeki Hobby, May, 2007 issue, 20th anniversary of Turn A</ref> Both of the models was placed next to the MG100 draft design at the Bandai display forum at the announcement of MG100. Tomino addressed his little disappointment in the design of Turn A Gundam not having good reception, but he commented that it was happy to see that it was not pointless work as Turn A was selected as the 100th Master Grade model.<ref name="MG"/>


Turn A Gundam is also available on High Grade 1/144 scale and on Robot Spirit line. Turn X was released in Master Grade format in June 2014.
Turn A Gundam is also available on High Grade 1/144 scale and on Robot Spirit line. Turn X was released in Master Grade format in June 2014.


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
== External links ==
*[http://www.turn-a-gundam.net Official Website] {{in lang|ja}}
* [http://www.turn-a-gundam.net Official Website] {{in lang|ja}}
* {{ann|anime|917}}
* {{anime News Network|anime|917}}


{{s-start}}
{{S-start}}
{{succession box | before = ''[[Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz]]'' | title = ''[[Gundam]]'' metaseries (production order) | years = 1999 &mdash; 2000 | after = ''[[G-Saviour]]'' }}
{{Succession box | before = ''[[Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz]]'' | title = ''[[Gundam]]'' metaseries (production order) | years = 1999–2000 | after = ''[[G-Saviour]]'' }}
{{s-end}}
{{S-end}}
{{Gundam}}
{{Gundam}}
{{Yoshiyuki Tomino}}
{{Yoshiyuki Tomino}}
{{Sunrise}}
{{Sunrise}}
{{Sunrise films}}


[[Category:Turn A Gundam| ]]
[[Category:Turn A Gundam| ]]
[[Category:1999 anime television series]]
[[Category:1999 anime television series debuts]]
[[Category:1999 manga]]
[[Category:1999 manga]]
[[Category:2002 anime films]]
[[Category:2002 anime films]]
[[Category:Japanese films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Japanese animated films]]
[[Category:2004 manga]]
[[Category:2004 manga]]
[[Category:Fuji Television shows]]
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[[Category:Kadokawa Shoten manga]]
[[Category:Kadokawa Shoten manga]]
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[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
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[[Category:Real robot anime and manga]]

Latest revision as of 07:43, 31 March 2024

∀ Gundam
Cover art for Turn A Gundam Blu-ray Box I featuring the titular mecha and three of the main characters, Loran Cehack, Dianna Soriel, and her lookalike Kihel Heim
∀ガンダム
(Tān Ē Gandamu)
GenreMecha
Created byHajime Yatate
Yoshiyuki Tomino
Anime television series
Directed byYoshiyuki Tomino
Produced byYoshihiro Suzuki
Hideyuki Tomioka
Written byAi Ota
Hiroyuki Hoshiyama
Ichirō Ōkouchi
Jirō Takayama
Katsuhiko Chiba
Minoru Yokitani
Miya Asakawa
Tetsuko Takahashi
Music byYoko Kanno
StudioSunrise
Licensed by
Original networkFNS/FNN (Fuji TV)
Original run April 9, 1999 – April 14, 2000
Episodes50 (List of episodes)
Manga
Written byKōichi Tokita
Published byKodansha
MagazineComic BomBom
DemographicChildren, Shōnen
Original runApril 15, 1999 – March 15, 2000
Volumes2
Manga
Written byYoshiyuki Tomino
Illustrated byAtsushi Soga
Published byKodansha
MagazineMagazine Z
DemographicSeinen
Original runJune 26, 1999 – March 2002
Volumes5
Anime film
Turn A Gundam I: Earth Light
Directed byYoshiyuki Tomino
StudioSunrise
Licensed by
  • NA: Sunrise
ReleasedFebruary 9, 2002
Runtime129 minutes
Anime film
Turn A Gundam II: Moonlight Butterfly
Directed byYoshiyuki Tomino
StudioSunrise
Licensed by
  • NA: Sunrise
ReleasedFebruary 10, 2002
Runtime127 minutes
Manga
Turn A Gundam: Tsuki no Kaze
Written byAkira Yasuda
Published byKadokawa Shoten
MagazineGundam Ace
DemographicShōnen
Original run2004 – 2005
Volumes1
icon Anime and manga portal

Turn A Gundam (∀（ターンエー）ガンダム, Tān Ē Gandamu), also stylized as ∀ Gundam, is a 1999 Japanese mecha anime series produced by Sunrise, and aired between 1999 and 2000 on Japan's FNN networks. It was created for the Gundam Big Bang 20th Anniversary celebration, and is the eighth installment in the Gundam franchise. It was later compiled in 2002 into two feature-length films entitled Turn A Gundam I: Earth Light and Turn A Gundam II: Moonlight Butterfly.

