Acheron class (1911)
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|
|---|---|
| Acheron, then I class | |
 The HMS Acheron |
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| Overview | |
| Type | destroyer |
| units | 23 + 6 RAN |
| Shipyard |
5 Sp.Yarrow , Scotstoun |
| Order | from 1910 |
| Launch | 1911 to 1912 |
| delivery | 1911 to 1912 |
| Whereabouts | 3 losses in World War 1920 to 1922 scrapped |
| Technical specifications | |
| displacement |
745 to 810 tn |
| length |
75-79.8 m above sea level (246–262 ft) |
| width |
7.7–8 m (25.5–26.3 ft) |
| Draft |
2.7 m (9 ft) |
| crew |
70 men |
| drive |
3 Yarrow boilers, mostly |
| speed |
27–32 kn |
| Range |
2300 nm at 13 kn / 178 t oil |
| Armament |
2 × 102 mm L / 40 Mk.VIII guns |
| different equipment | |
| 2-shaft boats |
all specials (9) |
| Brown Curtis turbines |
Clydebank boats (3) |
| White Forster cauldron |
White boats (2) |
The Acheron class of the Royal Navy was a class of 23 destroyers put into service from 1911, which was also referred to as I-class from August 1912 when the British destroyer classes were named by letters . The boats were replicas of the previous Acorn class , but all boats only had two chimneys. Only fourteen boats were built according to the Admiralty's plans. The Yarrow and Thornycroft shipyards supplied seven faster variants according to factory plans (“specials”). Two further test structures for geared turbines came from Parsons in collaboration with Denny Brothers.
In 1912, three Australian River-class destroyers were assigned to the I-Class , of which three more were completed in Australia during the World War.
In World War I, three destroyers went Acheron class lost, the remaining boats were scrapped from 1920 to 1922. The Australian boats were eliminated in 1929/1930.
Building history
In the 1910–1911 budget year, the Royal Navy ordered 20 successor models of the Acorn class , fourteen of which were built by eight shipyards according to the requirements of the Admiralty. Since they all received two chimneys, they too had an identical outward appearance.
The front chimney was located further behind the bridge, but still hindered the command facilities, so that a number of boats were given an extended front chimney in the middle of the World War. The armament of the Acorn class was taken over on the new boats, the propulsion system of the same strength now drove two propellers at twelve while the other boats continued to be propelled by three shafts.
_IWM_SP_924.jpg)
The builders were again John Brown in Clydebank with three boats, as well as
J. Samuel White in Cowes , Hawthorn Leslie in Hebburn on the Tyne, William Denny in Dumbarton and after the break in the previous year Cammell Laird in Birkenhead with two boats each. These traditional Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson in Wallsend-on-Tyne , Vickers in Barrow-in-Furness and the first integrated as Destroyer shipyard supplier of Beardmore in Dalmuir ever a boat.
In addition to these fourteen boats, three other pairs of boats were ordered. Two orders went to the Marine Steam Turbine Company (Parsons) in Wallsend-on-Tyne to be equipped with geared turbines, the hulls being built at Denny in Dumbarton , Scotland . The experienced destroyer shipyards of John I. Thornycroft in Woolston near Southampton and, after a break, Yarrow & Co. in Glasgow-Scotstoun, who were supposed to try to build faster boats , received two further orders . These six boats finally reached speeds between 28 and over 30 kn with drive powers of 15,500 HP (Thornycroft), 16,000 HP (Yarrow) and 16,500 HP (Parsons / Denny).
Even before these six named "Specials" had been launched, the Admiralty awarded Yarrow another order for three more "Specials" in July 1911, with which the shipyard was given even more freedom. These boats had a drive system of 20,000 hp and reached speeds of over 32 knots.
The standard boats were delivered from October 1911 (HMS Ferret from White) to June 1912 (HMS Lizard from Cammell Laird). Of the "Specials", the boat that gave the class its name, the HMS Acheron by Thornycroft, was also completed in October 1911. By November 1912 (most recently HMS Beaver from Parsons / Denny, HMS Oak from Yarrow) these nine boats had also been delivered.
