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{{short description|American convicted murderer}}
{{otherpeople2|Mark Chapman}}
{{For|the British theologian|Mark Chapman (theologian)}}
{{Infobox Criminal
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
| subject_name = Mark David Chapman
{{Infobox criminal
| image_name = Markchapmanmugshot.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| name = Mark David Chapman
| image = Mark David Chapman, NYPD mugshot.jpg
| image_caption = NYPD mugshot of Chapman on December 9, 1980
| caption = Mug shot of Chapman following his arrest
| date_of_birth = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1955|5|10}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|5|10|mf=yes}}
| place_of_birth = [[Dallas, Texas]]
| charge = [[Murder#Degrees of murder in the United States|second degree murder]], of [[John Lennon]]
| birth_place = [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], [[Texas]], U.S.
| penalty = 20 years to [[life sentence|life in prison]]
| conviction = [[Murder (United States law)|Second-degree murder]]
| conviction_penalty = 20 years to [[Life imprisonment|life in prison]]
| status = [[Attica State Prison]]
| conviction_status = Incarcerated at [[Green Haven Correctional Facility]]
| occupation =
| motive = Personal resentment against [[John Lennon]] and a desire to emulate [[Holden Caulfield]]<ref name="Gaines1987part3" /><ref name="jlend" /><!--- McGunagle: "For the first six years in Attica, he refused all requests for interviews. He didn't, he said, want to fuel the perception that he had killed Lennon to become a celebrity himself." --->
| spouse = Gloria Abe (m. 1979)
| parents = David Curtis Chapman, Diane Elizabeth Pease
| known_for = [[Murder of John Lennon]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Gloria Abe|1979}}<ref name="killer">{{cite magazine |first=Pete |last=Hamill |url=http://nymag.com/news/features/45252/index3.html |title=The Death and Life of John Lennon |magazine=New York |date=December 20, 1980|access-date=January 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Leonard|last=Greene|title=Wife of John Lennon's killer visits him for prison sex and pizza |url=https://nypost.com/2014/12/17/wife-opens-up-about-being-married-to-john-lennons-killer/ |newspaper=New York Post|date=December 17, 2014|access-date=January 12, 2015}}</ref>
| children =
}}
}}
'''Mark David Chapman''' (born [[May 10]], [[1955]] in [[Fort Worth, Texas]]) is the man who [[Death of John Lennon|murdered]] [[England|English]] musician and activist [[John Lennon]] on [[December 8]], [[1980]] in [[New York City]]. Chapman shot Lennon four times outside [[The Dakota]] apartment building, in the presence of Lennon's wife [[Yoko Ono]] and others. Chapman remained at the scene until arrested by police.


'''Mark David Chapman''' (born May 10, 1955) is an American man<!-- Do not add "murderer". Reason 1: Living persons are introduced by their occupation and reason for notability. "Murderer" is not a valid occupation unless the subject is an active serial killer. Reason 2: Sentences like "John Doe is a murderer who murdered Jane Doe" are just poor writing. --> who [[Murder of John Lennon|murdered]] English musician [[John Lennon]] in [[New York City]] on December 8, 1980. As Lennon walked into the archway of [[The Dakota]], his apartment building on the [[Upper West Side]], Chapman fired five shots at the musician from a few yards away with a [[Charter Arms#Products|Charter Arms Undercover]] [[.38 Special]] [[revolver]]. Lennon was hit four times from the back. He was rushed to [[Mount Sinai West|Roosevelt Hospital]] and pronounced dead on arrival. Chapman remained at the scene following the shooting and made no attempt to flee or resist arrest.
A scheduled [[jury trial]] did not go ahead because Chapman changed his plea from not guilty [[insanity defense|by reason of insanity]] to guilty of [[Murder#Degrees of murder in the United States|second degree murder]], against the advice of his lawyer. He had been assessed as [[delusional]] and possibly [[psychotic]], and the defense team argued that Chapman was not competent to make the decision. However, Chapman was sentenced to a prison term of 20 years to [[life in prison|life]] and remains incarcerated at [[Attica State Prison]] in New York, having been denied [[parole]] five<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/08/12/chapman.no.parole/index.html</ref> times. His applications for parole have been opposed by Yoko Ono, as well as by an online [[grassroots]] public campaign.
Raised in [[Decatur, Georgia|Decatur]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], Chapman used to be a fan of [[the Beatles]], but was infuriated by Lennon's lavish lifestyle and public statements, such as his remark about the band being "[[more popular than Jesus]]" and the lyrics of two of his later songs "[[God (John Lennon song)|God]]" and "[[Imagine (John Lennon song)|Imagine]]". In the years leading up to the murder, the [[J. D. Salinger]] novel ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'' took on great personal significance for Chapman, to the extent that he wished to model his life after the novel's protagonist, [[Holden Caulfield]]. Chapman also contemplated killing other public figures, including [[David Bowie]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Doggett |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Doggett |year=2012 |title=The Man Who Sold the World: David Bowie and the 1970s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e27t-ag4NakC |page=389|location=New York City |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-0-06-202466-4}}</ref> [[Johnny Carson]], [[Elizabeth Taylor]],<ref>{{cite web |title=John Lennon Killer Also Considered Shooting Johnny Carson And Elizabeth Taylor |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/john-lennon-killer-mark-david-chapman-considered-killing/story?id=11658475 |website=ABC News |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref> [[Paul McCartney]], and [[Ronald Reagan]].{{reference needed|date=February 2024}} He had no prior criminal convictions and had recently resigned from a job as a security guard in [[Hawaii]].


Following the murder, Chapman's legal team intended to mount an [[insanity defense]] based on the testimony of mental health experts who said that he was in a delusional [[psychosis|psychotic]] state at the time of the shooting. However, he was more cooperative with the [[prosecutor]], who argued that his symptoms fell short of a [[schizophrenia]] diagnosis. As the trial approached, Chapman instructed his lawyers that he wanted to plead guilty based on what he had decided was the [[will of God]]. The judge granted Chapman's request and deemed him competent to stand trial. He was sentenced to a prison term of twenty years to [[life imprisonment|life]] with a stipulation that mental health treatment would be provided.
Chapman has been widely associated with the book ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'', which he carried with him at the time and claimed would explain his perspective. Various specific motivations have also been suggested. Chapman has since stated that what he did was wrong. There have been a number of interviews, books and films concerning Chapman and the murder of Lennon.


Chapman refused requests for press interviews during his first six years in prison; he later said that he regretted the murder and that he did not want to give the impression that he killed Lennon for fame and notoriety. He ultimately supplied audiotaped interviews to journalist Jack Jones, who used them to write the investigative book ''Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman'' in 1992. In 2000, Chapman became eligible for [[parole]], which has since been denied thirteen times. His life was dramatized in the films ''[[The Killing of John Lennon]]'' (2006) and ''[[Chapter 27]]'' (2007).
==Early life==
Chapman was the first child of David, a [[staff sergeant]] in the [[Air Force]], and Diane, a [[nurse]]. His sister, Susan, was born seven years later. He later said that he lived in fear of his father, who sometimes [[domestic violence|abused]] his mother. He also [[fantasy (psychology)|fantasized]] about having [[God]]-like power over a group of imaginary "little people".<ref name="CL Troubled Youth">Crime Library [http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/3.html A Troubled Youth]</ref>


==Biography==
He attended Columbia High School in [[Decatur, Georgia]]. From 14 he used [[recreational drugs|drugs]], sometimes skipped classes, and once ran away from home to live on the streets for two weeks. Chapman reported that he was [[bullying|bullied]] because he was not a good athlete. His favorite band was [[The Beatles]].<ref name="CL Troubled Youth"/> He took [[marijuana]], [[LSD]], [[heroin]], [[mescaline]] and [[barbiturates]]. When John Lennon was quoted in 1966 as saying "We're more popular than [[Jesus Christ]] now", Chapman laughed about it with his friends.<ref name="Gaines1981">Gaines, J.R. (1981) [http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20079581,00.html The Life and Crime of Mark David Chapman] June 22, 1981 Vol. 15 No. 24</ref>
Mark David Chapman was born on May 10, 1955, in [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], [[Texas]].<ref name="killer" /> His father, David Chapman, was a [[staff sergeant]] in the [[United States Air Force]] and his mother, Diane ([[given name|née]] Pease), was a [[Nursing|nurse]]. His younger sister, Susan, was born seven years later. As a boy, Chapman stated he lived in fear of his father, who he claimed was [[physical abuse|physically abusive]] towards his mother and unloving towards him. These assertions, however, were never substantiated. Chapman began to fantasize about having God-like power over a group of imaginary "little people" who lived in the walls of his bedroom.


Chapman moved to [[Decatur, Georgia|Decatur]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], at an early age and attended [[Columbia High School (Georgia)|Columbia High School]].<!-- When did he move from Fort Worth to Decatur? --> He later recalled being targeted by bullies due to his lack of athleticism. By the time he was 14, Chapman was using drugs and [[Truancy|skipping classes]], and at one point [[runaway (dependent)|ran away from home]] to live on the streets of [[Atlanta]] for two weeks.<ref>{{cite journal|first=David|last=Chirko|url=http://www.apadivisions.org/division-1/publications/newsletters/general/2016/10/issue.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626001508/http://www.apadivisions.org/division-1/publications/newsletters/general/2016/10/issue.pdf|archive-date=June 26, 2018|title=Alienation: Antecedent to Mayhem|journal=General Psychologist|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|location=Worcester, Massachusetts|volume=51|number=1|date=November 2016|page=33}}</ref>
At 16, Chapman became a [[born again Christian]], and distributed [[Bible]] tracts. He met his first girlfriend, another born-again Christian named Jessica Blankenship. He began work as a [[YMCA]] summer camp counselor; he was very popular with the children, who nicknamed him "Nemo". He won an award for Outstanding Counselor and was made assistant director.<ref name="CL Troubled Youth"/><ref>http://www.lennon-chapman.com/ncfc/TTMGR.PDF</ref> Those who knew him in the caretaking professions unanimously called him an outstanding worker.<ref name="TwoMarks">Crime Library [http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/2.html Two Marks]</ref>


In 1971, Chapman became a [[Born again|born-again]] [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] and distributed [[tract (literature)|Biblical tracts]]. He met his first girlfriend, Jessica Blankenship, and began work as a summer camp counselor at the [[YMCA]] in [[DeKalb County, Georgia]]. He was very popular with the children at the camp, who nicknamed him "[[Captain Nemo|Nemo]]" (after the protagonist of the [[Jules Verne]] novel ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]''), and he was promoted to assistant director after winning an award for Outstanding Counselor.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=James R.|last=Gaines|title=Descent Into Madness|url=https://people.com/archive/descent-into-madness-vol-15-no-24/|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Time, Inc.]]|location=New York City|date=June 22, 1981|volume=15|number=24}}</ref> Those who knew him in the caretaking professions unanimously called him an outstanding worker.<ref name="TwoMarks">Crime Library [http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorist_spies/assassins/chapman/2.html Two Marks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210044824/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/2.html |date=February 10, 2015 }}</ref>
A friend recommended ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'' to Chapman, and the story eventually took on great personal significance for him, to the extent that he reportedly wished to model his life after its [[protagonist]], [[Holden Caulfield]].<ref name="CL Troubled Youth"/>


After graduating from Columbia High, Chapman moved for a time to [[Chicago]] and played guitar in churches and Christian nightspots while his friend did impersonations. He worked successfully at the YMCA with [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] [[refugee]]s at a resettlement camp at Fort Chaffee in [[Arkansas]], after a brief visit to [[Lebanon]] on the same work. He was named an area coordinator and a key aide to the program director, David Moore, who later said Chapman cared deeply for the children and worked hard. Chapman accompanied Moore to meetings with government officials, and [[Gerald Ford|President Gerald Ford]] shook his hand.<ref name="TwoMarks"/><ref>[http://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=73#_ednref30 March 4, 1966: The Beginning of the End for John Lennon?] Lynne H. Schultz, 2001</ref>
On the recommendation of a friend, Chapman read [[J. D. Salinger]]'s novel ''[[The Catcher in the Rye]]'' (1951). The novel eventually took on great personal significance for him, to the extent he reportedly wished to model his life after its main character, [[Holden Caulfield]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gaines|first1=James|title=Mark Chapman: The Man Who Shot John Lennon|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20095701,00.html|access-date=June 16, 2016|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Time, Inc.]]|location=New York City|date=February 27, 1987|archive-url=https://archive.today/BpLt2|archive-date=January 31, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> After graduating from high school, Chapman moved for a time to [[Chicago]] and played guitar in churches and Christian night spots while his friend did impersonations. He worked successfully for [[World Vision International|World Vision]] with Vietnamese refugees at a resettlement camp at [[Fort Chaffee]] in [[Arkansas]], after a brief visit to Lebanon for the same work. He was named an area coordinator and a key aide to program director David Moore, who later said Chapman cared deeply for children and worked hard. Chapman accompanied Moore to meetings with government officials, and [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Gerald Ford]] shook his hand.


