Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rmky87 (talk | contribs) at 19:12, 13 January 2007 (→‎Takaroa, [[French Polynesia]], Southwest [[Pacific]]: light copyediting). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

A map of all tropical cyclone tracks, encompassing the period between the years 1985 and 2005.

One of the most significant threats from tropical cyclones is heavy rainfall. Between 1970-2004, inland flooding from tropical cyclones caused a majority of the fatalities in the United States.[1] This statistic changed in 2005, when Hurricane Katrina's impact alone shifted the most deadly aspect of tropical cyclones back to storm surge, which has historically been the most deadly aspect of strong tropical cyclones.[2] During the 2005 season, flooding related to Hurricane Stan's broad circulation lead to 1662-2000 deaths.

While flooding is common to tropical cyclones near a landmass, there are a few factors which lead to excessive rainfall from tropical cyclones. Slow motion, as was seen during Hurricane Danny (1997) and Hurricane Wilma, can lead to high amounts. The presence of topography near the coast, as is the case across much of Mexico, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, much of Central America, Madagascar, Réunion, China, and Japan acts to magnify amounts due to upslope flow into the mountains. Strong upper level forcing from a trough moving through the Westerlies, as was the case during Hurricane Floyd, can lead to high amounts even from systems moving at an average forward motion. A combination of two of these factors could be especially crippling, as was seen during Hurricane Mitch in Central America.[3]

Australia

In 1979, Cyclone Peter from one of the Pre-1980 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons hovered offshore, causing a 24 hour rainfall of 1140 mm/44.88" at Mt. Bellenden Ker on January 5th.[4] Also in Queensland, the early stages of Tropical Cyclone Grace of the 2003-04 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season led to heavy rainfall across northern Queensland; a 3 day total of 759 mm/29.88" was measured at Topaz during March 17-20.[5]

Tropical Cyclone Steve moved through most of Western Australia during March, 2000. Much of the Kimberley, Pilbara and Gascoyne reported cumulative rainfall totals in excess of 100 mm. Higher falls, greater than 300 mm, were recorded near the 80 Mile Beach. Parts of the western Pilbara and northern Gascoyne received totals that ranged from 200 to 300 mm. Several sites reported highest on record daily rainfall amounts including Mandora (281.0 mm on 6th) and Mount Narryer (152.0 mm on 10th). Carnarvon (100.6 mm on 9th) reported its highest March daily rainfall since records commenced 45 years ago. Rainfall ranging from 50 to 100 mm continued over inland parts from the West Gascoyne to the South Coast near Esperance.[6]

The remains of Severe Tropical Cyclone Clare, part of the 2005-06 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season, moved to southern Western Australia, producing heavy rain and some flooding through the Gascoyne and inland parts of the Southwest Land Division in the following days. Flooding was particularly significant in the area around Lake Grace in the Great Southern district where 224 mm of rain was recorded in a 24 hour period between 12 and 13 January, 2006.[7] Severe Tropical Cyclone Glenda, also part of the 2005-06 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season, dumped 206mm of rain at Onslow, Western Australia within 24 hours on March 30, 2006, representing the sixth wettest day on record for the town.[8]

Bangladesh

Monsoon Depression-September 16, 2004

Bangladesh has been the scene of the most epic tropical cyclone casualties in recent times. A monsoon depression in mid-September 2004 led to heavy rains, with 280 mm/11.02" falling at Barisal in the 24 hour period ending at 1200 UTC on the 16th.[9] A tropical depression in early October 2004 visited the area, bringing as much as 227.2 mm/8.94" at Rangpur in the 24 hour period ending at 0000 UTC on the 8th.[10]

Belize

The highest reported rainfall in what was formerly British Honduras occurred during Hurricane Keith in 2000 when 32.67" of rain fell in a 24 hour period at Phillip Goodson International Airport in Belize City.[11] It should be noted that equally heavy rains could have fallen during Hurricane Hattie/Simone/Inga of 1961, Hurricane Fifi of 1974, and Hurricane Greta-Olivia of 1978.