Depending on the shipyard, the boats displaced between 745 and 810 tn with the usual scope of equipment and a maximum of 990 tn. The length of the boats was around 75 m. The four water tube boilers were of the Yarrow type except for the White boats with their White Forster type . Most of the boats had Parsons turbines ; only the three boats built by J. Brown and the first two Yarrow “specials” Archer and Attack had Brown-Curtis turbines. The drive of all nine "specials" and the boats of J. Brown acted on two waves; the other boats had a three-shaft drive.
In the summer of 1912, the British destroyers were classified in letter classes and the orders from the 1910/1911 household became the I class . The boats of the Australian river class were also classified in this class .
In the course of the establishment of the "Commonwealth Naval Forces", the later Royal Australian Navy , three destroyers ( Parramatta , Yarra and Warrego ) were ordered on February 6, 1909 as the first newbuildings . Parramatta and Yarra were completed in Great Britain at Fairfield and Denny, the Warrego at Fairfield until it was launched, but then dismantled again and the parts transported by ship to Australia for assembly and completion. The boats were not a development from the Acheron class, but rather a forerunner of the Acorn class. The keel of the first boat took place on March 17, 1909, and it was launched on February 9, 1910. The first boat of the Acorn class was started in February 1910 and launched in July 1910, the keel of the Acheron then took place in September and the Launched on June 27, 1911, 16 months after the Parramatta . As oil-powered boats, they were smaller than the Beagle- class boats , whose armament they were initially given, had three shafts like the Acorn- class boats , but only two funnels, which probably led to their classification in the I-class. Of this type, three more boats ordered on January 25, 1913 were completed in Australia during the First World War .
- see also River class (1910)
Mission history
The first boats to come into service with the Navy in November 1911 were the Acheron , a Thornycroft "special", and the White boat Ferret , which were followed by all fourteen standard boats and three other "specials" by May 1912. Only the two boats from Parsons / Denny with geared turbines and the three boats of the second order to Yarrow were not completed until November 1912.
The boats replaced the Beagle- class destroyers previously used in the 1st Destroyer Flotilla . In December 1912, the Beaver ran aground off Great Yarmouth , but could be brought back at high tide.
War effort
In 1914, 20 Acheron- class boats were in the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Home Fleet . The flagship of the fleet's four destroyer flotillas was the cruiser HMS Amethyst , the command cruiser of the 1st flotilla was the HMS Fearless .
The three re-ordered, faster boats of the second Yarrow series served until 1918 as a transmission boat ( Oak ) for the fleet flagship HMS Iron Duke and to support the submarine flotillas ( Firedrake , Lurcher ) in Harwich .
Operations in the North Sea
_IWM_Q_38184.jpg)
The boats were first used in combat at Helgoland on August 28, 1914 with the Fearless and 16 (?) Boats ( Acheron, Archer, Ariel, Attack, Badger, Beaver, Defender, Druid, Ferret, Forester, Goshawk, Hind, Jackal , Lapwing, Lizard, Phoenix, Sandfly ) of the 1st Flotilla, as well as Lurcher and Firedrake as guide boats for the submarines used.
The division led by Goshawk discovered six security boats returning to Heligoland, which were attacked by them and ultimately led to the sinking of the German torpedo boat V 187 , which took up the fight to enable the other boats to escape. The Defender launched two boats to rescue the castaways when the German small cruiser SMS Stettin intervened and forced the destroyers of the 1st Flotilla to retreat. The British submarine E 4 observed the situation and tried unsuccessfully to torpedo the Stettin , but escaped the ramming attempt by the German cruiser with a diving maneuver. When it surfaced again, it spotted the British lifeboats. E 4 took the British seamen and three Germans on board as prisoners. Due to a lack of space, she released 18 wounded Germans and an officer with six uninjured men in the two British lifeboats with water, food and medicine to Heligoland.
Later on, SMS Mainz , which also appeared on the battlefield, managed to seriously damage three destroyers of the 3rd Flotilla. The Lapwing took the temporarily immobile Laurel in tow and saved her from destruction.
When the Mainz was hit by heavy British units an hour later, the Lurcher , who had meanwhile arrived on the battlefield, walked alongside the sinking German cruiser and took over a large number of wounded. A total of 348 men of the cruiser were rescued by the British, including Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang von Tirpitz, the son of Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz . 89 Mainz men lost their lives.