Chapman joined his girlfriend, Jessica Blankenship as a student at [[Covenant College]] (a strict [[Presbyterian]] college that emphasizes the [[liberal arts]]) in [[Lookout Mountain, Georgia]]. However, Chapman fell behind in his studies and became obsessed with guilt over having an affair.<ref name="CLEscape">Crime Library [http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/4.html Escape to Paradise]</ref> The academic pressure and a failing romance sent him in to an emotional tailspin.<ref name="Gaines1981"/> He started having [[suicide|suicidal]] thoughts and feeling like a failure. He dropped out of Covenant College, and his girlfriend broke off their relationship. He returned to work at the resettlement camp, but left after an argument. Chapman then took a job as a security guard, eventually taking a week-long course that qualified him to be an armed guard. He made another attempt to go to college but dropped out again. He decided to go to [[Hawaii]] and then kill himself.<ref name = "CLEscape"/>
Chapman joined Blankenship as a student at [[Covenant College]], a Presbyterian [[Liberal arts education|liberal arts]] college in [[Lookout Mountain, Georgia]]. However, he fell behind in his studies and became racked with guilt over having a previous affair.<ref>Crime Library [http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/4.html Escape to Paradise] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210044829/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/4.html |date=February 10, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Gaines1981">{{cite magazine|first=J.R.|last=Gaines|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20079581,00.html|title=The Life and Crime of Mark David Chapman|date=June 22, 1981|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Time, Inc.]]|location=New York City|volume=15|issue=24}}</ref> He started having [[suicidal ideation|suicidal thoughts]] and began to feel like a failure. He dropped out of Covenant College after just one semester, and his girlfriend broke off their relationship soon after. Chapman returned to work at the resettlement camp but left after an argument with a supervisor.


In 1977 Chapman attempted suicide by gassing himself inside his car, but the vacuum cleaner hose melted in the [[exhaust pipe]]; he was discovered, went to a local [[mental health]] clinic, and a [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]] took him to Castle Memorial Hospital for [[clinical depression]]. Upon his release, the hospital hired him part-time. He played guitar for the patients and counseled them. He found a place to live with a [[Presbyterian]] minister.<ref name="CLMiracle">Crime Library [http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/5.html A Miracle Fades Away]</ref> His parents began [[divorce]] preceedings, and his mother joined Chapman in Hawaii.<ref name="Gaines1981"/>
In 1977, Chapman relocated to [[Hawaii]], where he attempted suicide by [[carbon monoxide]] asphyxiation. He connected a hose to his car's exhaust pipe, but the hose melted and the attempt failed. A [[psychiatrist]] admitted Chapman to Castle Memorial Hospital for [[Major depressive disorder|clinical depression]]. Upon his release, he began working at the hospital as a [[janitor]].<ref name="CLMiracle">{{cite web|title=A Miracle Fades Away|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/5.html|work=Crime Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210044830/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/5.html|archive-date=February 10, 2015}}</ref> After Chapman's parents began divorce proceedings, his mother joined him in Hawaii.<ref name="Gaines1981" />


In 1978, Chapman went on a six-week trip around the world, inspired partly by the film ''[[Around the World in Eighty Days (1956 film)|Around the World in Eighty Days]]'', visiting such places as [[Tokyo]], [[Seoul]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]], [[Bangkok]], [[Delhi]], [[Israel]], [[Geneva]], [[London]], [[Paris]], and [[Dublin]]. He began a relationship with his travel agent, a [[Japanese-American]] woman named Gloria Abe. They married on [[June 2]], [[1979]]. Looking for more money, Chapman got a job at Castle Memorial Hospital as a printer, working alone rather than with staff and patients. He then got into an argument with Abe's boss at the travel agency and made her quit and find another job. He was then fired by the Castle Memorial Hospital, rehired, then got into a shouting match with a nurse and quit. He took a job as a night security guard and began [[Alcoholic beverage|drinking]] heavily.<ref name="CLMiracle"/>
Chapman embarked on a six-week trip around the world in 1978. The vacation was partly inspired by the film and novel ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]''. He visited [[Tokyo]], [[Seoul]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]], [[Bangkok]], [[New Delhi]], [[Beirut]], [[Geneva]], [[London]], [[Paris]] and [[Dublin]]. He also began a relationship with his travel agent, a [[Japanese Americans|Japanese American]] woman named Gloria Abe, whom he married on June 2, 1979. Chapman got a job at Castle Memorial Hospital as a printer, working alone rather than with staff and patients. He was fired by the hospital and later rehired; following an argument with a nurse he finally quit. After this, Chapman took a job as a night [[security guard]] at a high-end apartment complex and began [[Alcohol abuse|drinking heavily]] to cope with his depression.<ref name="CLMiracle" />


Chapman developed a series of obsessions, including artworks, ''The Catcher in the Rye'', music, and John Lennon, and started [[hallucinations|hearing voices]] again. In [[September 1980]], he wrote a letter to a friend, Lynda Irish, saying "I'm going nuts", signed "The Catcher in the Rye".<ref name="brink">Crime Library [http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/6.html To the Brink and Back]</ref>
As his psychological state worsened, Chapman developed a series of obsessions, including artwork, ''The Catcher in the Rye'', music, and the English musician [[John Lennon]]. In September 1980 he wrote a letter to a friend, Lynda Irish, in which he stated, "I'm going nuts." He signed the letter, "The Catcher in the Rye."<ref name="brink">{{cite book |last1=McGunagle|first1=Fred|title=Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon|chapter=To the Brink and Back|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/6.html |publisher=[[Court TV]] |location=Atlanta, Georgia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040407005703/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/6.html|archive-date=April 7, 2004}}</ref> Chapman had no criminal convictions prior to his trip to New York City to kill Lennon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/john-lennons-killer-mark-david-chapman-denied-parole/story?id=17064521|title=John Lennon's Killer Denied Parole|date=November 2, 2012|website=[[ABC News]]}}</ref>


==Murder of John Lennon==
==Murder of John Lennon==
{{See|Death of John Lennon}}
{{Main|Murder of John Lennon}}
===Motive and planning===
[[Image:Lennon and Chapman.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Lennon and Chapman.]]
Chapman allegedly started planning to kill Lennon three months prior to the murder. A longtime fan of Lennon's former band [[the Beatles]], Chapman turned against Lennon due to a [[religious conversion]] and Lennon's highly publicized 1966 remark about the Beatles being "[[more popular than Jesus]]."{{sfn|Jones|1992|p=118}} Some members of Chapman's prayer group made a joke in reference to Lennon's song "[[Imagine (John Lennon song)|Imagine]]": "It went, 'Imagine, imagine if John Lennon was dead.'"<ref name="Gaines1981" /> Chapman's childhood friend, Miles McManushe, recalled that Chapman said that the song was "[[communism|communist]]."{{sfn|Jones|1992|p=118}}
[[Image:1 West 72nd Street (The Dakota) entrance by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The entrance to the Dakota building where Lennon was shot.]]
Chapman went to New York in [[October 1980]] planning to kill Lennon. He left the city for a short while in order to obtain ammunition from his unwitting friend Dana Reeves in [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]]. He returned to New York in November but, after going to the cinema and being inspired by the film ''[[Ordinary People]]'', he returned to Hawaii, telling his wife he had been obsessed with killing Lennon but had snapped out of it. He made an appointment to see a [[clinical psychologist]] but instead, on December 6, flew back to New York. He offered [[cocaine]] to a taxi driver.<ref name="Gaines1981"/> He reports having reenacted scenes from ''The Catcher in the Rye''.


Chapman had also been influenced by [[Anthony Fawcett]]'s ''John Lennon: One Day at a Time'', which detailed Lennon's lavish lifestyle in [[New York City]]. According to Gloria, "He was angry that Lennon would preach love and peace but yet have millions." Chapman later said: "He told us to imagine no possessions and there he was, with millions of dollars and yachts and farms and country estates, laughing at people like me who had believed the lies and bought the records and built a big part of their lives around his music."<ref name="jlend">{{cite web|first=Lynne H.|last=Schultz|url=http://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=73|title=March 4, 1966: The Beginning of the End for John Lennon?|website=The Secular Web|date=2001|access-date=December 26, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000251/http://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=73 |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> He also recalled having listened to Lennon's solo albums in the weeks before the murder:{{sfn|Jones|1992|p=178}}
On the morning of December 8, 1980, he departed from the [[Sheraton Hotel]], he left personal items in his hotel room for police to find. Chapman bought a copy of ''The Catcher in the Rye'' from a New York bookstore, in which he wrote "This is my statement", and signed "Holden Caulfield". He then spent most of the day near the entrance to [[The Dakota]] apartment building where Lennon and his wife [[Yoko Ono]] lived, talking to other fans and the doorman. At one point, a distracted Chapman missed seeing Lennon step out of a cab and enter the Dakota building on the morning of December 8. Late in the morning, Chapman met the Lennons' housekeeper, who had just taken their five-year-old son [[Sean Lennon|Sean]] for a walk. Chapman conversed with the housekeeper and shook hands with the boy as they departed.<ref name="allyou">Crime Library [http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/7.html Is That All You Want?]</ref>
{{blockquote|I would listen to this music and I would get angry at him, for saying [in the song "[[God (John Lennon song)|God]]"] that he didn't believe in God, that he just believed in him and Yoko, and that he didn't believe in the Beatles. This was another thing that angered me, even though this record had been done at least ten years previously. I just wanted to scream out loud, "Who does he think he is, saying these things about God and heaven and the Beatles?" Saying that he doesn't believe in Jesus and things like that. At that point, my mind was going through a total blackness of anger and rage. So I brought the Lennon book home, into this ''The Catcher in the Rye'' milieu where my mindset is Holden Caulfield and anti-phoniness.{{sfn|Jones|1992|pp=178–179}}|sign=|source=}}
Around 5:00 p.m., Lennon and Ono left The Dakota for a recording session at [[Record Plant Studios]]. As they walked towards their [[limousine]] on the curb, Chapman shook hands with Lennon and held out a copy of Lennon's new album, ''[[Double Fantasy]]'', for him to sign. Photographer Paul Goresh was present when Lennon signed Chapman's album and took a photo of the event.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Keys/6624/BIGSUB.JPG Photo of Lennon and Chapman]</ref> Chapman reported that, "At that point my big part won and I wanted to go back to my hotel, but I couldn't. I waited until he came back. He knew where the ducks went in winter, and I needed to know this" (a reference to ''The Catcher in the Rye'').


Chapman's planning has been described as "muddled."<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Wilson| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E5D6163DF934A2575AC0A9669D8B63|title=Lennon's Killer Said He Wavered Over Plan|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| access-date=December 23, 2011|date=September 17, 2010}}</ref> Over the years, he has both supported and denied whether he felt justified by his spiritual beliefs at the time or had the intention of acquiring notoriety.<ref name="Gaines1987part3" /> The only time he made a public statement before his sentencing — and for several years afterward — was during a brief [[psychotic episode]] in which he was convinced that the meaning of his actions was to promote ''The Catcher in the Rye'', which amounted to a single letter mailed to ''[[The New York Times]]'' asking the public to read the novel.<ref name="Gaines1987part3" />
Around 10:49 p.m., the Lennons' limousine returned to the Dakota. Lennon and Ono passed by Chapman and walked toward the archway entrance of the building's courtyard. From the street, Chapman turned and fired five [[hollow point bullet|hollow point]] bullets from a [[Charter Arms]] [[.38]] [[revolver]] that he had purchased in Hawaii, four of which hit Lennon's back and shoulder. One of the bullets pierced Lennon's [[aorta]], the largest and most important [[artery]] in the [[human body]], causing very severe [[blood loss]] by [[aortic dissection]]. There was an isolated newspaper claim at the time that, before firing, Chapman called out "Mr. Lennon" and dropped into a "[[Modern Technique of the Pistol|combat stance]]",<ref>"Police Trace Tangled Path Leading To Lennon's Slaying at the Dakota" by Paul L. Montgomery, ''The New York Times'', December 10, 1980, pp. A1,B6 (unverified quotes attributed to NYPD Chief of Detectives James T. Sullivan and in turn to an unnamed witness)</ref> but this is not stated in court hearings or witness interviews.


Journalist [[James R. Gaines]], who interviewed Chapman extensively, concluded that Chapman did not kill Lennon to gain fame and notoriety.<ref name="Gaines1987part3" /> According to Chapman in a later [[parole]] hearing, he had a hit list of other potential targets in mind, including Lennon's bandmate [[Paul McCartney]], talk show host [[Johnny Carson]], actress [[Elizabeth Taylor]], actor [[George C. Scott]], former first lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]], recently elected U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Governor of Hawaii|Hawaii governor]] [[George Ariyoshi]]. In 2010, Chapman said that the only criterion for the list was being "famous," and that he chose Lennon out of convenience.<ref>{{cite news|last1=James|first1=Michael S.|title=Lennon's Killer: Elizabeth Taylor Also a Target|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/john-lennon-killer-mark-david-chapman-considered-killing/story?id=11658475|work=ABC News|date=September 17, 2010}}</ref> He had also cited feelings of [[envy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mark David Chapman, man who killed John Lennon, said in parole hearing he wanted 'glory' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/mark-david-chapman-man-killed-john-lennon-parole/story?id=73149086 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>
Chapman remained at the scene, took out his copy of ''The Catcher in the Rye'' and read it until the police arrived. The [[New York Police Department]] officers who first responded to the shooting recognized that Lennon's wounds were severe, and so they decided to transport him in their police car to [[Roosevelt Hospital]]. Chapman was arrested without incident. In his statement to police three hours later, Chapman stated, "I’m sure the large part of me is Holden Caulfield, who is the main person in the book. The small part of me must be the [[Devil]]."<ref name="chaps">Crime Library [http://www.crimelibrary.com/classics4/chapman/ Chapman's Statement]</ref>


It is rumored that Chapman traveled to [[Woodstock, New York|Woodstock]], [[New York (state)|New York]], during one of his visits to the state in search of the musician [[Todd Rundgren]], another target of obsession. Chapman was wearing a promotional T-shirt for Rundgren's album ''[[Hermit of Mink Hollow]]'' when he was arrested and had a copy of ''[[Runt: The Ballad of Todd Rundgren]]'' in his [[Manhattan]] hotel room. Rundgren was not aware of the connections until much later.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lester |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Lester |title=Todd Rundgren: 'Every once in a while I took a trip and never came back' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/may/01/todd-rundgren-interview |access-date=December 16, 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=May 1, 2013}}</ref>
Lennon was pronounced dead at 11:15 p.m.