Turn A Gundam was directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino, who is the main creator of the Gundam franchise, and who had written and directed many previous Gundam works. Tomino created the series as a means of "affirmatively accepting all of the Gundam series",[1] which is reflected in the series title's use of the Turned A, a mathematical symbol representing universal quantification.

Overview[edit]

Turn A Gundam takes place in the year Correct Century 2345 (正暦2345年, Seireki Nisen Sanbyaku Yonjū Go Nen, CC 2345), in a different calendar era than the previous Gundam projects. The Japanese term for Correct Century, Seireki, is a wordplay on the Japanese term for the Common Era (CE) Western calendar system (西暦; pronounced Seireki).[2] The population of the Earth is, at the beginning of the series, limited to simple, steam-driven technology after past cataclysms; the Moon is populated by the Moonrace, humans who left Earth after a great war long ago to reside in technologically advanced lunar colonies until such time as they deemed the Earth suitable to return to.

Plot[edit]

Further information: List of Turn A Gundam characters

Turn A Gundam follows the character Loran Cehack, a young member of the Moonrace. Selected as part of a reconnaissance mission to determine whether the Earth was fit for resettlement, Loran lands on the continent of North America, spends two years living on Earth as the chauffeur to the Heim family, and grows attached to its people. With the expectation of a peaceful resettlement operation from his people, he and a pair of his close friends sent down with him confirm that the Earth is now fit for the Moonrace to make their return. He's taken by surprise when the Moonrace intends to return to Earth via an offensive with mobile suits, and their first attack sparks a violent conflict between Earth and moon.

The night of the first attack, Loran is at the White Doll, an enormous humanoid statue, for a coming-of-age ceremony. When the Moonrace attacks and the battle in town can be seen from a distance the children panic. In the midst of this panic, the White Doll shatters, revealing a metallic figure within, and the shrine collapses around it. During the panic, Loran recognizes the White Doll as a mobile suit, and succeeds in applying his knowledge of the Moonrace's mobile suits to pilot it. The death of the Heim patriarch in the attack pulls the family and Loran into the budding war; Loran becomes the designated pilot of the White Doll, and its discovery prompts the excavation of further mobile suits in the various "mountain cycles" covering the Earth. As the Moonrace's invasion rapidly turns into a full-fledged war against the increasingly armed Earthrace, it becomes clear that this state of affairs is divisive among both groups; while the Moonrace's queen Dianna Soreil attempts to negotiate with the local leaders for a peaceful solution by which the Moonrace can come to reside on the Earth, the militaristic among both populations interfere with the negotiations again and again, forcing the war to continue as opposed to accepting a compromise.

Media[edit]

Anime[edit]

Main article: List of Turn A Gundam episodes

The series aired 50 episodes in Japan from April 9, 1999 to April 14, 2000 on Fuji TV, being the only Gundam anime to air on said channel. It was directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino and produced by Hideyuki Tomioka, Takayuki Yoshii, and Yoshihiro Suzuki. Character designs was by Akira Yasuda and Yoshihito Hishinuma while mecha designs were done by Atsushi Shigeta, Kunio Okawara, Syd Mead, Takumi Sakura. Shigemi Ikeda directed the art and Yota Tsuruoka directed the sound. Toshiaki Ohta and Yoko Kanno composed the music.

The eponymous Turn A Gundam is notable because it is the first Gundam mecha designed entirely by a foreigner, the famous American visual futurist and conceptual artist Syd Mead. The first design of the new Gundam created by Mead was rejected at first by Yoshiyuki due to its extremely exotic appearance, since Tomino decided that he wanted a figure closer to previous Gundam designs. Because of its quality and impressive appearance, the old design was not discarded at all by Tomino, instead renamed and used by him as the antagonist mobile suit design Sumo.[3]

Mead designed the Turn A Gundam using real world industrial design aspects, which were aimed to make it look simple and realistic.[4] The shield was one of the components designed by Syd Mead with little constraint from the production team. It needed to be big enough so that the suit could hide behind it, making it easier for the anime production staff to draw. Syd Mead imagined it to be like a clam shell and finally settled with a design that looked like the old MS-14 Gelgoog's shield from the first series.[5]

Turn A Gundam is the last entry of the Gundam franchise (not counting the compilations and future video game cut scenes) to be mostly hand painted on cels. Mobile Suit Gundam SEED, released in 2002, was the first series to switch entirely to digital ink and paint.

The series had two films releases, Turn A Gundam I: Earth Light released February 9, 2002 and Turn A Gundam II: Moonlight Butterfly released February 10, 2002. The films were a condensed retelling of the 50 episodes between the two.