Among the boats of the first destroyer was only the Goshawk damaged. The flotilla had no casualties, while more than 30 men died on the units of the 3rd flotilla.
On October 29, 1914, the Badger succeeded in the first successful attack by an Allied ship on a German submarine when the destroyer U 19 rammed off the Dutch coast. However, the badly damaged submarine managed to escape. U 19 could be repaired and survived the war.
In October 1914, HMS Faulknor, originally built for Chile , came to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla as a semi-flotilla leader.
On January 24, 1915, fourteen (15?) Of the boats among the 35 boats of the Harwich Force were involved in the battle on Dogger Bank. Led by the HMS Aurora were Acheron, Attack, Hydra, Ariel (1st Division); Ferret, Forester, Defender, Druid (3rd Div.); Hornet, Tigress, Sandfly, Jackal (4th Div.); Goshawk, Phoenix, Lapwing (5th Div.) Involved. The attack took over the commander Beatty at 11:34 a.m. from the HMS Lion when the battle cruiser failed, and brought him to the HMS Princess Royal , where he took command again at 12:20 p.m. The destroyers could not intervene in the battle of the battlecruisers, which was conducted at great distances and at high speed.
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On March 10, 1915, a boat of the class succeeded in sinking a submarine for the first time. Acheron , Attack and Ariel were looking for a trawler sighted submarine off Aberdeen . The attack discovered U 12 and took it under fire. Then Ariel saw the submarine and the three destroyers ran towards the diving boat. Ariel spotted the periscope of the submarine in close proximity and rammed the boat. U 12 came to the surface and the crew left the submarine. The destroyers caught fire on the submarine and after a few minutes it sank. The destroyers saved ten shipwrecked people, 19 men lost their lives. The Ariel's bow was badly damaged and she had to be brought in.
On October 28, 1915, the armored cruiser HMS Argyll ran aground at the Bell Rock lighthouse near Dundee . The Hornet and Jackal , who were on a surveillance trip , broke it off and saved the 650-strong crew
Since April 1915, the flotilla belonged again to the Grand Fleet and came in the sea battle on the Skagerrak with the Fearless and the nine Defender boats ; 1st div .: Acheron, Ariel, Attack, Hydra ; 2. Div .: Badger, Lizard, Goshawk, Lapwing used to secure the 5th battle squadron of the fast battleships . The flotilla commander HMS Botha and five boats Archer, Jackal, Phoenix, Tigress were in the routine overhaul; the remaining boats were with the 3rd battle squadron of the King Edward VII class in the Thames estuary. The Badger was supposed to take in survivors of the HMS Invincible , but could only save six of the 1,021 men of the sunken battle cruiser . The Defender was hit during the night battle (1 dead) and briefly suffered a total drive failure. While it was still being repaired, she towed the heavily damaged Onslow and brought her to Aberdeen the following day . This action was described by Rudyard Kipling in Sea Warfare under the title Towing Under Difficulties .
Use in escort security
After the Battle of the Skagerrak, some of the boats remained as the 1st flotilla with the 3rd battle squadron and finally became a backup flotilla in the canal, including L-class boats, which replaced all Acheron boats by autumn 1917 .
On December 6, 1916, the Ariel was looking for a submarine due to a radio warning at the western channel entrance. She discovered a submarine tower and threw a depth charge over its presumed position, but it did not ignite. The Ariel then brought out its " explosive paravane ", a type of towed water bomb that ignited when touched. An explosion occurred and oil and air bubbles rose to the surface. The Ariel had sunk her second submarine with UC 19 . The 25 men in the submarine died and UC 19 is now at position 49 ° 41'N, 6 ° 31'W at a depth of about 100 m.
On January 18, 1917, the Ferret was badly damaged when she was torpedoed by the German submarine UC 21 southeast of the Isle of Wight . The destroyer could be brought in and was converted into a mine- layer and came back into service in this function in the summer of 1917.
On February 18, 1917, the Australian troop transport HMAT Berrima (1913, 11,137 GRT) was hit by a mine in the English Channel 50 miles west of Portland Bill . The crew went into the lifeboats and were then picked up by the Forester . The destroyer took the damaged ship in tow and brought it to Portland Harbor the next day . It could be repaired and put back into service.