On the day of the murder, singer [[David Bowie]] was appearing on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in the play ''[[The Elephant Man (play)|The Elephant Man]].'' "I was second on his list," Bowie later said. "Chapman had a front-row ticket to ''The Elephant Man'' the next night. John and Yoko were supposed to sit front-row for that show too. So the night after John was killed there were three empty seats in the front row. I can't tell you how difficult that was to go on. I almost didn't make it through the performance."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inthestudio.net/online-only-interviews/john-lennon-assassin-had-hitlist-david-bowie/|title=John Lennon's Assassin Had a Hit List, and David Bowie Was Next|publisher=In The Studio|access-date=May 11, 2016}}</ref>
==Testimony and sentencing==
Chapman was charged with [[Murder#Degrees_of_murder_in_the_United_States|second degree murder]].
He was taken to [[Bellevue Hospital]] for psychiatric examination. The conclusion was that, while [[delusional]], he was [[Competence (law)|competent]] to stand a trial. Nine psychiatrists/clinical psychologists were prepared to testify at his trial &ndash; six of the clinical opinion that he was [[psychotic]] and three of the clinical opinion that his delusions fell short of the necessary criteria for psychosis. Lawyer Herbert Adlerberg was assigned to represent Chapman but, amid threats of [[lynching]], withdrew. Police feared that Lennon fans might storm the hospital and they transferred Chapman to the [[Rikers Island]] jail.<ref name="McGunagle">McGunagle, F. [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/10.html Exorcism at Attica] Tru Tv Crime Library.</ref>


===October–December 1980===
At an initial hearing, in [[January 1981]], Chapman's new lawyer Jonathan Marks entered a plea of [[insanity defense|not guilty by reason of insanity]]. In February, Chapman sent a handwritten statement to ''[[The New York Times]]'', urging everyone to read ''The Catcher in the Rye'', calling it an extraordinary book that holds many answers.<ref>Montgomery, P [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E00E1D8133BF93AA35751C0A967948260 LENNON MURDER SUSPECT PREPARING INSANITY DEFENSE.] New York Times, February 9, 1981.</ref> The defense team sought to establish witnesses as to Chapman's mental state at the time of the killing.<ref>New York Times February 26, 1981 [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E1DF1439F935A15751C0A967948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=print 4 Sought by Defense In Slaying of Lennon]</ref> It was reported that his defense team was confident he would be found [[insanity defense|not guilty by reason of insanity]], in which case he would have been committed to a state [[mental hospital]] and received treatment.
[[File:Dakotanewyork.jpg|thumb|[[The Dakota]], Lennon's residence and the location of the killing]]
Chapman went to New York City in late October 1980 intending to kill Lennon, but left to obtain ammunition from his unwitting friend Dana Reeves in Atlanta before returning in November.<ref name="brink" /> While in New York, Chapman was inspired by the film ''[[Ordinary People]]'' to stop his plans. He returned to Hawaii and told his wife Gloria that he had been obsessed with killing Lennon, showing her the gun and bullets; Gloria did not inform the police or mental health services.<ref name="Gaines1981" /> Chapman later said that the commandment "[[thou shalt not kill]]" flashed on the television at him and was on a wall hanging that his wife put up in their apartment.<ref name="jlend" /> He made an appointment to see a clinical psychologist, but he did not keep it and flew back to New York on December 6, 1980.<ref name="Gaines1981" /> At one point, he considered ending his life by jumping from the [[Statue of Liberty]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Fred|last=McGunagle|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/10.html |title=Exorcism at Attica |website=Crimelibrary.com |date=December 8, 1980 |access-date=October 8, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513085252/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/10.html |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }}</ref>


On December 7, Chapman accosted singer [[James Taylor]] at the [[72nd Street (Manhattan)|72nd Street]] subway station. According to Taylor, "The guy had sort of pinned me to the wall and was glistening with maniacal sweat and talking some freak speak about what he was going to do and his stuff with how John was interested and he was going to get in touch with John Lennon."<ref>{{cite news|first=Tom|last=Brook|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11926898 |title=Lennon's death: I was there|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|location=London, England|date=December 8, 2010|access-date=September 9, 2011}}</ref> He also reportedly offered cocaine to a taxi driver.<ref name="Gaines1981" /> That night, Chapman and his wife talked on the phone about getting help with his problems by first working on his relationship with God.<ref name="jlend" />
However, in June, Chapman told Marks he wanted to drop the insanity defense and plead guilty. Marks objected with "serious questions" over Chapman's sanity, and legally challenged his competence to make this decision, requesting a further assessment of his mental state. In the pursuant hearing on June 22, Chapman said [[God]] had told him to plead guilty and that he would not change his plea or ever [[appeal]], regardless of his sentence. Marks told the court that he opposed Chapman's change of plea but that Chapman would not listen to him since reporting having had two conversations with God on June 8 and June 10. Judge Dennis Edwards refused a further assessment, said Chapman had made the decision of his own [[free will]], and declared him competent to plead guilty.<ref>The Guardian newspaper (June 23, 1981) [http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/1981/jun/23/fromthearchive Chapman admits murder]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/22/newsid_2518000/2518621.stm 1981: Chapman pleads guilty to Lennon murder]</ref><ref name="TwoMarks"/>


On the morning of December 8, Chapman left his room at the [[Sheraton Hotel]], leaving personal items behind that he wanted the police to find. He bought a copy of ''The Catcher in the Rye'' in which he wrote "this is my statement", signing it "Holden Caulfield." He then spent most of the day near the entrance to [[the Dakota]] apartment building where Lennon lived, talking to fans and the [[doorman (profession)|doorman]]. Early in the morning, Chapman was distracted and missed seeing Lennon step out of a taxi and enter the Dakota. Later in the morning, he met Lennon's housekeeper, who was returning from a walk with Lennon's five-year-old son [[Sean Lennon|Sean]]. Chapman reached in front of the housekeeper to shake Sean's hand and called him a beautiful boy, quoting Lennon's song "[[Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)]]."<ref name="LKW" />
On August 24, the [[Sentence (law)|sentencing hearing]] took place. Two psychiatrists gave evidence on Chapman's behalf. Judge Dennis Edwards interrupted the second psychiatrist, saying the purpose of the hearing was to determine the sentence and that there was no question of Chapman's criminal responsibility, drawing applause from the courtroom. The [[District Attorney]] said Chapman did it as an easy route to fame. The defense lawyer said Chapman did not even appreciate why he was there. When Chapman was asked if he had anything to say, he rose and read a passage from ''The Catcher in the Rye''. The judge ordered that Chapman should receive psychiatric treatment in prison and [[Sentence (law)|sentenced]] him to 20 years to [[life sentence|life]], slightly less than the maximum possible of 25 years to life.<ref>The Guardian newspaper (August 25, 1981) [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1662593,00.html Lennon's killer to serve 20 years]</ref>


Around 5 p.m., Lennon and his wife [[Yoko Ono]] were leaving the Dakota for a recording session at the [[Record Plant]]. As they walked toward their limousine, Chapman, without saying a word, held out a copy of Lennon's album ''[[Double Fantasy]]'' (1980) for Lennon to sign.<ref>{{cite web | title = 1980 Year in Review: Death of John Lennon | url = http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1980/Death-of-John-Lennon/12311726509558-11/}}'</ref> Amateur photographer Paul Goresh was standing nearby and took a picture as Lennon signed the album.<ref>[http://rockandrollgarage.com/paul-goresh-author-john-lennons-photo-killer-dies-58/ Paul Goresh, author of John Lennon's photo with his killer, dies at 58]</ref> Chapman said in an interview that he tried to get Goresh to stay, and he asked another [[loitering]] Lennon fan to go out with him that night. He suggested that he would not have murdered Lennon that evening if the woman had accepted his invitation or if Goresh had stayed, but he probably would have tried another day.<ref name="LKW">{{cite news|title=Larry King Weekend: A Look Back at Mark David Chapman in His Own Words.|url=http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0009/30/lklw.00.html|website=CNN|publisher=Cable News Network|access-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>
==Life in Attica==
Chapman has been imprisoned since 1981 in [[Attica State Prison]], outside of [[Buffalo, New York]].


Around 10:50 p.m., Lennon and Ono returned to the Dakota in a limousine. They got out of the vehicle, passed Chapman, and walked toward the archway entrance of the building. From the street behind them, Chapman fired five [[hollow-point bullet]]s from a [[.38 special]] [[revolver]], four of which hit Lennon in the back and shoulder. One newspaper later reported that Chapman called out "Mr. Lennon" and dropped into a [[combat stance]] before firing.<ref>"Police Trace Tangled Path Leading to Lennon's Slaying at the Dakota" by Paul L. Montgomery, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 10, 1980, pp. A1, B6 [quotes attributed by the newspaper to NYPD Chief of Detectives James T. Sullivan regarding an unnamed witness]</ref> Chapman said that he does not recall saying anything, and Lennon did not turn around.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lovett |first=Kenneth |title=Mark David Chapman tells his version of John Lennon slay |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2008/08/19/2008-08-19_mark_david_chapman_tells_his_version_of_.html |journal=New York Daily News |date=April 19, 2008 |access-date=May 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124164133/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2008/08/19/2008-08-19_mark_david_chapman_tells_his_version_of_.html |archive-date=January 24, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Chapman [[fasting|fasted]] for 26 days in [[February 1982]]. After the [[New York State Supreme Court]] authorized the state to [[force feeding|force feed]] him, Dr. Martin Von Holden, the director of the Central New York Psychiatric Center, said Chapman still refused to eat with other inmates but agreed to take liquid nutrients.<Ref>New York Times [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E7D8143BF931A35750C0A964948260&sec=health&spon= Chapman Breaks His 26-Day Fast] March 2, 1982</ref>
Chapman has been confined within a Special Housing Unit for violent and at-risk prisoners. There are 105 other prisoners in the building "who are not considered to pose a threat to him," according to the [[New York State Department of Correctional Services]]. He has his own prison cell, but "spends most of his day outside his cell working on housekeeping and in the library."<ref name="cnnden">[http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/10/05/chapman.parole/index.html Lennon killer denied parole]</ref> He is reported to be an [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] [[Christian]].


Chapman remained at the scene following the shooting and appeared to be reading ''The Catcher in the Rye'' when [[New York City Police Department|New York City police officers]] arrived and arrested him without incident. The officers recognized that Lennon's wounds were severe and decided not to wait for an [[ambulance]]; they rushed him to [[Mount Sinai West|Roosevelt Hospital]] in a squad car. Lennon was pronounced [[dead on arrival]]. Three hours later, Chapman told the police, "I'm sure the big part of me is Holden Caulfield, who is the main person in the book. The small part of me must be the Devil."<ref name="McGunagle08">Crime Library [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/1.html Chapman's Statement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531154558/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/1.html |date=May 31, 2008 }}</ref>
It is also reported that Chapman works in the prison as a legal clerk and kitchen helper, but otherwise his activities are severely curtailed. He was barred from participating in the Cephas Attica workshops, a charitable organization which helps inmates to adjust to life outside prison. He is also prohibited from attending the prison's violence and [[anger management]] classes due to concern for his safety.