Bermuda

Bermuda does not appear to get overwhelming rains out of tropical cyclones. This could be because of the rapid pace storms usually pass the island. The highest rainfall as of late for the isle was the 151.4 mm/5.96" it received over two days from Cristobal on August 8th and 9th during the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. The highest documented amount is related to a hurricane from October 16th of the 1939 Atlantic hurricane season which wrung out 186.7 mm/7.35" over a 30 hour period (from "Beware the Hurricane" by Terry Tucker).

Canada

Tropical cyclones are usually in transition to extratropical cyclones by the time they reach Canada, though occasionally they retain their tropical status. Hurricane Hazel was such a cyclone, which dropped 213.6mm/8.41" of rain in Snelgrove, leading to severe flooding in southeast Ontario with the powerful storm. Hurricane Beth of the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season was one of the heavier rainfalls on record from a tropical cyclone in Canada, with a storm total of 249.9mm/9.84" falling at Halifax. The highest known rainfall report was from the non-tropical low which was once Tropical Storm Harvey of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season, when 302 mm/11.89" fell at Oxford, Nova Scotia.

Cayman Islands

The Sanibel Island Hurricane of 1944 led to flooding from over 762 mm/30" of rainfall on Grand Cayman Island. A 24-hour rainfall record of 406 mm/16" was reportedly set.

Cayman Brac

Tropical Storm Isidore of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season dropped 552.2 mm/21.74" between 18/2300 GMT and 19/2200 GMT.[12]

Grand Cayman

Tropical Storm Alberto (2006) dropped 577 mm/22.72" at Owen Roberts International airport in 24 hours' time, which was taken from their synoptic observation on the morning of June 10th. Tropical Storm Isidore of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season unloaded 332.7 mm/13.10" between September 17-21. [13]

China, Taiwan/Taipei, and the Tibet Autonomous Region

China

Typhoon Nina (1975) caused the collapse of two huge reservoirs and ten smaller dams when 1062 mm/41.81" fell in Henan Province during a 24 hour period, which is the record for Mainland China. Tropical Storm Fitow of August 2001 dropped 831.1 mm/32.72" in Changjiang county in the 72 hour period ending on the evening of August 31st. [14] More recently, Yueqing City reported 703.5 mm/27.70" in the 24 hour period in mid-August during Typhoon Rananim of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season, which was a new record for Zhejiang Province [15].

File:Typhoonnanmadol.gif
Typhoon Nanmadol

Taiwan/Taipei

The mountainous island of Taiwan province saw more extreme rains from Typhoon Gloria during the 1963 Pacific typhoon season when 1248 mm/49.13" of rain fell at Baxin during a 24 hour period. The record for Taiwan province was set in Typhoon Carla during the 1967 Pacific typhoon season when 1672 mm/65.83" fell at Xinliao during a 24 hour period [16]. The 24-hour rainfall record for Cheng Kung was set during Typhoon Kammuri on August 5 of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season when 591 mm/23.27" of rain fell[17]. Typoon Nari in September of the 2001 Pacific typhoon season dumped 1255 mm/49.41" on Tu-Cheng in the 48 hour period between early the 16th and 18th. [18] Its heaviest storm total rainfall as of late fell during Typhoon Aere in August of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season, when 1546 mm/60.87" fell at Matala, Miaoli county in the 68 hour time frame ending at 1200 UTC on the 25th [15] Its most recent daily heavy rain event from a tropical cyclone was during Typhoon Nanmadol in December of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season, which dropped 907 mm/35.71" in the 24 hour period ending at 1600 UTC on December 3rd, with a 30 hour storm total of 1090 mm/42.91" accruing at Puluowan [19].