On August 31, 1917, the Sandfly tried to help the freighter Miniota of the Canadian Pacific Line (1914, 6422 BRT), which had been torpedoed by U 19 30 nm off Start Point . The Miniota had a huge hole in the foredeck and could hardly be towed. The attempt to bring it to Portland Harbor failed and it sank.
The Tigress was the first ship of the Acheron class to be escorted to the 2nd destroyer flotilla in Devonport in July 1916 . This flotilla gradually received twelve boats ( Acheron, Archer, Ariel, Attack, Badger, Goshawk, Hydra, Jackal, Lapwing, Lyzard, Phoenix ) of the class. When she moved to Buncrana in Ireland in September 1917 , only four boats of the class ( Badger, Jackal, Lapwing, Lyzard ) remained with the flotilla, which were soon moved to the Mediterranean. The Badger was the only boat of the Acheron class to stay with this unit until April 1918.
On the evening of April 17, 1917, the German submarine UB 40 torpedoed the hospital ship Lanfranc shortly after it left Le Havre for Southampton . The ship had 387 patients on board, 167 of whom were German prisoners of war. 326 of the patients were bedridden. Nevertheless, the Badger and Jackal , who immediately came to the rescue , supported the patrol boats HMS P47 and the French Roitelet, were able to rescue 570 castaways and bring them to Portsmouth . 17 British crew members and 17 German patients were killed in the sinking.
In August 1917, the first three Acheron- class destroyers were transferred to the 4th destroyer flotilla. In the autumn of 1917, the 4th Flotilla in Devonport with eleven boats ( Ariel, Attack, Beaver, Defender, Druid, Forester, Goshawk, Hind, Hornet, Sandfly, Tigress ) became the strongest unit with Acheron destroyers. From December 1917 ( Attack, Tigress ) to June 1918 ( Defender ) almost all boats were delivered to the Mediterranean.
Only the Ariel and Sandfly remained in their home waters and were converted to mine layers from October 1917 and February 1918 respectively.
Use as mine layer
The possibility of converting destroyers into mine-layers and the new, reliable mines of the type H2 allowed the largest Allied mine- laying operation of the war, which was to include the German warships and submarines in the Helgoland Bay . This work was carried out from 1917 until the end of the war. The first mine-laying boats (Ferret and Legion, Lawford and Loyal of the Laforey- / L-class ) came to the east coast for the 7th destroyer flotilla in August 1917.
From March 1918, the mine-layers were combined in the 20th destroyer flotilla.
_IWM_SP_003155.jpg)
During an action on the night of March 27-28, 1918, the mine-laying destroyers Ariel , Ferret , the flotilla leader Abdiel as well as Legion and Telemachus encountered three German outpost boats 70 nm northwest of Heligoland , sank them and took the 72 men of the crews captured. The British crews involved were later awarded prize money for this action.
During a mine-laying mission at the western end of the Heligoland Bay by Abdiel , Ariel , Telemachus , Vanquisher and Vehement , the latter ran into a German mine at 23:47, twenty nautical miles from the planned destination and lost its forecastle. The British flotilla had run into a German minefield. When trying to escape from this, the Ariel also suffered a mine hit at 00:10 on August 2, also lost parts of her forecastle and sank within an hour. The commander of the boat and another 48 crew members lost their lives. The Abdiel's attempt to tow the Vehement , which was still swimming , ended around 4:00 a.m. when almost only the stern of the severely damaged V- and W-class destroyer was sticking out of the water. The companions sank the boat on which 48 men had lost their lives.
At the end of the war, Ferret and Sandfly were in service with the Abdiel, Gabriel , three 'V' class destroyers , two of the 'R' class and one of the 'L'-class in the 20th minesheet destroyer flotilla in Immingham .
Use in the Mediterranean
The 5th Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet , newly established in January 1915, was one of the most powerful flotillas in the Royal Navy in the summer of 1917 with 29 destroyers and eight torpedo boats. In August 1917, the six boats of the Australian River class arrived in the Mediterranean and strengthened the flotilla with the first I- class destroyers. From September to December 1917 a further nine boats of the Acheron class came from the 2nd and 4th flotilla to the 5th flotilla in the Mediterranean, which had 35 destroyers at the turn of the year, as they were also delivering other boats home. By the summer of 1918, it was reinforced to 51 destroyers, including a further eight Acheron boats, the last of which was the Defender in July .