==Legal process ==
Chapman reportedly likes to read and write [[short story|short stories]]. In his parole board hearing in 2004 he described his plans, if paroled, as follows: "I would immediately try to find a job, and I really want to go from place to place, at least in the state, church to church, and tell people what happened to me and point them the way to Christ." He also said that he thought that there was a possibility he could find work as a farmhand or return to his previous trade as a printer.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.courttv.com/archive/people/2000/1012/chapmantranscript.html Transcript of Mark David Chapman's Parole Board hearing]</ref> The Daily Mirror reported he wanted to set up a church with his wife.<ref>[http://www.mirror.co.uk/archive/2004/10/19/inside-the-mind-of-lennon-s-assassin-89520-14772436/ Inside the Mind of John Lennon's Assassin]</ref>
Chapman was formally charged with [[second-degree murder]]. He confessed to police that he had used hollow-point bullets "to ensure Lennon's death."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/63515296/|title=Chapman intended to kill Lennon|newspaper=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]]|location=[[Santa Cruz, California]]|date=June 24, 1981|page=45|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> Chapman's wife had known of her husband's preparations for killing Lennon, but took no action because Chapman did not follow through at the time; she did not face any charges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/us-news/john-lennons-killer-mark-chapman-13029152|title=John Lennon's killer Mark Chapman told his wife he was going to shoot him|last=Bucktin|first=Christopher|date=August 3, 2018|website=mirror|access-date=December 15, 2018}}</ref> Chapman later said that he harbored a "deep-seated resentment" toward his wife, "that she didn't go to somebody, even the police, and say, 'Look, my husband's bought a gun and he says he's going to kill John Lennon.'"<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Wife+of+John+Lennon%27s+assassin+could+have+saved+the+ex-Beatle.-a0243839080 Wife of John Lennon's assassin could have saved the ex-Beatle.] December 8, 2012</ref>


===Mental state assessment===
Chapman is on the Family Reunion Program, and is allowed two [[conjugal visit]]s a year with his wife.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>[http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,24169996-7484,00.html News]</ref> The program allows him to spend up to 42 hours alone with his wife in a specially built prison home. He gets occasional visits from his sister, a few friends, and clerics.
More than a dozen psychologists and psychiatrists interviewed Chapman in the six months prior to his trial—three for the [[prosecution]], six for the [[defense (law)|defense]], and several more on behalf of the court—and they conducted a battery of standard diagnostic procedures and more than 200 hours of clinical interviews. All six defense experts concluded that Chapman was [[psychotic]]; five diagnosed [[paranoid schizophrenia]], while the sixth felt that his symptoms were more consistent with [[manic depression]]. The three prosecution experts declared that his delusions fell short of psychosis and instead diagnosed various [[personality disorders]]. The court-appointed experts concurred with the prosecution's examiners that he was delusional yet competent to stand trial. In the examinations, Chapman was more cooperative with the prosecution's mental health experts than with those for the defense; one psychiatrist conjectured that he did not wish to be considered "crazy" and was persuaded that the defense experts declared him insane only because they were hired to do so.<ref name="Gaines1987part3" />


Charles McGowan, who had been the pastor of Chapman's church in Decatur, visited Chapman. "I believe there was a demonic power at work," he said. Chapman initially embraced his old religion with new fervor as a result; but McGowan revealed information to the press that Chapman had told him in confidence, so Chapman disavowed his renewed interest in Christianity and reverted to his initial explanation: he had killed Lennon to promote the reading of ''The Catcher in the Rye''.<ref name="Gaines1987part3" />
James Flateau, spokesman for the state Department of Correctional Services, said in 2004 that Chapman had been involved in three "minor incidents" between 1989 and 1994 for delaying an inmate count and refusing to follow an order, but nothing else since 1994.<ref>[http://blogcritics.org/archives/2002/10/09/134608.php#20021009134608 Lennon Killer Chapman Denied Parole]</ref>


===Guilty plea===
==Parole applications and campaigns==
Chapman's court-appointed lawyer, Herbert Adlerberg, withdrew from the case amid threats of [[lynching]]. Police feared that Lennon fans might storm the hospital, so they transferred Chapman to [[Rikers Island]] for his personal safety.<ref>McGunagle, F. [http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/10.html Exorcism at Attica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930143824/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/10.html |date=September 30, 2013 }} Tru Tv Crime Library.</ref>
Chapman has been denied [[parole]] five times, by a three-member board, in closed hearings lasting less than an hour, in [[October 2000]], [[October 2002]], [[October 2004]], [[October 2006]] and [[August 2008]].


At the initial hearing in January 1981, Chapman's new lawyer, Jonathan Marks, instructed him to enter a plea of [[insanity defense|not guilty by reason of insanity]]. In February, Chapman sent a handwritten statement to ''[[The New York Times]]'' urging everyone to read ''The Catcher in the Rye,'' calling it an "extraordinary book that holds many answers."<ref>Montgomery, P [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E00E1D8133BF93AA35751C0A967948260 Lennon Murder Suspect Preparing Insanity Defense.] ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 9, 1981.</ref> The defense team sought to establish witnesses as to Chapman's mental state at the time of the killing.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E1DF1439F935A15751C0A967948260&sec=health&spon= 4 Sought by Defense In Slaying of Lennon],''[[The New York Times]]'', February 26, 1981</ref> However, Chapman told Marks in June that he wanted to drop the insanity defense and plead guilty. Marks objected with "serious questions" over Chapman's sanity and legally challenged his competence to make this decision. In the pursuant hearing on June 22, Chapman said that [[Will of God|God had told him to plead guilty]] and that he would not change his plea or ever [[appeal]], regardless of his sentence. Marks told the court that he opposed Chapman's change of plea, but Chapman would not listen to him. Judge [[Dennis Edwards Jr.]] refused a further assessment, saying that Chapman had made the decision of his own free will, and declared him [[competent to stand trial]].<ref name="TwoMarks" /><ref>The Guardian newspaper (June 23, 1981) [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1981/jun/23/fromthearchive Chapman admits murder]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/22/newsid_2518000/2518621.stm |title=1981: Chapman pleads guilty to Lennon murder |work=BBC News |date= June 22, 1981|access-date=October 8, 2010}}</ref>
Prior to the 2000 hearing, [[Yoko Ono]] sent a letter to the board opposing the release of Chapman.<ref>CNN Assignment Editor Jonathan Wald writes on CNN.com on October 6, 2004 about [http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/10/05/chapman.parole/index.html Ono's consistent opposition to parole]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/955216.stm Text of Ono's 2000 letter sent to parole hearings, from the BBC]</ref> In addition, State Senator [[Michael Nozzolio|Michael F. Nozzolio]], chairman of the Senate Crime Victims, Crime and Correction Committee, wrote to Parole Board Chairman Brion Travis saying that "It is the responsibility of the New York State Parole Board to ensure that public safety is protected from the release of dangerous criminals like Mark David Chapman."<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/law.and.entertainment/10/03/chapman.parole.02/index.html John Lennon's killer denied parole]</ref>


===Sentencing hearing===
At the 50-minute hearing in 2000, Chapman stated that he was not a danger to society and had overcome the psychological problems that he had at the time of the murder. He also stated that, as a [[Conservatism|conservative]], he believed he did not deserve to be free. He also spoke about regret for the murder's effect on Yoko Ono.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The parole board concluded that releasing Chapman at that time would "deprecate the seriousness of the crime and serve to undermine respect for the law" and that Chapman's granting of media interviews represented a continued interest in "maintaining your notoriety". They noted that although Chapman had an "exemplary disciplinary record" while in prison, he had been in special protective housing and so unable to access "anti-violence and/or anti-aggression programming."<ref>[http://starbulletin.com/2000/10/03/news/story3.html Parole denied to Lennon killer Mark Chapman]</ref>
The sentencing hearing took place on August 24, 1981, in a crowded courtroom. Two experts gave evidence on Chapman's behalf. Judge Edwards interrupted [[Dorothy Otnow Lewis|Dorothy Lewis]], a research psychiatrist who was relatively inexperienced in the courtroom, indicating that the purpose of the hearing was to determine the sentence and there was no question of Chapman's criminal responsibility. Lewis had maintained that Chapman's decision to change his plea did not appear reasonable or explicable, and she implied that the judge did not want to allow an independent competency assessment.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dorothy|last=Otnow Lewis|author-link=Dorothy Otnow Lewis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANKWhsPa6lMC|title=Guilty By Reason Of Insanity|publisher=[[Random House]]|location=New York City|date=1998|isbn=978-1409007791}}</ref> The district attorney argued that Chapman committed the murder as an easy venture to acquire fame. Chapman was asked if he had anything to say, and he rose and read a passage from ''The Catcher in the Rye'' in which Holden tells his little sister Phoebe what he wants to do with his life:


{{blockquote|I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around – nobody big, I mean – except me. And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff – I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all.}}
Robert Gangi, a lawyer for the Correctional Association of New York, said he thought it unlikely Chapman would ever be freed because the board would not risk the "political heat" of releasing the killer of John Lennon.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/955074.stm Lennon killer denied parole]</ref>


The judge ordered psychiatric treatment for Chapman during his incarceration and sentenced him to twenty years to [[life imprisonment|life]], five years less than the maximum sentence of twenty-five years to life.<ref>The Guardian newspaper (August 25, 1981) [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1662593,00.html Lennon's killer to serve twenty years]</ref>
In 2002, the parole board stated again that releasing Chapman after 22 years in prison would "deprecate the seriousness" of the crime, and that while his behavioral record continued to be very positive, it was no predictor of his community behavior.<ref>http://www.instantkarma.com/instantnewssepoct02.html Instant News]</ref>


==Imprisonment==
The parole board held a third hearing in 2004. The board reported that their decision was based on the interview, a review of records and deliberation. The board declined parole again. One of the reasons given by the board was having subjected Yoko Ono to "monumental suffering by her witnessing the crime."<ref name="cnnden"/> Around 6,000 people had signed an online petition against Chapman's release by this time. Lennon fans were threatening retribution if he were to be released.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/thebeatles/story/0,,1313883,00.html Lennon fans threaten his killer as release looms]</ref>
[[File:Attica, New York (Correctional Facility).jpg|thumb|[[Attica Correctional Facility]] in [[Attica (town), New York|Attica, New York]], where Chapman was imprisoned from 1981 to 2012]]
In 1981, Chapman was imprisoned at [[Attica Correctional Facility]] outside of [[Buffalo, New York]]. He [[fasting|fasted]] for twenty-six days in February 1982, so the [[New York State Supreme Court]] authorized the state to force-feed him. Central New York Psychiatric Center director Martin Von Holden said that Chapman refused to eat with other inmates but agreed to take liquid nutrients.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05E7D8143BF931A35750C0A964948260&sec=health&spon=|title=Chapman Breaks His 26-Day Fast|date=March 2, 1982}}</ref> He was held in a [[solitary confinement]] unit for violent and at-risk prisoners, in part due to concern that he might be harmed by Lennon's fans in the general population. There were 105 inmates in the facility who were "not considered a threat to him," according to the New York State Department of Correctional Services. He had his own cell but spent "most of his day outside his cell working on housekeeping and in the library."<ref name="cnnden">{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Wald|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/10/05/chapman.parole/index.html |title=Lennon killer denied parole |website=[[CNN]] |date= October 6, 2004|access-date=October 8, 2010}}</ref>


Chapman worked in the prison as a [[legal clerk]] and [[sous-chef|kitchen helper]]. He was barred from participating in the Cephas Attica workshops, a charitable organization helping inmates adjust to life outside prison. He was also prohibited from attending the prison's violence and [[anger management]] classes due to concern for his safety. He told a parole board in 2000 what he would do if paroled: "I would immediately try to find a job, and I really want to go from place to place, at least in the state, church to church, and tell people what happened to me and point them the way to Christ." He also said that he thought that he could find work as a [[farmhand]] or return to his previous trade as a printer.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.courttv.com/archive/people/2000/1012/chapmantranscript.html |title=Transcript of Mark David Chapman's Parole Board hearing |website=[[Court TV]] |access-date=October 8, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221115736/http://www.courttv.com/archive/people/2000/1012/chapmantranscript.html |archive-date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref>
In [[October 2006]], the parole board held a 16-minute hearing and concluded that his release would not be in the best interest of the community or his own personal safety.<ref>[http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=19&id=1505872006 John Lennon's killer refused parole for the fourth time]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6039276.stm Lennon killer fails in parole bid]</ref>


Chapman is in the Family Reunion Program, and has been allowed regular [[conjugal visits]] since 2014 with his wife since he accepted solitary confinement. The program allows him to spend forty-four hours alone with his wife in a specially built prison home. He also gets occasional visits from his sister, clergy, and a few friends. In 2004, Department of Correctional Services spokesman James Flateau said that Chapman had been involved in three "minor incidents" between 1989 and 1994 which included delaying an inmate count and refusing to follow an order.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogcritics.org/archives/2002/10/09/134608.php#20021009134608 |title=Lennon Killer Chapman Denied Parole |publisher=Blogcritics.org |access-date=October 8, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427152540/http://blogcritics.org/archives/2002/10/09/134608.php |archive-date=April 27, 2009 }}</ref> On May 15, 2012, he was transferred to the [[Wende Correctional Facility]] in [[Alden, New York]], which is east of Buffalo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyfreeman.com/2012/05/16/mark-david-chapman-john-lennons-killer-transferred-from-attica-to-different-max-security-prison/|title=Mark David Chapman, John Lennon's killer, transferred from Attica to different max-security prison|date=May 16, 2012|work=[[Daily Freeman]]|access-date=December 22, 2021}}</ref> On March 30, 2022, he was transferred to the [[Green Haven Correctional Facility]] in [[Beekman, New York]], which is in [[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess County]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vinelink.vineapps.com/person-detail/offender/684364;tabIndexToSelect=0/|title=Mark David Chapman Custody Record|date=June 29, 2022|work=Commission of Correction|access-date=June 29, 2022}}</ref>
On [[December 8]], [[2006]], the 26th anniversary of Lennon's death, Yoko Ono published a one-page advertisement in several newspapers saying that, while December 8 should be a "day of forgiveness," she had not yet forgiven Chapman and was not sure if she was ready to yet.<ref>Irish Examiner news December 8, 2006 Yoko [http://www.irishexaminer.com/breaking/story.asp?j=235103050&p=z35yx3865&n=235103936 Ono not ready to forgive Lennon's killer]</ref>