Tibet Autonomous Region

An early October 2004 tropical depression brought moisture into the highlands of Tibet, leading to daily precipitation of 60 mm/2.4" liquid equivalent to Che-Ku County all in the form of heavy snow, which was a new October daily precipitation record for both rain and snow. This led to a loss of 340,000 kg of food, 230,000 kg of forage grass, and 263 livestock in the snowstorm [10].

Chuuk, Western Pacific

Typhoon Chataan led to excessive rainfall on this island from June 23-July 3 of 2002, when a total of 939 mm/36.96" fell. During the time frame when Chataan was declared a tropical cyclone from July 1-3, 622 mm/24.49" fell, with 506 mm/19.92" falling on the 2nd alone at the international airport. [20] Typhoon Pongsona on December 5-6, 2002 dropped heavy quantities of rain on Chuuk. A 24 hour total of 181 mm/7.13" fell at the National Weather Service Office on Weno Island. [21]

Cuba

Hurricane Flora of October 1963 drifted across Cuba for four days, leading to extreme rainfall across the mountainous island country. During the heaviest 24 hour period of rainfall, 735 mm/28.94" of rain fell at Santiago de Cuba. Total amounts of 2033 mm/80.04" over 4 days and 2550 mm/100.40" over 5 days produced staggering loss of life in Cuba, where over 2000 perished [22].

Dominica, Eastern Caribbean

File:Jeanne2004dominica.jpg
Jeanne near Dominica

The islands of the eastern Caribbean are constantly threatened by tropical storms and hurricanes, mainly between August and October. As Hurricane Jeanne moved through the region, 422.3 mm/16.63" of rain fell during the 24 hour period ending at 1200 UTC on September 15th, 2004. [9]

Dominican Republic

Hurricane Ivan led to heavy rainfall across the country, with 300.3 mm/11.82" falling at Santo Domingo in the 24 hour time frame ending at 1200 UTC on September 11 [9].

Fiji

Orography from the volcanic islands of this group has led to significant rainfall during tropical cyclone passages, which occur roughly once a year. Tropical Cyclone Ami of January 2003 led to disastrous flooding across the northern and eastern sections of the island group. The coastal side of Vatuwiri on Taveuni Island measured 311 mm/12.24" of rainfall on January 13. [23]

Guadeloupe

Hurricane Lenny passed by slowly to the north and northeast of this mountainous French island group. The highest report noted was 466 mm/17.28" from the gendarmerie in Port-Louis, on Grand-Terre [24].

Guam, Western Pacific

File:Typhoontingting.jpg
Typhoon Tingting

Typhoon Tingting during June 27-28 of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season was exceedingly wet in Guam, with many locations reporting over 508 mm/20" in 24 hours [25]. Anderson AFB measured 525.3 mm/20.68" in a 24 hour period while the University of Guam caught 650.5 mm/25.61" in their gage during SuperTyphoon Pongsona [26] in 2002 [27]. Typhoon Chataan brought rainfall exceeding 533 mm/21" to mountainous areas of south-central Guam [28] during late June/early July 2002. The highest 24-hour rainfall amount noted in Guam was during Typhoon Pamela in May of the 1976 Pacific typhoon season, when 686.1 mm/27.01" fell [29].

Haiti

The mountainous country of Haiti has experienced some of the most powerful hurricanes on record, including Hurricane David. However, data from this country is sparse, and the highest rainfall noted for the country was 582.7 mm/22.94" at Camp Perrin[30] during Hurricane Gordon.

India

India can get struck by cyclones that form in the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea. A monsoon depression during mid-September 2004 led to significant rainfall, with 48 cm/18.90" falling at Shardanagar, Uttar Pradesh in the 24 hour period ending at 0300 UTC on the 22nd. A tropical depression in early October 2004 led to heavy rains in India. The highest amount in 24 hours fell at Shillong, Meghalaya where 262 mm/10.31" was noted ending at 0300 UTC on the 8th [10].