The attack was lost on December 30, 1917 in the first month of its deployment in the Mediterranean. With two Japanese destroyers, she had taken over the security of the transporters HMT Aragon and Nile on December 27 in Malta on their onward journey to Egypt. On the way, the small convoy overcame a storm and separated off the Egyptian coast on the morning of the 30th. Nile and the two Japanese boats continued to Port Said while Aragon and Attack headed for Alexandria . The Aragon had 2,200 soldiers to reinforce the campaign in Palestine, 150 additional officers, 160 paramedics and a large amount of Christmas mail on board. She was with her destroyer companion in the approach to Alexandria and was waiting for the allocation of a berth in the overcrowded harbor when she was hit by a torpedo from the German submarine UC 34 around noon and sank rapidly. The attack went almost alongside the sinking ship, trying to take over as many people as possible. When the Aragon finally sank after 20 minutes, there was a boiler explosion that capsized some of the lifeboats that had been deployed. Attack and an arrived guard ship tried to take the castaways out of the water on board. With now nearly 400 shipwrecked on board which was then attack by another torpedo hit itself, broke and sank in a few minutes at 31 ° 18'N 29 ° 49'O. A large amount of propellant oil escaped and coated the shipwrecked people who were always drifting in water, and some of them killed. More guard boats took care of the victims and hauled in the overloaded lifeboats of the Aragon . Over 600 people could not be saved. The wreck of the Aragon is still 40 m deep off the Egyptian coast
In addition to directly securing the Allied shipping traffic in the Mediterranean, the Royal Navy had three other tasks: to secure the Adriatic against an outbreak of Austrian ships and the submarines of the Central Powers , to block the Turkish-German fleet at the Dardanelles exit and to support the Allied advance in Palestine . In the last months of 1917, in addition to the old cruiser HMS Grafton and the monitors M29 , M30 and M32 , the destroyers Lapwing and Lizard were also in use for the latter task .
On January 19, 1918, the German-Turkish main battle ships , the battle cruiser Yavûz Sultân Selîm (ex- SMS Goeben ) and the small cruiser Midilli (ex- SMS Breslau ) broke out of the Dardanelles into the Aegean Sea and tried to seize the British bases in front of the Attack the Dardanelles exit. The two attackers were first spotted by the Lizard , who couldn't get within torpedo range of the ships against the defensive fire of the battle cruiser. With the sister ship the Tigress , the destroyer then tried to smoke the Raglan and M28 monitors lying in the Kusu Bay of Imbros . Both monitors were quickly sunk by the precise firing artillery of the German-Turkish ships. The German-Turkish combat group then wanted to continue to Mudros , where other British units were suspected. She got into a minefield and both ships were damaged. The Midilli / Breslau sank after a total of five mine hits with 330 men. About 130 men were rescued by the observing British destroyers. Yavûz Sultân Selîm / Goeben was badly damaged after three mine hits, broke off the mission and had to be aground at the Nagara Bank in the Dardanelles. The two British destroyers could not follow her because of Turkish torpedo boats arriving to reinforce them and the fire of the Turkish coastal artillery. Attempts to completely eliminate the Goeben lying on the ground by airplanes or a submarine were unsuccessful.
On the night of April 22nd to 23rd, 1918, there was a destroyer battle at the Adriatic exit. The five Austro-Hungarian destroyers Triglav , Uzsok , Dukla , Lika and Csepel of the Tátra class under frigate captain Karl Herkner tried to interrupt the Allied shipping traffic between Italy and Albania near Valona (now Vlorë , Albania). That night, six Allied destroyers were at sea for safety, divided into three pairs, which secured the strait at a distance of 10 miles from each other. The Australian HMAS Torrens formed a group with the French Cimeterre , another the two Acorn boats Alarm and Comet and the third the Hornet and Jackal of the Acheron class. The latter sighted the kuk destroyers, ran up to them and fired the detection signal. When the distance had shortened to 1.5 nm, the Tátra boats opened fire and concentrated on the Hornet . The two British boats turned and tried to get the attackers to chase when the Hornet was hit and an ammunition chamber in the forecastle exploded. The burning boat was hit again on the bridge and in the helm and ran in circles with the oars jammed. Jackal turned around in support of the sister boat, but the Austrian commander Herkner on the Triglav broke off the engagement after 15 minutes because he assumed that the Allied fleet had been alerted. The Jackal could not follow the faster kuk destroyers and lost sight of them after midnight. 25 minutes later, Alarm , Torrens and Cimeterre caught up with the Jackal , but after another 50 minutes the four boats broke off their search and pursuit without result. The Hornet was badly damaged and the Jackal had lost its main mast. The Austrians ran back to Cattaro (now Kotor in Montenegro ) and had not suffered a single hit. Seven men lost their lives (five on the Hornet ) and 25 were wounded on the two British boats .