Manga[edit]

The Series had two manga adaptations. One by Kōichi Tokita published by Kodansha Ltd. running from April 15, 1999 to March 15, 2000 through Comic BomBom Magazine.[6] Another written by Yoshiyuki Tomino running from June 26, 1999 to March, 2002 that was published by Kodansha Ltd. In their magazine, Monthly Magazine Z.[7]

There would be a manga release that would serve as a prequel for the main series titled, Turn A Gundam: Tsuki no Kaze written by Akira Yasuda that would be published by Kadokawa Shoten in their magazine, Gundam Ace running from March 2004 to March 2005.[8] The manga would follow a younger Loran prior to the events of the main show or manga. Here it is shown the process that Loran and the other characters training to for the upcoming reconnaissance mission on earth. As well as introduce how Loran would eventually be selected for the mission, and send off to earth.

Relationship with other Gundam series[edit]

Turn A Gundam has been cited by Director Tomino and other sources as a show that would unify the stories from the various Gundam series into one.[1][9] Throughout the show, mobile suits resembling those from the eras depicted in previous Gundam shows and indicated to be preserved by nano machines for thousands of years, including as those of the Universal Century, are excavated by the show's various factions. In Episode 42, this plotline comes to a culmination as the history of the Correct Century timeline is shown in a collection of clips known as the Dark History (黒歴史, Kuro Rekishi), which is revealed to be events that took place in different Gundam series prior to Turn A Gundam, thus making those events part of the Correct Century timeline's history.[10]

The book 2001 Correct Century, A Bibliographical Study of "Dark History", printed in black pages in front of the Universal Century Gundam Officials Encyclopedia, is supposedly uncovered by a fictional Lecturer in Black History named Yokk Wakk Onimott during Correct Century 1993. Onimott spends two years to fix the broken pages, five years to interpret the language, and a year to find a publisher. He states that the book was first printed around 3,000 years ago by the Rhea branch of the Earth Federation Government University. Included in the book is a picture drawn by Kunio Okawara showing a mobile suit supposed to be MS-04 as a S.U.I.T. project of the Zeon forces in UC0072~0075. It supposedly was found in 1993 Correct Century in the mountain cycle Library A-a. The white page introduction by another fictional writer, Minaka Junkers, an economy assistant professor of the Rhea branch of the Earth Federation Government University, states the book was published in UC0100 to celebrate the Centennial anniversary of the Universal Century. Thus it is officially claimed that the Universal Century is a time before Correct Century, possibly around 3,000 years before the story of Turn A begins.[11]

Later sources would greatly increase the time frame between the two. The official English Gundam.info Archives website, created by Sunrise, describes Correct Century as, "similar to early 20th Century America, but is actually set tens of thousands of years in the distant future and incorporates every Universal Century and Another Gundam timeline that ever existed."[12] The manual for the Master Grade Turn X gunpla, released in June 2014, would further attempt to expand what is covered by the Dark History as the original Mobile Suit Gundam marking the beginning of humanity's space age, and Turn A as the final result, with all other Gundam series, including those that were produced prior to Turn A: G Gundam, Gundam Wing, and Gundam X, and those produced after: Gundam SEED, Gundam 00, and Gundam AGE, taking place in the tens of thousands of years in between the two shows.[13]

Music[edit]

Openings:

  • "Turn A Turn" (ターンAターン, Tān Ē Tān) by Hideki Saijo (Ep. 2-38)
  • "Century Color" by RAY-GUNS (Ep. 39 - 50)

Endings:

  • "Aura" by Shinji Tanimura (Ep. 1 - 40)
  • "Tsuki no Mayu" (月の繭, Moon's Cocoon) by Yoko Kanno (sung by Aki Okui) (Ep. 41–49)
  • "Kagirinaki Tabiji" (限りなき旅路, The Endless Journey) by Aki Okui (Ep. 50)
  • "After All" by Donna Burke (First compilation film ending)
  • "Tsuki no Mayu" (Moon's Cocoon) by Yoko Kanno (sung by Aki Okui) (Second compilation film ending ~ In its full version right before the ending credits which are instrumental only)

Inserts:

  • "Moon" by Gabriela Robin (a.k.a. Yoko Kanno)
  • "Overnight Festival" (宵越しの祭り, Yoigoshi no Matsuri) by White Doll no Matsuri no Kaiichidou
  • "Queen of the Night" (月下美人, Gekka Bijin) by Hideki Saijo
  • "The Spirit of the Moon" (月の魂, Tsuki no Tama) by RRET Team
  • "Black History" by Kaoru Nishino

North American release[edit]