Jamaica

This mountainous island country can get lashed with rainfall by slow-moving tropical cyclones in the western Caribbean Sea. The November Hurricane from the 1909 Atlantic hurricane season led to a four-day deluge across Jamaica. The storm total of 2451 mm/96.50" at Silver Hill in the Blue Mountains remains the rainfall record for the mountainous island country [31]. More recently, Hurricane Michelle of 2001 led to excessive rains between October 27th and November 5th; the highest total was 37.44" at Comfort Castle. [32]

Japan

The mountainous island archipelago is constantly struck by typhoons recurving out of the tropics. In early September, Typhoon Nabi/Jolina of the 2005 Pacific typhoon season caused severe damage, and brought a record heavy precipitation of 1321 mm/52.01" in three days in western Japan [33]. Typhoon Namtheum in July-August of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season dropped 1243 mm/48.94" of rain over the 4 day period ending at 1500 UTC on August 2nd [34]. Typhoon Songda in August of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season led to 5 day rain totals of 905 mm/35.63" at Miyazaki between the 3rd and 8th ending at 1500 UTC [15]. Typhoon Meari/Quinta of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season led to 904 mm/35.59" of rain at Owase during the six-day period ending on September 30th [9], the highest 24 hour total was 741 mm/29.17" ending at 1500 UTC on the 29th. Typhoon Saomai in 2000 produced record rainfall at Nagoya, 584.2 mm/23" in 24 hours [35]. The highest amount reported during the passage of Typhoon Chataan was 506 mm/19.92" in 48 hours [36]at Tarumi. Fran of the 1976 Pacific typhoon season holds the national 24-hour precipitation record of 1174 mm/46.22" [37].

Okinawa

Rainfall of 452 mm/17.80" was recorded at Oku on September 4-5, 2002 during Typhoon Sinlaku. [17]

Ryūkyū Islands

Typhoon Rusa caused 409 mm/16.10" of rain to fall at Naze on August 29-30, 2002. [17] Typhoon Aere in August 2004 dropped 314.5 mm/12.38" of rain in the 65 hour period ending at 1400 UTC on the 25th at Ishigakihima [15].

Korea

File:Typhoonrusa.jpg
Typhoon Rusa

The Korean Peninsula experiences typhoons regularly.

North/DPR Korea

Very heavy rains fell across Tongchon and Kosong counties during Typhoon Rusa in 2002, where up to 510 mm/20.08" of precipitation fell in a 5-10 hour period. [17]

South Korea

Typhoon Rusa in 2002 dumped 898 mm/35.35" of rainfall at Gangneung [38] between August 31st and September 1st.

La Reunion Island, Indian Ocean

The mountainous island of La Reunion experiences among the highest rainfall totals from tropical cyclones around the world. [39]. Three tropical cyclones have staked their place in rainfall history:

Unnamed Tropical Cyclone (April 8-10, 1958): World record for 48 hours (2467 mm/ 97.1") set at Aurere.

Tropical Cyclone Denise (January 7-8, 1966): World record for 12 hours (1144 mm/ 45.0") and 24 hours (1825 mm/ 71.8") set at Foc-Foc.

Tropical Cyclone Hyacinthe (January 24-27 and January 18-27, 1980 respectively): World record for 72 hours (3240 mm/127.6") set at Grand-Ilet and for 10 days (5678 mm/223.5") set at Commerson.

More recently, during late January 2002, Tropical Cyclone Dinah dropped significant rains on the island. The highest amounts were 1360 mm/53.54" over a 48 hour period at the Bellecombe resting place (a volcano lodge) and a 745.2 mm/29.34" storm total at Pierrefonds [40].

Madagascar

File:Cycloneelita.jpg
Cyclone Elita

The pre-Guillaume disturbance dropped 707 mm/27.83" of rainfall at Toamasina in mid-February 2002 over an eight day period. [41] Tropical Cyclone Elita of late January/early February of the 2003-04 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season crossed the island country three times, dropping 246.3 mm/9.70" of rain on Vohemar in 24 hours [42].