On the morning of May 14, 1918, the Acheron destroyer Phoenix was lost at the Otranto barrier when it was caught by the Austro-Hungarian submarine U 27 at position 40 ° 12´30´´N, 18 ° 52´12´ ´O was torpedoed HMAS Warrego tried unsuccessfully to tow the damaged boat to Valona; After more than four hours, the Phoenix sank to 40 ° 23.5´N, 19 ° 14´E directly in front of the harbor. With the exception of two seamen killed in the torpedo hit, the crew was rescued before the boat capsized.
At the end of the war in 1918, the Royal Navy still had 20 Acheron- class boats . The three "specials" of the second series by Yarrow had the same tasks as at the beginning of the war. The Oak served with the fleet flagship in Scapa Flow for special tasks and Firedrake and Lurcher in Harwich to support the 9th submarine flotilla. In the 20th minesheet flotilla in Immingham , the Ferret and Sandfly were used alongside two flotilla leaders and six more modern destroyers. The remaining fifteen boats ( Acheron, Archer, Hydra, Jackal, Lapwing, Lizard, Tigress; Badger, Beaver, Defender, Druid, Forester, Goshawk, Hind, Hornet ) were all in the 5th destroyer flotilla in the Mediterranean Fleet, where the six Australian River / I-class boats ( Parramatta, Warrego, Yarra; Huon, Swan, Torrens ) have been in service since 1917.
End of war
When the Allied fleet entered the Dardanelles on November 30, 1918 after the surrender of Turkey on October 12, 1918 and marched to Constantinople, twelve of the 31 British destroyers were of the Archeron class ( Acheron, Archer, Beaver, Druid, Forester, Goshawk , Hind, Hornet, Hydra, Jackal, Lapwing, Tigress ) and four Australian boats. Some boats also took on duties in the Black Sea. The Parramatta provided a regular postal service to Sevastopol , the Warrego was also briefly deployed and the Swan clarified the situation in eastern Ukraine with the French destroyer Bisson until an advance by the Red Army forced the mission to be abandoned. The Beaver , which had transported the first occupation troops to the Dardanelles after the Turkish surrender, ran to Odessa and observed the development between the German occupation army and the emerging White Russian troops. She also ran into the Danube to monitor the behavior of Bulgaria and Romania and finally went to Sevastopol in December to investigate the state of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. She also took over political refugees on the trips.
Final fate
In January 1919, the Australian boats were the first to leave the Mediterranean fleet. In February, Archer, Badger, Beaver, Defender, Goshawk, Jackal, Lizard and Tigress , the first eight boats of the Acheron class left the Mediterranean, which the others followed in the next few months. They were decommissioned at home and scrapped from 1920 to 1922.
All 23 boats of the Royal Navy had received at least one Battle Honor , the Ariel and the Lapwing had received four. The awards "HELIGOLAND, 28 Aug 1914" went to 19 boats, "DOGGER BANK 24 Jan 1915" to 15 boats and "JUTLAND, 31 May 1916" to ten. Six boats received these three awards. In addition, Ariel , Lapwing and Lizard received “BELGIAN COAST, 1914” and Ferret “BELGIAN COAST, 1917”.