==Book, interviews, and media appearances==
Chapman's fifth hearing was on [[August 12]], [[2008]]. He was again denied parole "due to concern for the public safety and welfare" <ref>[http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/08/12/lennons-killer-denies-parole/ Lennon's Killer Denied Parole]</ref>
Chapman declined all offers for interviews following the murder and during his first six years at Attica, later stating that he did not want to give the impression that he killed Lennon to acquire fame and notoriety.<ref name="McGunagle08" /> Despite his claim that he refused all interviews during those six years, James R. Gaines interviewed him and wrote a three-part, 18,000-word [[People (magazine)|''People'' magazine]] series starting in 1981 and climaxing in February and March 1987.<ref name="Gaines1987part3">{{cite magazine|last=Gaines|first=James R.|url=https://people.com/archive/mark-chapman-part-iii-the-killer-takes-his-fall-vol-27-no-10/|title=Mark Chapman Part III: the Killer Takes His Fall|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=March 9, 1987|volume=27|number=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=James R.|last=Gaines|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20095701,00.html|title=Mark Chapman Part I: the Man Who Shot Lennon|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=Meredith Corporation|location=New York City|date=February 23, 1987|volume=27|number=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=James R.|last=Gaines|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20095745,00.html|title=Mark Chapman Part II: In the Shadows a Killer Waited|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=Meredith Corporation|location=New York City| date=March 2, 1987|volume=27|issue=9}}</ref> Chapman subsequently told the parole board that he regretted the interview.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> He gave a series of audio-taped interviews to Jack Jones of the [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] ''[[Democrat and Chronicle]]'', and Jones published ''Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon'' in 1992.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|1992}}</ref> Jones asked Chapman to tell his story for ''Mugshots'', a [[CourtTV]] program in 2000, with his first parole hearing approaching. Chapman refused to go on camera but consented to tell his story in a series of audiotapes.<ref name="autogenerated1" />


On December 4, 1992, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''20/20'' aired an interview with [[Barbara Walters]], Chapman's first television interview.<ref>{{YouTube|ZZ865N6vdDE|Excerpt from Chapman's Interview with Barbara Walters (1992)}}. Retrieved on July 9, 2012.</ref> On December 17, 1992, [[Larry King]] interviewed Chapman on his [[CNN]] program ''[[Larry King Live]]''.<ref>{{YouTube|Uy_tA7R_B-U|Chapman's Interview with Larry King (1992)}}. Retrieved on January 23, 2019.</ref>
== Motivation and mental health ==
It has been suggested that, as a young boy, Chapman was "very sensitive and that his parents' anger towards each other intruded upon his normal development. He retreated from a very early age into a fantasy world."<ref>[http://www.courttv.com/talk/chat_transcripts/deathofabeatle.html Transcript of Court TV interview with Jack Jones]</ref> For a period during his teens he regularly smoked marijuana and ingested [[LSD]]. Chapman was a fan of the Beatles, particularly Lennon, but was reportedly angered by Lennon's infamous 1966 remark that the Beatles were "bigger than Jesus." Jan Reeves, sister of one of Chapman's best friends, reports that Chapman "seemed really angry toward John Lennon, and he kept saying he could not understand why John Lennon had said it. According to Mark, there should be nobody more popular than the Lord Jesus Christ. He said it was [[blasphemy]]. Chapman had also read in a library book (''John Lennon: One Day at a Time'' by Anthony Fawcett) about Lennon's life in New York. "He was angry that Lennon would preach love and peace but yet have millions [of dollars]," said his wife Gloria. Chapman later said that "He told us to [[Imagine (song)|imagine no possessions]], and there he was, with millions of dollars and yachts and farms and country estates, laughing at people like me who had believed the lies and bought the records and built a big part of their lives around his music."<ref name="jlend">[http://www.secweb.org/index.aspx?action=viewAsset&id=73#_ednref30 March 4, 1966: The Beginning of the End for John Lennon?] Lynne H. Schultz, 2001, retrieved December 26, 2006.</ref>


==Parole applications, campaigns, and denials==
At some point, Chapman became obsessed with ''Catcher in the Rye'' after rereading it for the first time since high school. He was particularly influenced by protagonist Holden Caulfield's [[polemic]]s against "phoniness" in society, and the need to protect people, especially children. He was holding a copy of the book when he murdered Lennon, in which he had written "This is my statement." After his arrest, he wrote a letter to the media urging everyone to read the "extraordinary book" that may "help many to understand what has happened."<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E00E1D8133BF93AA35751C0A967948260 1981 New York Times report on Chapman]</ref> When asked if he wanted to address the court at his sentencing, Chapman read a passage from ''Catcher in the Rye'' that describes Holden Caulfield's fantasy of being on the edge of a cliff and having to catch all children from falling. A psychiatrist at the sentencing, Daniel W. Schwartz, said that Chapman wanted to kill Lennon because he viewed him as a "phony". Chapman later said that he thought the murder would turn him into a Holden Caulfield, a "quasi-savior" and "guardian angel".
Chapman first became eligible for [[parole]] in 2000 after serving twenty years in prison. Under New York state law, he is required to have a parole hearing every two years from that year onward. Since that time, a two- or three-member board has denied Chapman parole thirteen times. Before his first parole hearing, Yoko Ono sent a letter to the board requesting that Chapman should stay behind bars and serve out the remainder of his life sentence.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jonathan |last=Wald |date=October 6, 2004 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/10/05/chapman.parole/index.html |title=Lennon Killer Denied Parole |access-date=April 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/955216.stm |title=Yoko Ono: My Fears |work=BBC News |date=October 3, 2000 |access-date=April 25, 2024}}</ref> In addition, [[New York State Senate|New York State Senator]] [[Michael Nozzolio]], chairman of the Senate Crime Victims, Crime and Correction Committee, wrote to Parole Board Chairman Brion Travis saying: "It is the responsibility of the New York State Parole Board to ensure that public safety is protected from the release of dangerous criminals like Mark David Chapman."<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/law.and.entertainment/10/03/chapman.parole.02/index.html John Lennon's killer denied parole] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325203023/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/law.and.entertainment/10/03/chapman.parole.02/index.html |date=March 25, 2007 }}</ref>


===Timeline===
Chapman recalls having listened to Lennon's ''[[Plastic Ono Band]]'' album in the weeks before the murder and stated: "I would listen to this music and I would get angry at him, for saying that he didn't believe in God... and that he didn't believe in the Beatles. This was another thing that angered me, even though this record had been done at least 10 years previously. I just wanted to scream out loud, 'Who does he think he is, saying these things about God and heaven and the Beatles?' Saying that he doesn't believe in [[Jesus]] and things like that. At that point, my mind was going through a total blackness of anger and rage. So I brought the Lennon book home, into this ''Catcher in the Rye'' milieu where my mindset is Holden Caulfield and anti-phoniness."<ref name="jlend"/> Chapman later stated that, while Holden was not violent, he did "have a violent thought of shooting someone, of emptying a revolver into this fellow's stomach, someone that had done him wrong" despite being "a very sensitive person and he probably would not have killed anybody as I did. But that's fiction and reality was standing in front [of] the Dakota."<ref name="lking">[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0009/30/lklw.00.html A Look Back at Mark David Chapman in His Own Words, 2000] retrieved December 26, 2006]</ref>
{{Plainlist|style=text-indent:-2.8em; margin-left:2.8em;}}
* 2000: During the fifty-minute hearing, Chapman professed that he was not a threat to society and that Lennon would have approved of his release. The parole board however declined and concluded that releasing him would "deprecate the seriousness of the crime and serve to undermine respect for the law" and that Chapman granting media interviews represented a continued interest in "maintaining [his] notoriety." They noted that Chapman had a good disciplinary record while in prison, but he had been in solitary confinement and did not have access to "anti-violence and/or anti-aggression programming."<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 3, 2000 |title=Parole denied to Lennon killer Mark Chapman |url=http://starbulletin.com/2000/10/03/news/story3.html |access-date=September 9, 2011 |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}</ref> Correctional Association of New York lawyer Robert Gangi said that he thought it unlikely that Chapman would ever be freed because the board would not risk the "political heat" of releasing Lennon's killer. Ono stated that if Chapman were released, she and John's sons would not feel safe for the rest of their lives. "I am afraid it will bring back the nightmare, the chaos and confusion once again," she added.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 3, 2000 |title=Lennon killer denied parole |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/955074.stm |access-date=October 8, 2010}}</ref>
* 2002: Despite a positive behavioral record, the board again stated that releasing Chapman after twenty-two years in prison would "deprecate the seriousness" of the crime. Some counterarguments have stated that this basis was no predictor of his potential community behavior.<ref>{{Cite web |title=instantkarma.com |url=http://www.instantkarma.com/instantnewssepoct02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018112016/http://www.instantkarma.com/instantnewssepoct02.html |archive-date=October 18, 2006 |access-date=October 8, 2010 |website=instantkarma.com}}</ref>
* 2004: The parole board held a third hearing and declined parole. One of the reasons given by the board was that Chapman had subjected Ono to "monumental suffering by her witnessing the crime." Another factor was concern for Chapman's safety; several Lennon fans threatened to kill him upon his release. Ono's letter opposing his release stated that Chapman would not be safe outside of prison. The board reported that its decision was based on the interview, a review of records, and deliberation.<ref name="cnnden" /> By this time, approximately 6,000 people had signed an online petition opposing Chapman's release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul Harris in New York |date=September 26, 2004 |title=Lennon fans threaten his killer as release looms |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/thebeatles/story/0,,1313883,00.html |access-date=October 8, 2010}}</ref>
* 2006: The parole board held a sixteen-minute hearing and concluded that his release would not be in the best interest of the community or his own personal safety.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 11, 2006 |title=John Lennon's killer refused parole for the fourth time |work=The Scotsman |location=Edinburgh |url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=19&id=1505872006 |url-status=dead |access-date=October 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716105700/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=19&id=1505872006 |archive-date=July 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 11, 2006 |title=Lennon killer fails in parole bid |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6039276.stm |access-date=October 8, 2010}}</ref> On the twenty-sixth anniversary of Lennon's death, Ono published a one-page advertisement in several newspapers, saying that December 8 should be a "day of forgiveness," but she was not sure if she was ready to forgive Chapman.<ref>Irish Examiner news December 8, 2006, Yoko [http://www.irishexaminer.com/breaking/story.asp?j=235103050&p=z35yx3865&n=235103936 Ono not ready to forgive Lennon's killer]</ref>
* 2008: Chapman was denied parole at his fifth hearing "due to concern for the public safety and welfare."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lennon's Killer Denied Parole |work=[[CNN Wire]] |url=http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/08/12/lennons-killer-denies-parole/ |url-status=dead |access-date=October 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090814185050/http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/08/12/lennons-killer-denies-parole/ |archive-date=August 14, 2009}}</ref>
* 2010: In advance of Chapman's scheduled sixth parole hearing, Ono said that she would again oppose his parole, stating that her safety, that of Lennon's sons, and Chapman's would be at risk.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 27, 2010 |title=Yoko Ono opposes parole for John Lennon's killer |url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/07/27/Killer-of-John-Lennon-makes-parole-bid/UPI-81271280250987/ |access-date=August 12, 2010 |website=UPI.com}}</ref> The parole board postponed the hearing in September, stating that it was awaiting additional information to complete Chapman's record.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swash |first=Rosie |date=August 11, 2010 |title=John Lennon's killer has parole hearing date postponed |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/aug/11/john-lennon-mark-chapman |access-date=August 11, 2010}}</ref> On September 7, the board denied Chapman's parole application, with the panel stating that "release remains inappropriate at this time and incompatible with the welfare of the community."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thompson |first=Carolyn |date=September 7, 2010 |title=John Lennon Killer Chapman Denied Parole In NY |work=[[USA Today]] |publisher=Gannett Company |location=Mclean, Virginia |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2010-09-07-chapman-parole_N.htm |access-date=December 23, 2011}}</ref>
* 2012: Chapman's seventh parole hearing was held in August. The board announced the following day that his parole request was denied, on the grounds that they believed he would reoffend. "Despite your positive efforts while incarcerated, your release at this time would greatly undermine respect for the law and tend to trivialize the tragic loss of life which you caused as a result of this heinous, unprovoked, violent, cold and calculated crime."<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 23, 2012 |title=Chapman denied parole |work=Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/23/mark-david-chapman-john-lennon-killer-denied-parole-7th-time-ny_n_1824704.html |access-date=October 24, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wulfhorst |first=Ellen |date=August 18, 2012 |title=John Lennon's killer to get seventh parole hearing this week |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainment-us-usa-lennon-killer-idUSBRE87H09L20120818 |access-date=August 18, 2012}}</ref>
* 2014: Chapman's eighth parole application was denied. Chapman told the board, "I am sorry for being such an idiot and choosing the wrong way for glory.... I found my peace in Jesus. I know him. He loves me. He has forgiven me. He has helped in my life like you wouldn't believe." The board was unmoved, telling Chapman that it believed that "there is a reasonable probability that you would not live and remain at liberty without again violating the law."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duke |first=Alan |date=August 28, 2014 |title=John Lennon's killer denied parole, talks about murder |work=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/28/showbiz/mark-chapman-parole-denied/ |access-date=April 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Jon |date=August 27, 2014 |title=Lennon's killer: 'I'm sorry for being such an idiot' |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/08/27/lennons-killer-parole-board-hearing-transcript/14704367 |access-date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>
* 2016: Chapman's parole was denied. Chapman said that he now saw his crime as being "premeditated, selfish and evil."<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 29, 2016 |title=John Lennon's killer Mark Chapman denied parole again |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37215296?ocid=socialflow_twitter |access-date=August 30, 2016}}</ref>
* 2018: Denied for the tenth time,<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 24, 2018 |title=John Lennon's killer denied parole for 10th time |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/aug/24/john-lennon-killer-mark-chapman-denied-parole-for-tenth-time |access-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lovett |first=Kenneth |title=Exclusive: John Lennon's killer Mark David Chapman denied parole a 10th time; stays in jail at least 2 more years |work=nydailynews.com |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/ny-lennon-chapman-parole-ono-20180823-story.html |access-date=August 27, 2018}}</ref> the parole board wrote to Chapman that he was at low risk to reoffend, but that he "admittedly carefully planned and executed the murder of a world-famous person for no reason other than to gain notoriety." The board added, "While no one person's life is any more valuable than another's life, the fact that you chose someone who was not only a world-renowned person and beloved by millions, regardless of pain and suffering you would cause to his family, friends, and so many others, you demonstrated a callous disregard for the sanctity of human life and the pain and suffering of others. This fact remains a concern to this panel."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Southern |first=Keiran |date=August 24, 2018 |title=John Lennon's killer denied parole for tenth time |work=Liverpool Echo |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/john-lennons-killer-mark-chapman-15069727 |access-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref>
* 2020: Chapman's parole was denied for the eleventh time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Snyder |first=Alec |date=August 27, 2020 |title=John Lennon's killer denied parole for the 11th time |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/27/us/john-lennon-killer-denied-parole-trnd/index.html |access-date=August 27, 2020}}</ref> Officials said he was refused parole as "it would be incompatible with the welfare of society".<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 21, 2020 |title=John Lennon's killer apologises to his widow Yoko Ono for 'despicable' crime he committed for 'self-glory' |work=[[Sky News]] |url=https://news.sky.com/story/john-lennons-killer-apologises-to-his-widow-yoko-ono-for-despicable-crime-he-committed-for-self-glory-12078171 |access-date=September 21, 2020}}</ref> According to the tapes acquired by [[ABC News]], he sought glory in killing a member of the Beatles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mark David Chapman, man who killed John Lennon, said in parole hearing he wanted 'glory' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/mark-david-chapman-man-killed-john-lennon-parole/story?id=73149086 |access-date=April 11, 2021 |website=ABC News}}</ref>
* 2022: In Chapman's twelfth parole hearing, he admitted he knew what he did was wrong, but "wanted the fame too much", and that he wanted to be a "somebody, and nothing was going to stop that". The board denied him parole, citing his "selfish disregard for human life of global consequence", they also added "The worldwide impact of your crime resonates such as to evoke images, memories and emotions internationally, leading the panel to concur that your release at this time would be incompatible with the welfare of society" and also noted his action leaving lasting ramifications of "the world recovering from the void of which he created".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2022 |title=John Lennon's killer admits he knew the act was 'evil' but he 'wanted the fame too much' |url=https://www.thehitmix.co.uk/2022/11/08/john-lennons-killer-admits-he-knew-the-act-was-evil-but-he-wanted-the-fame-too-much/ |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=The Hitmix}} {{Dead link |date=November 2023}}</ref>
* 2024: Chapman appeared before the parole board in early March, and he was again denied parole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2024 |title=Parole Board Interview Calendar |url=https://publicapps.doccs.ny.gov/ParoleBoardCalendar/default?name=C&month=03&year=2024 |access-date=March 15, 2024 |website=Parole Board Calendar}}</ref>
* 2025: Chapman's fourteenth parole hearing is scheduled for August.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2024 |title=New York Inmate Search |url=https://nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov/ |access-date=March 24, 2024 |website = Incarcerated Lookup}}</ref>
{{Endplainlist}}