Mauritius, South Indian Ocean

Tropical cyclone Hennie of March 2005 brought rainfall totals of 202.8 mm/7.98" to Sans-Souci in the 24 hour period ending at 0000 GMT on the 19th [40]. In Late December 2002, Tropical Cyclone Crystal impacted the southern end of the island. The maximum amount was a mere 58.8 mm/2.31" at Providence. [43]

Mexico

Hurricane Wilma (2005) drifted over the northeast portion of the Yucatan peninsula for a couple days, dropping significant rains. A report of 1576 mm/62.05" in still being verified by the Servicio Meteorologicio Nacional in Mexico [44], which if verfied would be the wettest 24-hour period ever measured in Mexico. Second on the list is from Hurricane Juliette (2001), which accumulated up to 1011 mm/39.80" of rain at Cuadaño in southern Baja California.

Mozambique

Tropical Cyclone Eline in February 2000 dropped excessive rains across Mozambique, with a maximum of 502 mm/19.76" falling at Levubu between the 22nd and 25th [45]. Tropical Cyclone Delfina in early January 2003 caused 281 mm/11.06" to fall in a 24 period period bridging January 4th and 5th [46]

Nepal

During the early October 2004 tropical depression that affected the Indian Subcontinent, 51.3 mm/2.02" of rain fell at Kathmandu airport in the 24 hour period ending at 1200 UTC on the 7th [10].

New Zealand

Most tropical cyclones which pass near New Zealand are in extratropical transition (ET), which can enhance their heavy rainfall threat. Cyclone Bola of March 1988 dropped over 900 mm/35.43" of rain across northern sections of the country. [47]

Nicaragua

Hurricane Mitch of October 1998 brought the highest recorded rainfalls known to Central America. The Picacho/Chinandega site recorded 1597 mm/62.87" of rain between October 22 and October 31. [48]

Niue, Southwest Pacific

During the passage of Tropical Cyclone Heta in January 2004, the Niue Meteorological Station reported a record 24-hour rainfall of 999.2 mm/39.34" [49].

Oman

Surrounding desert usually weakens tropical cyclones as they approach from the Arabian Sea. Tropical Cyclone 01-A of May 10, 2002 moved across southern sections of the country, dropping significant rains. The highest amount was 250.6 mm/9.87" from Qairoon Hairiti. [50]

Pakistan

Tropical cyclones from the Arabian Sea occasionally wander into Pakistan. Like Oman, the dry air from the surrounding deserts leads to substantial weakening before a tropical cyclone can make landfall. The remains of Onil of October 2004 struck the country as merely a remnant low. However, rainfall amounts of 145 mm/5.71" fell in 36 hours between October 2nd and 3rd at Thatta [10].

Palau, Northwest Pacific

Typhoon Dainmu went by in mid-June 2004. A rainfall of 121.7 mm/4.79" was recorded at Koror during the 24 hour period ending at 0600 UTC on the 14th.[51]

Panama

Inflow to the south of Hurricane Mitch brought impressive rainfalls to the Panama. Veledero de Tole recorded 695 mm/27.36" of rainfall between October 22 and October 31 of 1998.

Philippines

Typhoon Mindulle/Igme

Typhoon Utor/Feria of the 2001 Pacific typhoon season dumped 1085.8mm/42.45" of rainfall on Bagio City on July 4th, setting a new daily rainfall record. Their previous daily rainfall record was set by Typhoon Zeb/Iliang of 1998 of 994.6 mm/39.16", which destroyed their rice crop for the season. More recently, Typhoon Mindulle/Igme led to a 3 day rainfall of 1012.7 mm/39.87" in the time frame ending at 0000 UTC on July 1, 2004 [51].