On July 22, 2010, Bandai Entertainment announced that they had acquired the license to release Turn A Gundam in the United States[14] and that they were planning to release the series on Region 1 DVD in 2011. The release was cancelled in January 2012 when Bandai Entertainment announced it would no longer offer any new products in the North American territory.[15]

On October 11, 2014, at their 2014 New York Comic Con panel, Sunrise announced they will be releasing all of the Gundam franchise, including Turn A Gundam in North America though distribution from Right Stuf Inc., beginning in Spring 2015.[16]

On March 11, 2015, Right Stuf Inc. announced that the first 25 episodes will be released on June 30, 2015.[17] Sunrise and Right Stuf will also release the Turn A Gundam films in addition to the TV series.[18]

On April 3, 2015, Right Stuf Inc. announced the remaining 25 episodes of the show would be released on August 4, 2015, via Blu-ray release.[19]

Reception[edit]

Mobile Suit Gundam 00 designer Yun Kōga cited Turn A when asked about her favorite series within the franchise.[20]

The Turn A Gundam was chosen to be the 100th Master Grade model of Gunpla (abbreviation of Gundam Plastic Model) and at an earlier time, the first release of the Turn A Gundam DVD box set was announced. Two of the three Model Magazine in Japan, Hobby Japan and Dengeki Hobby was informed to build their own Turn A model using the old 1/100 kit for a display in the official announcement of the MS100 Turn A. Hobby Japan modeller Seira Masuo drastically redesigned the unit[21] while Dengeki Hobby modeller went for the original approach of diorama.[22] Both of the models was placed next to the MG100 draft design at the Bandai display forum at the announcement of MG100. Tomino addressed his little disappointment in the design of Turn A Gundam not having good reception, but he commented that it was happy to see that it was not pointless work as Turn A was selected as the 100th Master Grade model.[4]

Turn A Gundam is also available on High Grade 1/144 scale and on Robot Spirit line. Turn X was released in Master Grade format in June 2014.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Interview: Yoshiyuki Tomino". Anime News Network. 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2014-07-01.
  2. ^ 2001 Correct Century A Bibliographical Study of "Dark History", Gundam Officials 公式百科事典
  3. ^ 「∀ガンダム」全記録集, Kondasha, ISBN 4-06-330088-9.
  4. ^ a b Master Grade Turn A Gundam instruction manual
  5. ^ ROBOの石, 石垣 純哉(mechanical design assistant) homepage
  6. ^ "ガンダムコミック大全 - ∀ガンダム／ときた洸一". allthatgundam.web.fc2.com. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  7. ^ "ガンダムコミック大全 - ∀ガンダム／曽我篤士". allthatgundam.web.fc2.com. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  8. ^ "ガンダムコミック大全 - ∀ガンダム 月の風／あきまん(安田 朗)". allthatgundam.web.fc2.com. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
  9. ^ Newtype USA 1, page 11
  10. ^ Turn A Gundam, episode 43
  11. ^ Gundam Officials 公式百科事典
  12. ^ "Gundam Archives, Gundam.info". Archived from the original on 2014-08-24. Retrieved 2014-07-01.
  13. ^ Manual for the Master Grade Turn X Gunpla.
  14. ^ Anime News Network: Bandai Ent. Adds Tales of the Abyss, Turn A Gundam. Retrieved on 22 July 2010,
  15. ^ ANN staff (January 2, 2012). "Bandai Entertainment to Stop Releasing New DVDs, BDs, Manga". Anime News Network. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  16. ^ "Sunrise Partners with Right Stuf to Release Gundam Franchise Stateside". Anime News Network. 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
  17. ^ "Right Stuf, Inc. and Sunrise Inc. announce Turn A Gundam Part 1 for June 30, 2015". Right Stuf Inc. 2015-03-11. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-12.
  18. ^ "Right Stuf, Sunrise to Release Original Gundam TV Anime on Blu-ray Disc". Anime News Network. 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
  19. ^ "Right Stuf, Inc. and Sunrise Inc. announce Turn A Gundam Part 2 for August 4, 2015! | Anime, Manga and More @ Right Stuf". 2015-04-06. Archived from the original on 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2022-04-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  20. ^ "411 Movies Interviews: Yasuhiro Nightow, Satoshi Nishimura, Seiji Mizushima, Yousuke Kuroda, and Yun Kouga". 4mania. July 22, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  21. ^ Hobby Japan, June, 2007 issue, Gunpla LOVE
  22. ^ Dengeki Hobby, May, 2007 issue, 20th anniversary of Turn A

External links[edit]

Preceded by Gundam metaseries (production order)
1999–2000 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turn_A_Gundam&oldid=1216481267"