==In film==
Following the murder, Chapman underwent dozens of assessments by different psychiatrists. He described his anger toward his father, who he said used to hit his mother. He spoke of his identification with Holden Caulfield and with [[Dorothy Gale|Dorothy]] of ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', and his conferences with the "Little People", an imaginary set of people with whom he interacted and from whom he took guidance. He also provided a list of other celebrities he had thought about killing. Chapman later told journalist Jack Jones that he had told his "Little People" he intended to go to New York and kill John Lennon and they begged him not to, saying "Please, think of your wife. Please, Mr. President. Think of your mother. Think of yourself." Chapman says he told them his mind was made up, and that their reaction was silence.<ref name="brink"/>
Two biographical films center on Chapman and the murder: ''[[The Killing of John Lennon]]'' (2006), directed by [[Andrew Piddington]] and starring Jonas Ball as Chapman and ''[[Chapter 27]]'' (2007), directed by [[J. P. Schaefer]] and starring [[Jared Leto]] as Chapman.
==In music==


[[Julian Cope]] released the song "Don't Call Me Mark Chapman" on his 1994 album ''[[Autogeddon]]''.
Chapman also said that, while in New York, he had thought of leaping to his death from the [[Statue of Liberty]]. He had attempted suicide three years previously. Overall the psychiatrists concluded that, while [[delusion]]al, he was competent to stand trial. However, six were prepared to testify for the defense that Chapman was [[psychotic]]. The prosecution presented three psychiatrists who said that Chapman fell short of full psychosis.<ref>[http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/assassins/chapman/10.html Exorcism at Attica]</ref> Chapman has since said he thinks he was suffering from [[schizophrenia]], a diagnosis made by some in his pre-sentencing psychiatric assessments. Journalist Jack Jones has referred to him as a [[sociopath]].<ref name="lking"/>


In 1996, the Irish rock band [[The Cranberries]] released the song "[[I Just Shot John Lennon]]" on their third studio album, ''[[To the Faithful Departed]]''.
Chapman stated to his parole board hearing in 2000 that "I feel that I see John Lennon now not as a celebrity. I did then. I saw him as a cardboard cutout on an album cover. I was very young and stupid, and you get caught up in the media and the records and the music. And now I've come to grips with the fact that John Lennon was a person. This has nothing to do with being a Beatle or a celebrity or famous."<ref name="chaps"/>


[[...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead]] released the song "Mark David Chapman" on their 1999 album [[Madonna (...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead album)|''Madonna'']].
In his 2006 parole board hearing, when asked if he did it to become famous, Chapman said "The result would be that I would be famous, the result would be that my life would change and I would receive a tremendous amount of attention, which I did receive... I was in a very confused, dark place. I was looking for reasons to vent all that anger and confusion and low self-esteem." He stated that "I believe that if I really wanted to, I could have changed my mind; I had ample opportunity to do it and I didn't do it and I regret that deeply."<ref>[http://wcbstv.com/topstories/local_story_292175840.html Chapman, On Lennon Murder: 'I Regret It Deeply]</ref>


The industrial band [[Mindless Self Indulgence]] released the song "Mark David Chapman" (also written as "Mark David Chapmen" on Spotify), on the 2008 album ''[[If (Mindless Self Indulgence album)|If]]''.
== Media and film ==


The rock band [[Måneskin]] wrote the song "Mark Chapman" about a killer stalking a celebrity on the 2023 album ''[[Rush!]]''
Following the murder, and for the first six years in Attica, Chapman refused all requests for interviews. James R. Gaines then interviewed him and wrote a three-part, 18,000-word [[People magazine|''People'' magazine]] series in [[February 1987|February]] and [[March 1987]]. Chapman told the parole board it was an interview "which I regret." Chapman later gave a series of interviews to Jack Jones of the [[Rochester, New York]]-based ''[[Democrat and Chronicle]]'' newspaper. In 1992 Jones published a book, ''Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon''. In 2000, with his first parole hearing approaching, Jones asked Chapman to tell his story for ''Mugshots'', a [[CourtTV]] program. Chapman refused to go on camera but, after praying over it, consented to tell his story in a series of audiotapes. He told the parole board that the program "took a lot out of context, but that's okay." and that "Those three hours later were really great, because I was able really &ndash; it was like a [[confession]] almost. I was able to accept my responsibility in this for probably the first real time, and I told him I didn't deserve anything."


==See also==
Chapman's experiences during the weekend on which he committed the murder have been turned in to a feature-length movie called ''[[Chapter 27 (film)|Chapter 27]]'', starring actor [[Jared Leto]] as Chapman. The film's title is a reference to ''The Catcher in the Rye'', which has 26 chapters, and was inspired by Chapter 27 of Robert Rosen's book ''[[Nowhere Man: The Final Days of John Lennon]]'', according to the British music magazine ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'' ([[December 2007]]) and the [[Spanish language]] newsweekly ''[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]''<ref>[http://www.proceso.com.mx/noticia.html?nid=35588&cat=6 PLATOS LASER: Mark Chapman, el asesino de Lennon]</ref> and other Latin American publications. ''Chapter 27'' premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in [[January 2007]] and received mostly negative reviews. The film had a limited release in theaters in the [[United States]] in [[March 2008]].<ref>[http://biz.yahoo.com/iw/071012/0314623.html Peace Arch Entertainment's 'Chapter 27' Wins Debut Feature Prize at Zurich Film Festival for Director Jarret Shaeffer: Financial News - Yahoo! Finance<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ''Chapter 27'' was released widely onto [[DVD]] on [[September 30]], [[2008]].
* [[Yolanda Saldívar]], President of the fan club and manager of boutiques for singer [[Selena]] who [[Murder of Selena|murdered]] her in 1995.
* [[Ricardo López (stalker)|Ricardo López]], man who stalked and attempted to murder Icelandic singer [[Björk]] before shooting and killing himself on camera in 1996.
* [[Robert John Bardo]], man who stalked and murdered actress [[Rebecca Schaeffer]] in 1989.
* [[John Hinckley Jr.]], man who stalked actress [[Jodie Foster]] and [[Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|shot President of the United States Ronald Reagan]] in an attempt to impress her.


==References==
A number of [[conspiracy theories]] have been published, based on [[CIA]] and [[FBI]] surveillance of Lennon due to his [[left-wing]] activism, and on the actions of Mark Chapman in the murder and subsequent legal proceedings. <ref>Fenton Bresler (1990) Who Killed John Lennon? St. Martin's Press ISBN 0312923678</ref>
{{reflist}}


===Works cited===
In 1982, [[Rhino Records]] released a compilation of Beatles-related novelty and parody songs, called ''[[Beatlesongs]]'', it featured a caracture of Chapman of the cover which was drawn by William Stout. Following its release, Rhino recalled the record and replaced it with another cover.<ref>http://www.rutlemania.org/lean3.html Beatlesongs cover</ref>
* {{cite book|title=Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon|url=https://archive.org/details/letmetakeyoudown0000jone_j4d5|url-access=registration|last=Jones|first=Jack|year=1992|publisher=Villard Books|isbn=0-8129-9170-2}}


==Further reading==
[[England|English]] [[singer-songwriter]] [[Julian Cope]] released the song "Don't Call Me Mark Chapman" on his 1994 album ''[[Autogeddon]]'', containing the lyrics, "It's all going off in his hands/A deadly assassin, yeah/What will his money buy now?"
* Bresler, Fenton. [[iarchive:murderofjohnlenn0000bres|''Who Killed John Lennon?'']] London: [[Sidgwick & Jackson]] (Nov. 1990). {{ISBN|978-0312923679}}.


==External links==
Texas [[art-rock]] band [[And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead|...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead]] released a song "Mark David Chapman" on the album ''[[Madonna (...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead album)|Madonna]]'', which was released in 1999.
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov/ New York Department of Correctional Services inmate information page] Chapman's DIN is 81-A-3860
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3745492.stm Article on Mark Chapman] which argues that he killed for fame ([[BBC News]])
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/8/newsid_2536000/2536321.stm BBC News report with actual news footage from the time on right hand side of page]
* [https://www.rutherford.org/publications_resources/john_whiteheads_commentary/mark_david_chapman_the_catcher_in_the_rye_and_the_killing_of_john_lennon "Mark David Chapman, ''The Catcher in the Rye'', and the Killing of John Lennon"] by John W. Whitehead, 2000
* {{IMDb name|id=1527399|name=Mark David Chapman}}


{{Authority control}}
[[Irish people|Irish]] band [[The Cranberries]] recorded the song "[[I Just Shot John Lennon]]", which was included on their 1996 album ''[[To the Faithful Departed]]''.

''[[The Killing of John Lennon]]'', a 2006 [[docudrama|dramatized documentary]] starring [[Jonas Ball]] as Mark David Chapman, portrays the series of events leading up to Lennon's murder.

[[Australia]]n rocker [[Rick Springfield]] wrote a song titled "3 Warning Shots" on his [[July 2008]] release ''[[Venus in Overdrive]]'' about Mark David Chapman and the murder of John Lennon. Springfield, who credits the Beatles and especially Lennon in his songwriting, refuses to mention Chapman's name in the song or when describing the song in interview. The song is not about Lennon's murder, but the anger Springfield feels towards Chapman.

On [[Mindless Self Indulgence]]'s 2008 album If, there is a song "Mark David Chapman."

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3745492.stm Article on Mark Chapman] which argues that he killed for fame ([[BBC]])
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/8/newsid_2536000/2536321.stm BBC News Report with actual news footage from the time on right hand side of page]
* [http://www.crimelibrary.com/classics4/chapman/ A Crime Library article on Mark David Chapman, by Fred McGunagle]
*[http://www.courttv.com/onair/shows/mugshots/indepth/chapman.html Court TV News "in-depth" section on Chapman]


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[[Category:John Lennon]]
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[[Category:20th-century American criminals]]
[[Category:People from Fort Worth, Texas]]
[[Category:American assassins]]
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[[Category:American people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
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[[Category:Christians from Texas]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Crime in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Criminals from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Criminals from Hawaii]]
[[Category:Criminals from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Criminals from Texas]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American assassins]]
[[Category:Male murderers]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by New York (state)]]

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Latest revision as of 18:44, 14 May 2024

Mark David Chapman
Mug shot of Chapman following his arrest
Born (1955-05-10) May 10, 1955 (age 69)
Known forMurder of John Lennon
Criminal statusIncarcerated at Green Haven Correctional Facility
Spouse
Gloria Abe
(m. 1979)
[3][4]
MotivePersonal resentment against John Lennon and a desire to emulate Holden Caulfield[1][2]
Conviction(s)Second-degree murder
Criminal penalty20 years to life in prison

Mark David Chapman (born May 10, 1955) is an American man who murdered English musician John Lennon in New York City on December 8, 1980. As Lennon walked into the archway of The Dakota, his apartment building on the Upper West Side, Chapman fired five shots at the musician from a few yards away with a Charter Arms Undercover .38 Special revolver. Lennon was hit four times from the back. He was rushed to Roosevelt Hospital and pronounced dead on arrival. Chapman remained at the scene following the shooting and made no attempt to flee or resist arrest.