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico has seen dramatic rainfall from tropical cyclones and their precursor disturbances. The most recent tropical cyclone-related deluge was from Hurricane Georges from September 1998, when 775 mm/30.51" of rain was measured at Jayuya.[52] The heaviest rainfall noted over the past 30 years was from the precursor disturbance to Tropical Storm Isabel (1985), when 804 mm/31.67" fell at Toro Negro Forest.[53] Hurricane Eloise of 1975 dropped 946 mm/33.29" of rainfall at Dos Bocas, with 586 mm/23.07" falling in 24 hours.

St. Brandon, South Indian Ocean

Tropical Cyclone Darius of New Year's Eve/Day of 2003/2004 passed about 45 miles west-northwest of the island. Rainfall over the 24 hour period of closest approach was 135 mm/5.31" [54].

St. Martin/St. Maarten

Hurricane Lenny

Hurricane Lenny of Mid-November 1999 slowed to a crawl as it approached this French/Dutch island from the west. The highest amount measured was 866.6mm/34.12" at the gendarmerie in Marigot (French side)[55].

South Africa

Tropical Cyclone Eline in February 2000 dropped significant rains on portions of South Africa. The highest amount noted was 480 mm/18.90" at Thohoyandou.[56]

Sri Lanka

A tropical depression in early October 2004 led to heavy rains across Sri Lanka. The maximum was measured at Galle where 117.2 mm/4.61" fell in the 24 hour period ending at 0600 UTC on the 2nd.[10]

Tahiti

Tropical Depression 2F/Tropical Cyclone 8P from December 1998 brought a convergent band of warm-topped convection to Tahiti while lurking 300 mi/500 km from the island. This band was quite efficient at rainfall production, as Station Tiare #2 reported 550 mm/21.65" of rainfall from this rainband.[57]

Takaroa, French Polynesia, Southwest Pacific

During Tropical Cyclone Judy of December 2004, 160 mm/6.30" of rain fell between 0000 and 1200 UTC on the 24th, bringing the 3 1/2 day rain total from the system up to 356 mm/14.02".[58]

Thailand

Tropical Cyclones occasionally cross the Malay peninsula from the northwest Pacific into the Bay of Bengal. Tropical Depression Muifa/Unding in November 2004 made landfall near Amphoe Tha Chana on around 1500 UTC on the 25th. The highest 24 hour rainfall noted was 251.5 mm/9.90" at Prachaup Khirikhan [59].

Ulithi Atoll, Northwest Pacific

Typhoon Dainmu went near the island group in mid-June 2004. A 24 hour rainfall of 102.8 mm/4.05" was recorded at Falalop Island endinf at 0000 UTC on the 13th [51].

United States Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Statistics

On average, five tropical cyclones of at least tropical depression strength lead to rainfall across the contiguous United States each year, contributing around a quarter of the annual rainfall to the southern United States. While many of these storms form in the Atlantic Basin, some systems or their remnants move through Mexico from the Eastern Pacific Basin. The average storm total rainfall for a tropical cyclone impacting the lower 48 from the Atlantic Basin is about 16 inches/406 mm, with 70-75 percent of the storm total falling within a 24 hour period.

Top Ten United States Tropical Cyclones By Point Maximum

Below is a list of the top ten highest storm total rainfall amounts from individual tropical cyclones across the lower 48 since 1980. Much of the rainfall information was provided by the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina.