Raised in Decatur, Georgia, Chapman used to be a fan of the Beatles, but was infuriated by Lennon's lavish lifestyle and public statements, such as his remark about the band being "more popular than Jesus" and the lyrics of two of his later songs "God" and "Imagine". In the years leading up to the murder, the J. D. Salinger novel The Catcher in the Rye took on great personal significance for Chapman, to the extent that he wished to model his life after the novel's protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Chapman also contemplated killing other public figures, including David Bowie,[5] Johnny Carson, Elizabeth Taylor,[6] Paul McCartney, and Ronald Reagan.[citation needed] He had no prior criminal convictions and had recently resigned from a job as a security guard in Hawaii.

Following the murder, Chapman's legal team intended to mount an insanity defense based on the testimony of mental health experts who said that he was in a delusional psychotic state at the time of the shooting. However, he was more cooperative with the prosecutor, who argued that his symptoms fell short of a schizophrenia diagnosis. As the trial approached, Chapman instructed his lawyers that he wanted to plead guilty based on what he had decided was the will of God. The judge granted Chapman's request and deemed him competent to stand trial. He was sentenced to a prison term of twenty years to life with a stipulation that mental health treatment would be provided.

Chapman refused requests for press interviews during his first six years in prison; he later said that he regretted the murder and that he did not want to give the impression that he killed Lennon for fame and notoriety. He ultimately supplied audiotaped interviews to journalist Jack Jones, who used them to write the investigative book Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman in 1992. In 2000, Chapman became eligible for parole, which has since been denied thirteen times. His life was dramatized in the films The Killing of John Lennon (2006) and Chapter 27 (2007).

Biography[edit]

Mark David Chapman was born on May 10, 1955, in Fort Worth, Texas.[3] His father, David Chapman, was a staff sergeant in the United States Air Force and his mother, Diane (née Pease), was a nurse. His younger sister, Susan, was born seven years later. As a boy, Chapman stated he lived in fear of his father, who he claimed was physically abusive towards his mother and unloving towards him. These assertions, however, were never substantiated. Chapman began to fantasize about having God-like power over a group of imaginary "little people" who lived in the walls of his bedroom.

Chapman moved to Decatur, Georgia, at an early age and attended Columbia High School. He later recalled being targeted by bullies due to his lack of athleticism. By the time he was 14, Chapman was using drugs and skipping classes, and at one point ran away from home to live on the streets of Atlanta for two weeks.[7]

In 1971, Chapman became a born-again Presbyterian and distributed Biblical tracts. He met his first girlfriend, Jessica Blankenship, and began work as a summer camp counselor at the YMCA in DeKalb County, Georgia. He was very popular with the children at the camp, who nicknamed him "Nemo" (after the protagonist of the Jules Verne novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas), and he was promoted to assistant director after winning an award for Outstanding Counselor.[8] Those who knew him in the caretaking professions unanimously called him an outstanding worker.[9]

On the recommendation of a friend, Chapman read J. D. Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye (1951). The novel eventually took on great personal significance for him, to the extent he reportedly wished to model his life after its main character, Holden Caulfield.[10] After graduating from high school, Chapman moved for a time to Chicago and played guitar in churches and Christian night spots while his friend did impersonations. He worked successfully for World Vision with Vietnamese refugees at a resettlement camp at Fort Chaffee in Arkansas, after a brief visit to Lebanon for the same work. He was named an area coordinator and a key aide to program director David Moore, who later said Chapman cared deeply for children and worked hard. Chapman accompanied Moore to meetings with government officials, and U.S. President Gerald Ford shook his hand.

Chapman joined Blankenship as a student at Covenant College, a Presbyterian liberal arts college in Lookout Mountain, Georgia. However, he fell behind in his studies and became racked with guilt over having a previous affair.[11][12] He started having suicidal thoughts and began to feel like a failure. He dropped out of Covenant College after just one semester, and his girlfriend broke off their relationship soon after. Chapman returned to work at the resettlement camp but left after an argument with a supervisor.

In 1977, Chapman relocated to Hawaii, where he attempted suicide by carbon monoxide asphyxiation. He connected a hose to his car's exhaust pipe, but the hose melted and the attempt failed. A psychiatrist admitted Chapman to Castle Memorial Hospital for clinical depression. Upon his release, he began working at the hospital as a janitor.[13] After Chapman's parents began divorce proceedings, his mother joined him in Hawaii.[12]

Chapman embarked on a six-week trip around the world in 1978. The vacation was partly inspired by the film and novel Around the World in 80 Days. He visited Tokyo, Seoul, Hong Kong, Singapore, Bangkok, New Delhi, Beirut, Geneva, London, Paris and Dublin. He also began a relationship with his travel agent, a Japanese American woman named Gloria Abe, whom he married on June 2, 1979. Chapman got a job at Castle Memorial Hospital as a printer, working alone rather than with staff and patients. He was fired by the hospital and later rehired; following an argument with a nurse he finally quit. After this, Chapman took a job as a night security guard at a high-end apartment complex and began drinking heavily to cope with his depression.[13]

As his psychological state worsened, Chapman developed a series of obsessions, including artwork, The Catcher in the Rye, music, and the English musician John Lennon. In September 1980 he wrote a letter to a friend, Lynda Irish, in which he stated, "I'm going nuts." He signed the letter, "The Catcher in the Rye."[14] Chapman had no criminal convictions prior to his trip to New York City to kill Lennon.[15]

Murder of John Lennon[edit]

Motive and planning[edit]

Chapman allegedly started planning to kill Lennon three months prior to the murder. A longtime fan of Lennon's former band the Beatles, Chapman turned against Lennon due to a religious conversion and Lennon's highly publicized 1966 remark about the Beatles being "more popular than Jesus."[16] Some members of Chapman's prayer group made a joke in reference to Lennon's song "Imagine": "It went, 'Imagine, imagine if John Lennon was dead.'"[12] Chapman's childhood friend, Miles McManushe, recalled that Chapman said that the song was "communist."[16]

Chapman had also been influenced by Anthony Fawcett's John Lennon: One Day at a Time, which detailed Lennon's lavish lifestyle in New York City. According to Gloria, "He was angry that Lennon would preach love and peace but yet have millions." Chapman later said: "He told us to imagine no possessions and there he was, with millions of dollars and yachts and farms and country estates, laughing at people like me who had believed the lies and bought the records and built a big part of their lives around his music."[2] He also recalled having listened to Lennon's solo albums in the weeks before the murder:[17]

I would listen to this music and I would get angry at him, for saying [in the song "God"] that he didn't believe in God, that he just believed in him and Yoko, and that he didn't believe in the Beatles. This was another thing that angered me, even though this record had been done at least ten years previously. I just wanted to scream out loud, "Who does he think he is, saying these things about God and heaven and the Beatles?" Saying that he doesn't believe in Jesus and things like that. At that point, my mind was going through a total blackness of anger and rage. So I brought the Lennon book home, into this The Catcher in the Rye milieu where my mindset is Holden Caulfield and anti-phoniness.[18]

Chapman's planning has been described as "muddled."[19] Over the years, he has both supported and denied whether he felt justified by his spiritual beliefs at the time or had the intention of acquiring notoriety.[1] The only time he made a public statement before his sentencing — and for several years afterward — was during a brief psychotic episode in which he was convinced that the meaning of his actions was to promote The Catcher in the Rye, which amounted to a single letter mailed to The New York Times asking the public to read the novel.[1]

Journalist James R. Gaines, who interviewed Chapman extensively, concluded that Chapman did not kill Lennon to gain fame and notoriety.[1] According to Chapman in a later parole hearing, he had a hit list of other potential targets in mind, including Lennon's bandmate Paul McCartney, talk show host Johnny Carson, actress Elizabeth Taylor, actor George C. Scott, former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, recently elected U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Hawaii governor George Ariyoshi. In 2010, Chapman said that the only criterion for the list was being "famous," and that he chose Lennon out of convenience.[20] He had also cited feelings of envy.[21]

It is rumored that Chapman traveled to Woodstock, New York, during one of his visits to the state in search of the musician Todd Rundgren, another target of obsession. Chapman was wearing a promotional T-shirt for Rundgren's album Hermit of Mink Hollow when he was arrested and had a copy of Runt: The Ballad of Todd Rundgren in his Manhattan hotel room. Rundgren was not aware of the connections until much later.[22]

On the day of the murder, singer David Bowie was appearing on Broadway in the play The Elephant Man. "I was second on his list," Bowie later said. "Chapman had a front-row ticket to The Elephant Man the next night. John and Yoko were supposed to sit front-row for that show too. So the night after John was killed there were three empty seats in the front row. I can't tell you how difficult that was to go on. I almost didn't make it through the performance."[23]

October–December 1980[edit]

The Dakota, Lennon's residence and the location of the killing

Chapman went to New York City in late October 1980 intending to kill Lennon, but left to obtain ammunition from his unwitting friend Dana Reeves in Atlanta before returning in November.[14] While in New York, Chapman was inspired by the film Ordinary People to stop his plans. He returned to Hawaii and told his wife Gloria that he had been obsessed with killing Lennon, showing her the gun and bullets; Gloria did not inform the police or mental health services.[12] Chapman later said that the commandment "thou shalt not kill" flashed on the television at him and was on a wall hanging that his wife put up in their apartment.[2] He made an appointment to see a clinical psychologist, but he did not keep it and flew back to New York on December 6, 1980.[12] At one point, he considered ending his life by jumping from the Statue of Liberty.[24]

On December 7, Chapman accosted singer James Taylor at the 72nd Street subway station. According to Taylor, "The guy had sort of pinned me to the wall and was glistening with maniacal sweat and talking some freak speak about what he was going to do and his stuff with how John was interested and he was going to get in touch with John Lennon."[25] He also reportedly offered cocaine to a taxi driver.[12] That night, Chapman and his wife talked on the phone about getting help with his problems by first working on his relationship with God.[2]

On the morning of December 8, Chapman left his room at the Sheraton Hotel, leaving personal items behind that he wanted the police to find. He bought a copy of The Catcher in the Rye in which he wrote "this is my statement", signing it "Holden Caulfield." He then spent most of the day near the entrance to the Dakota apartment building where Lennon lived, talking to fans and the doorman. Early in the morning, Chapman was distracted and missed seeing Lennon step out of a taxi and enter the Dakota. Later in the morning, he met Lennon's housekeeper, who was returning from a walk with Lennon's five-year-old son Sean. Chapman reached in front of the housekeeper to shake Sean's hand and called him a beautiful boy, quoting Lennon's song "Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)."[26]

Around 5 p.m., Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono were leaving the Dakota for a recording session at the Record Plant. As they walked toward their limousine, Chapman, without saying a word, held out a copy of Lennon's album Double Fantasy (1980) for Lennon to sign.[27] Amateur photographer Paul Goresh was standing nearby and took a picture as Lennon signed the album.[28] Chapman said in an interview that he tried to get Goresh to stay, and he asked another loitering Lennon fan to go out with him that night. He suggested that he would not have murdered Lennon that evening if the woman had accepted his invitation or if Goresh had stayed, but he probably would have tried another day.[26]

Around 10:50 p.m., Lennon and Ono returned to the Dakota in a limousine. They got out of the vehicle, passed Chapman, and walked toward the archway entrance of the building. From the street behind them, Chapman fired five hollow-point bullets from a .38 special revolver, four of which hit Lennon in the back and shoulder. One newspaper later reported that Chapman called out "Mr. Lennon" and dropped into a combat stance before firing.[29] Chapman said that he does not recall saying anything, and Lennon did not turn around.[30]

Chapman remained at the scene following the shooting and appeared to be reading The Catcher in the Rye when New York City police officers arrived and arrested him without incident. The officers recognized that Lennon's wounds were severe and decided not to wait for an ambulance; they rushed him to Roosevelt Hospital in a squad car. Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival. Three hours later, Chapman told the police, "I'm sure the big part of me is Holden Caulfield, who is the main person in the book. The small part of me must be the Devil."[31]

Legal process[edit]

Chapman was formally charged with second-degree murder. He confessed to police that he had used hollow-point bullets "to ensure Lennon's death."[32] Chapman's wife had known of her husband's preparations for killing Lennon, but took no action because Chapman did not follow through at the time; she did not face any charges.[33] Chapman later said that he harbored a "deep-seated resentment" toward his wife, "that she didn't go to somebody, even the police, and say, 'Look, my husband's bought a gun and he says he's going to kill John Lennon.'"[34]

Mental state assessment[edit]

More than a dozen psychologists and psychiatrists interviewed Chapman in the six months prior to his trial—three for the prosecution, six for the defense, and several more on behalf of the court—and they conducted a battery of standard diagnostic procedures and more than 200 hours of clinical interviews. All six defense experts concluded that Chapman was psychotic; five diagnosed paranoid schizophrenia, while the sixth felt that his symptoms were more consistent with manic depression. The three prosecution experts declared that his delusions fell short of psychosis and instead diagnosed various personality disorders. The court-appointed experts concurred with the prosecution's examiners that he was delusional yet competent to stand trial. In the examinations, Chapman was more cooperative with the prosecution's mental health experts than with those for the defense; one psychiatrist conjectured that he did not wish to be considered "crazy" and was persuaded that the defense experts declared him insane only because they were hired to do so.[1]

Charles McGowan, who had been the pastor of Chapman's church in Decatur, visited Chapman. "I believe there was a demonic power at work," he said. Chapman initially embraced his old religion with new fervor as a result; but McGowan revealed information to the press that Chapman had told him in confidence, so Chapman disavowed his renewed interest in Christianity and reverted to his initial explanation: he had killed Lennon to promote the reading of The Catcher in the Rye.[1]

Guilty plea[edit]

Chapman's court-appointed lawyer, Herbert Adlerberg, withdrew from the case amid threats of lynching. Police feared that Lennon fans might storm the hospital, so they transferred Chapman to Rikers Island for his personal safety.[35]

At the initial hearing in January 1981, Chapman's new lawyer, Jonathan Marks, instructed him to enter a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity. In February, Chapman sent a handwritten statement to The New York Times urging everyone to read The Catcher in the Rye, calling it an "extraordinary book that holds many answers."[36] The defense team sought to establish witnesses as to Chapman's mental state at the time of the killing.[37] However, Chapman told Marks in June that he wanted to drop the insanity defense and plead guilty. Marks objected with "serious questions" over Chapman's sanity and legally challenged his competence to make this decision. In the pursuant hearing on June 22, Chapman said that God had told him to plead guilty and that he would not change his plea or ever appeal, regardless of his sentence. Marks told the court that he opposed Chapman's change of plea, but Chapman would not listen to him. Judge Dennis Edwards Jr. refused a further assessment, saying that Chapman had made the decision of his own free will, and declared him competent to stand trial.[9][38][39]

Sentencing hearing[edit]

The sentencing hearing took place on August 24, 1981, in a crowded courtroom. Two experts gave evidence on Chapman's behalf. Judge Edwards interrupted Dorothy Lewis, a research psychiatrist who was relatively inexperienced in the courtroom, indicating that the purpose of the hearing was to determine the sentence and there was no question of Chapman's criminal responsibility. Lewis had maintained that Chapman's decision to change his plea did not appear reasonable or explicable, and she implied that the judge did not want to allow an independent competency assessment.[40] The district attorney argued that Chapman committed the murder as an easy venture to acquire fame. Chapman was asked if he had anything to say, and he rose and read a passage from The Catcher in the Rye in which Holden tells his little sister Phoebe what he wants to do with his life:

I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around – nobody big, I mean – except me. And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff – I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all.

The judge ordered psychiatric treatment for Chapman during his incarceration and sentenced him to twenty years to life, five years less than the maximum sentence of twenty-five years to life.[41]

Imprisonment[edit]

Attica Correctional Facility in Attica, New York, where Chapman was imprisoned from 1981 to 2012

In 1981, Chapman was imprisoned at Attica Correctional Facility outside of Buffalo, New York. He fasted for twenty-six days in February 1982, so the New York State Supreme Court authorized the state to force-feed him. Central New York Psychiatric Center director Martin Von Holden said that Chapman refused to eat with other inmates but agreed to take liquid nutrients.[42] He was held in a solitary confinement unit for violent and at-risk prisoners, in part due to concern that he might be harmed by Lennon's fans in the general population. There were 105 inmates in the facility who were "not considered a threat to him," according to the New York State Department of Correctional Services. He had his own cell but spent "most of his day outside his cell working on housekeeping and in the library."[43]

Chapman worked in the prison as a legal clerk and kitchen helper. He was barred from participating in the Cephas Attica workshops, a charitable organization helping inmates adjust to life outside prison. He was also prohibited from attending the prison's violence and anger management classes due to concern for his safety. He told a parole board in 2000 what he would do if paroled: "I would immediately try to find a job, and I really want to go from place to place, at least in the state, church to church, and tell people what happened to me and point them the way to Christ." He also said that he thought that he could find work as a farmhand or return to his previous trade as a printer.[44]

Chapman is in the Family Reunion Program, and has been allowed regular conjugal visits since 2014 with his wife since he accepted solitary confinement. The program allows him to spend forty-four hours alone with his wife in a specially built prison home. He also gets occasional visits from his sister, clergy, and a few friends. In 2004, Department of Correctional Services spokesman James Flateau said that Chapman had been involved in three "minor incidents" between 1989 and 1994 which included delaying an inmate count and refusing to follow an order.[45] On May 15, 2012, he was transferred to the Wende Correctional Facility in Alden, New York, which is east of Buffalo.[46] On March 30, 2022, he was transferred to the Green Haven Correctional Facility in Beekman, New York, which is in Dutchess County.[47]

Book, interviews, and media appearances[edit]

Chapman declined all offers for interviews following the murder and during his first six years at Attica, later stating that he did not want to give the impression that he killed Lennon to acquire fame and notoriety.[31] Despite his claim that he refused all interviews during those six years, James R. Gaines interviewed him and wrote a three-part, 18,000-word People magazine series starting in 1981 and climaxing in February and March 1987.[1][48][49] Chapman subsequently told the parole board that he regretted the interview.[44] He gave a series of audio-taped interviews to Jack Jones of the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, and Jones published Let Me Take You Down: Inside the Mind of Mark David Chapman, the Man Who Killed John Lennon in 1992.[50] Jones asked Chapman to tell his story for Mugshots, a CourtTV program in 2000, with his first parole hearing approaching. Chapman refused to go on camera but consented to tell his story in a series of audiotapes.[44]

On December 4, 1992, ABC's 20/20 aired an interview with Barbara Walters, Chapman's first television interview.[51] On December 17, 1992, Larry King interviewed Chapman on his CNN program Larry King Live.[52]

Parole applications, campaigns, and denials[edit]

Chapman first became eligible for parole in 2000 after serving twenty years in prison. Under New York state law, he is required to have a parole hearing every two years from that year onward. Since that time, a two- or three-member board has denied Chapman parole thirteen times. Before his first parole hearing, Yoko Ono sent a letter to the board requesting that Chapman should stay behind bars and serve out the remainder of his life sentence.[53][54] In addition, New York State Senator Michael Nozzolio, chairman of the Senate Crime Victims, Crime and Correction Committee, wrote to Parole Board Chairman Brion Travis saying: "It is the responsibility of the New York State Parole Board to ensure that public safety is protected from the release of dangerous criminals like Mark David Chapman."[55]

Timeline[edit]

  • 2000: During the fifty-minute hearing, Chapman professed that he was not a threat to society and that Lennon would have approved of his release. The parole board however declined and concluded that releasing him would "deprecate the seriousness of the crime and serve to undermine respect for the law" and that Chapman granting media interviews represented a continued interest in "maintaining [his] notoriety." They noted that Chapman had a good disciplinary record while in prison, but he had been in solitary confinement and did not have access to "anti-violence and/or anti-aggression programming."[56] Correctional Association of New York lawyer Robert Gangi said that he thought it unlikely that Chapman would ever be freed because the board would not risk the "political heat" of releasing Lennon's killer. Ono stated that if Chapman were released, she and John's sons would not feel safe for the rest of their lives. "I am afraid it will bring back the nightmare, the chaos and confusion once again," she added.[57]
  • 2002: Despite a positive behavioral record, the board again stated that releasing Chapman after twenty-two years in prison would "deprecate the seriousness" of the crime. Some counterarguments have stated that this basis was no predictor of his potential community behavior.[58]
  • 2004: The parole board held a third hearing and declined parole. One of the reasons given by the board was that Chapman had subjected Ono to "monumental suffering by her witnessing the crime." Another factor was concern for Chapman's safety; several Lennon fans threatened to kill him upon his release. Ono's letter opposing his release stated that Chapman would not be safe outside of prison. The board reported that its decision was based on the interview, a review of records, and deliberation.[43] By this time, approximately 6,000 people had signed an online petition opposing Chapman's release.[59]
  • 2006: The parole board held a sixteen-minute hearing and concluded that his release would not be in the best interest of the community or his own personal safety.[60][61] On the twenty-sixth anniversary of Lennon's death, Ono published a one-page advertisement in several newspapers, saying that December 8 should be a "day of forgiveness," but she was not sure if she was ready to forgive Chapman.[62]
  • 2008: Chapman was denied parole at his fifth hearing "due to concern for the public safety and welfare."[63]
  • 2010: In advance of Chapman's scheduled sixth parole hearing, Ono said that she would again oppose his parole, stating that her safety, that of Lennon's sons, and Chapman's would be at risk.[64] The parole board postponed the hearing in September, stating that it was awaiting additional information to complete Chapman's record.[65] On September 7, the board denied Chapman's parole application, with the panel stating that "release remains inappropriate at this time and incompatible with the welfare of the community."[66]
  • 2012: Chapman's seventh parole hearing was held in August. The board announced the following day that his parole request was denied, on the grounds that they believed he would reoffend. "Despite your positive efforts while incarcerated, your release at this time would greatly undermine respect for the law and tend to trivialize the tragic loss of life which you caused as a result of this heinous, unprovoked, violent, cold and calculated crime."[67][68]
  • 2014: Chapman's eighth parole application was denied. Chapman told the board, "I am sorry for being such an idiot and choosing the wrong way for glory.... I found my peace in Jesus. I know him. He loves me. He has forgiven me. He has helped in my life like you wouldn't believe." The board was unmoved, telling Chapman that it believed that "there is a reasonable probability that you would not live and remain at liberty without again violating the law."[69][70]
  • 2016: Chapman's parole was denied. Chapman said that he now saw his crime as being "premeditated, selfish and evil."[71]
  • 2018: Denied for the tenth time,[72][73] the parole board wrote to Chapman that he was at low risk to reoffend, but that he "admittedly carefully planned and executed the murder of a world-famous person for no reason other than to gain notoriety." The board added, "While no one person's life is any more valuable than another's life, the fact that you chose someone who was not only a world-renowned person and beloved by millions, regardless of pain and suffering you would cause to his family, friends, and so many others, you demonstrated a callous disregard for the sanctity of human life and the pain and suffering of others. This fact remains a concern to this panel."[74]
  • 2020: Chapman's parole was denied for the eleventh time.[75] Officials said he was refused parole as "it would be incompatible with the welfare of society".[76] According to the tapes acquired by ABC News, he sought glory in killing a member of the Beatles.[77]
  • 2022: In Chapman's twelfth parole hearing, he admitted he knew what he did was wrong, but "wanted the fame too much", and that he wanted to be a "somebody, and nothing was going to stop that". The board denied him parole, citing his "selfish disregard for human life of global consequence", they also added "The worldwide impact of your crime resonates such as to evoke images, memories and emotions internationally, leading the panel to concur that your release at this time would be incompatible with the welfare of society" and also noted his action leaving lasting ramifications of "the world recovering from the void of which he created".[78]
  • 2024: Chapman appeared before the parole board in early March, and he was again denied parole.[79]
  • 2025: Chapman's fourteenth parole hearing is scheduled for August.[80]

In film[edit]

Two biographical films center on Chapman and the murder: The Killing of John Lennon (2006), directed by Andrew Piddington and starring Jonas Ball as Chapman and Chapter 27 (2007), directed by J. P. Schaefer and starring Jared Leto as Chapman.

In music[edit]

Julian Cope released the song "Don't Call Me Mark Chapman" on his 1994 album Autogeddon.

In 1996, the Irish rock band The Cranberries released the song "I Just Shot John Lennon" on their third studio album, To the Faithful Departed.

...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead released the song "Mark David Chapman" on their 1999 album Madonna.

The industrial band Mindless Self Indulgence released the song "Mark David Chapman" (also written as "Mark David Chapmen" on Spotify), on the 2008 album If.

The rock band Måneskin wrote the song "Mark Chapman" about a killer stalking a celebrity on the 2023 album Rush!

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  3. ^ a b Hamill, Pete (December 20, 1980). "The Death and Life of John Lennon". New York. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
  4. ^ Greene, Leonard (December 17, 2014). "Wife of John Lennon's killer visits him for prison sex and pizza". New York Post. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
  5. ^ Doggett, Peter (2012). The Man Who Sold the World: David Bowie and the 1970s. New York City: HarperCollins. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-06-202466-4.
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  10. ^ Gaines, James (February 27, 1987). "Mark Chapman: The Man Who Shot John Lennon". People. New York City: Time, Inc. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
  11. ^ Crime Library Escape to Paradise Archived February 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
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  28. ^ Paul Goresh, author of John Lennon's photo with his killer, dies at 58
  29. ^ "Police Trace Tangled Path Leading to Lennon's Slaying at the Dakota" by Paul L. Montgomery, The New York Times, December 10, 1980, pp. A1, B6 [quotes attributed by the newspaper to NYPD Chief of Detectives James T. Sullivan regarding an unnamed witness]
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  37. ^ 4 Sought by Defense In Slaying of Lennon,The New York Times, February 26, 1981
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  40. ^ Otnow Lewis, Dorothy (1998). Guilty By Reason Of Insanity. New York City: Random House. ISBN 978-1409007791.
  41. ^ The Guardian newspaper (August 25, 1981) Lennon's killer to serve twenty years
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Works cited[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]