  1. 48.00" Amelia 1978
  2. 45.00" Claudette 1979
  3. 40.68" Allison 2001
  4. 38.46" Georges 1998
  5. 36.71" Danny 1997
  6. 27.85" Alberto 1994
  7. 25.67" Allison 1989
  8. 25.56" Dennis 1981
  9. 25.00" Tropical Depression #1 of 1992 (Atlantic)
  10. 24.06" Floyd 1999

Maximum tropical cyclone rainfall per state

U.S. tropical cyclone rainfall maxima per state

State maxima relating to tropical cyclones and their remnants are shown on the left, color coded by amount. Tropical cyclones from the Atlantic Basin have the most sway along the Gulf coast and Eastern Seaboard. The impact of tropical cyclones and their remnants originally from the eastern Pacific stretches as far east as Michigan and Indiana. It should be stated that rainfall related to the low pressure area once associated with a tropical cyclone, or its remnants aloft, are included in this sample. No additional rainfall from pre-existing upper lows as seen before cyclones such as Hurricane Fran of 1996 or from upper cyclones that closed off behind former tropical cyclones such as Hurricane Juan of 1985 was included.

The state of Texas has the highest amounts, followed by Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. This is due to the fact that over the 25 year sample, the storms that have become quasi-stationary like 2001's Tropical Storm Allison and Hurricane Danny (1997) are dominating the statistics. Out West, the same can be said for Hurricane Nora (1997) and the remains of Hurricane Olivia of the 1982 Pacific hurricane season. As the United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology works back earlier into the 1970's, the amounts across Texas, the West, and the Upper Ohio Valley are likely to increase due to the influence of Hurricane Agnes of 1972 and Hurricane Eloise in 1975. Data from the 1950's will increase amounts in New England.

U.S. Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Accumulations per time frame

Average and Record Statistics Per Time Frame For the United States

To the right is a graphic showing averages and extremes for a 15 year sample of tropical cyclones and their remnants affecting the contiguous United States. The units of the rainfall amounts are in inches, while the time units are in hours. The bars in the graph express the percent of the storm total rainfall, which is defined to be 100 percent in the final column. Note that, on average, as much as one-fourth of the total occurs in 2-3 hours, while half falls within 12 hours, and almost three-quarters of the storm total falls within a 24 hour period. Cases where a cyclone scraped the coast were not separated out from those that made a more direct landfall. Also, Pacific and Atlantic cases were not separated. This all explains the average storm total of the sample being depressed to 338.8 mm/13.34". On the bottom of the graphic are listed the averages per time frame and the records. The records were mainly set during Tropical Storm Allison (2001) and Hurricane Danny (1997). This graphic will be updated as the climatology pushes farther back in time.[60]

Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific

Tropical cyclone Ivy in February 2004 led to 254.4 mm/10" of rain at Bauerfield on the 26th.[61]

Venezuela

A few tropical cyclones have skimmed the northern coast of South America over recent decades. Tropical Storm Bret (1993) dropped 339 mm/13.35" of rain in ten hours at Guanare.[62]

Vietnam

Typhoon Chan Chu/Gener struck Quy Nhon during June 2004; the maximum rainfall amount was 238.9 mm/9.41" at Quy Nhon during the 24 hour period ending at 1200 UTC on the 12th.[51] Tropical Depression Pablo during September of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season dissipated as it made landfall in Vietnam. The highest 24 hour rainfall total was 134.5 mm/5.30" at Thanh Hoa in the time frame ending at 1200 UTC on the 19th.

References

  1. ^ Ed Rappaport. "Inland Flooding". National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2006-06-24. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ Eric S. Blake. "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2004". National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2006-06-24. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Are You Ready?". Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2006-04-05. Retrieved 2006-06-24. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conversation, Inc. Presenting Mission Beach C4 Reference Guide Weather-Rainfall-Cyclones. Retrieved on 2006-10-11.
  5. ^ Gary Padgett. Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: March, 2004. Retrieved on 2006-10-11.
  6. ^ Bureau of Meteorology (2007). "Tropical Cyclones in Western Australia - Impacts". Tropical Cyclones in Western Australia. Australian Government. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  7. ^ Bureau of Meteorology (2007). "Tropical Cyclone Clare". Tropical Cyclone Warnings and Information. Australian Government. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  8. ^ Bureau of Meteorology (2007). "Severe Tropical Cyclone Glenda". Severe Weather Events. Australian Government. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  9. ^ a b c d Padgett, Gary (2005-05-17). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary September 2004". Australian Severe Weather Index. Jimmy Deguara. Retrieved 2007-01-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e f Padgett, Gary (2005-05-17). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October 2004". Australian Severe Weather Index. Jimmy Deguara. Retrieved 2007-01-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Beven, Jack (2001-01-29). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Keith (28 September - 6 October 2000)". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  12. ^ http://www.gov.ky/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/CIGHOME/ANNUALREPORT/2002/12WEATHER.PDF
  13. ^ http://www.gov.ky/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/CIGHOME/ANNUALREPORT/2002/12WEATHER.PDF
  14. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2002/summ0108.txt
  15. ^ a b c d http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0408.htm
  16. ^ http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/iwtc/ChenLianshou2-1.html
  17. ^ a b c d http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0208.txt
  18. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2002/summ0109.txt
  19. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0411.htm
  20. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0207.txt
  21. ^ http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/data/pdfs/Pongsona_assessment_Final.pdf
  22. ^ http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm
  23. ^ http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/jsnds/download.cgi?jsdn_26_1-3.pdf
  24. ^ http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/antilles/pack-public/cyclone/traj/traj99/special/lenny.htm
  25. ^ http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Enso/peu/2005_1st/guam_cnmi.htm
  26. ^ http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/75323.pdf
  27. ^ http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/assessments/pdfs/Pongsona.pdf
  28. ^ http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/programs/html/factsheets/pdfs/2003_0061.pdf
  29. ^ http://pao.cnmoc.navy.mil/pao/Heavyweather/thh_nc/guam/apra/graphics/tab2-8.gif
  30. ^ http://oreworld.org/rainfall.htm
  31. ^ http://isis.uwimona.edu.jm/uds/GEOHAZARDS_2001/GEOHAZ2001-016.html
  32. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html
  33. ^ http://www.wmo.ch/web/Press/Press743_E1.doc
  34. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0407.htm
  35. ^ http://forecast.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/docs/TSR_NWP_2000_Summary+Verif.pdf
  36. ^ http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/jsnds/download.cgi?jsdn_25_2-2.pdf
  37. ^ http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/links.html.en
  38. ^ http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/jsnds/download.cgi?jsdn_26_2_7.pdf
  39. ^ http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E4.html
  40. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2002/summ0201.txt
  41. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2002/summ0202.txt
  42. ^ http://www.weathermatrix.net/archive/tropical/summaries/0021.html
  43. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0212.txt
  44. ^ http://smn.cna.gob.mx/ciclones/tempo2005/atlantico/wilma/wilma.pdf
  45. ^ http://www.saweather.co.za/Pressroom/2000/2000FebTCEline.jsp
  46. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0212.txt
  47. ^ http://www.niwascience.co.nz/pubs/wa/10-1/cyclone
  48. ^ http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0412-a/OFR01-412-A.access.pdf
  49. ^ http://www.weathermatrix.net/archive/tropical/summaries/0021.html
  50. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2002/summ0205.txt
  51. ^ a b c d Padgett, Gary (2006-10-26). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary June 2004". Australian Severe Weather Index. Jimmy Deguara. Retrieved 2007-01-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/georges1998.html
  53. ^ http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/isabel1985.html
  54. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2004/summ0312.txt
  55. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999lenny.html
  56. ^ South African Weather Service. Tropical Cyclone Eline: February 2000. Retrieved on 2006-10-11.
  57. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/1999/summ9812.htm
  58. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0412.htm
  59. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0411.htm
  60. ^ Roth, David (2007-01-01). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center Home Page. National Weather Service. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  61. ^ Padgett, Gary (2006-10-26). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary February 2004". Australian Severe Weather Index. Jimmy Deguara. Retrieved 2007-01-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  62. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1993-prelim/bret/prelim03.gif

Related External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology&oldid=100488767"