The Acheron class boats
| Surname | Shipyard | Keel laying | Launch | in service | Final fate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ferret | J. Samuel White | 09.1910 | 04/12/1911 | 10.1911 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Forester | White | 09.1910 | 1.06.1911 | 01.1912 | November 1921 for demolition |
| Hind | John Brown Building No. 404 | 02/13/1911 | 07/28/1911 | 11/21/1911 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Hornet | Brown construction no. 405 | 01/24/1909 | December 20, 1911 | 03/21/1912 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Hydra | Brown construction no. 406 | 02.1911 | 02/19/1912 | 04.1912 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Sandfly | Swan Hunter construction no. 875 | 08.1910 | 07/26/1911 | 12.1911 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Jackal | Hawthorn Leslie Building No. 443 | 10/6/1910 | September 8, 1911 | 01/27/1912 | September 1920 for demolition |
| Tigress | Hawthorn construction no. 444 | 02/13/1911 | December 20, 1911 | 03/30/1912 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Defender | William Denny building no. 935 | November 8, 1910 | 08/30/1911 | 01/20/1912 | November 1921 for demolition |
| Druid | Denny construction no. 936 | November 8, 1910 | December 4, 1911 | 03/29/1912 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Lapwing | Cammell Laird | 02.1911 | 07/29/1911 | 04.1912 | October 1921 for demolition |
| Lizard | Cammell Laird | 02.1911 | 10/10/1911 | 06.1912 | November 1921 for demolition |
| Phoenix | Vickers | 01.1911 | 10/9/1911 | 05.1912 | Torpedoed and sunk on May 14, 1918, 2 dead |
| Goshawk | Beardmore construction no. 501 | 01.1911 | October 18, 1911 | 05.1912 | November 1921 for demolition |
| Thornycroft | Special offers | ||||
| Acheron | Thornycroft | 09.1910 | 06/27/1911 | 10.1911 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Ariel | Thornycroft | 10.1910 | 09/26/1911 | 03.1912 | Sunk after being hit by a mine on August 2, 1918, 49 dead |
| Yarrow | Special offers | ||||
| Archer | Yarrow & Co construction no. 1296 | 09.1910 | 10/21/1911 | 02.1912 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Attack | Yarrow building no. 1297 | 09.1910 | 12/12/1911 | 05.1911 | Torpedoed and sunk December 30, 1917 |
| Parsons | Special offers | ||||
| Badger | W. Denny building no. 933 | 10.1910 | 07/11/1911 | 08.1912 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Beaver | W. Denny building no. 934 | 10.1910 | 10/6/1911 | 11.1912 | May 1921 for demolition |
| Yarrow | special I class | ||||
| Firedrake | Yarrow building no. 1304 | 07.1911 | April 9, 1912 | 09.1912 | October 1922 for demolition |
| Lurcher | Yarrow building no. 1305 | 07.1911 | 1.06.1912 | 10.1912 | June 1922 for demolition |
| Oak | Yarrow building no. 1306 | 07.1911 | September 5, 1912 | 11.1912 | May 1921 for demolition |
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jane's Fighting Ships 1919. pp. 112f.
- ↑ March: British Destroyers. P. 122.
- ↑ Hildebrand: The German Warships, Vol. 4, P. 112f.
- ^ Preston: Destroyers. P. 29.
- ↑ Bell Rock Lighthouses - the loss of HMS Argyll , 1915
- ^ Preston: Destroyers. P. 31ff.
- ^ 1st Destroyer Flotilla
- ↑ Lost Patrols: Submarine Wrecks of the English Channel. by Innes McCartney and Jak Mallmann-Showell, Periscope Publishing Ltd, 2002, ISBN 978-1-904381-04-4 , p.20
- ↑ sinking UC 19
- ↑ Australian Troopships ( Memento from July 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Successes of U 19
- ^ SS Miniota
- ↑ 2D Destroyer Flotilla
- ^ 4th Destroyer Flotilla
- ↑ Minesweeping and Minelaying from 11th edition Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911)
- ↑ 7th Destroyer Flotilla
- ↑ 20th Destroyer Flotilla
- ↑ An Index of Bounties Prize as announced in the London Gazette from 1915 to 1925.
- ^ Royal Navy Casualty List. August 1918
- ↑ Litherland AT WAR 1914-1918 Petty Officer Stoker PETER Culshaw 1877-1918
- ^ Smith: Into the Minefields: British Destroyer Minelaying 1916-1960. Pp. 74-85.
- ↑ 5th Destroyer Flotilla
- ↑ Torpedoing the HMS Attack
- ↑ Fall of RMS Aragon
- ↑ Hildebrand: The German warships. Vol I, p. 171.
- ↑ Hildebrand, vol. 3, p. 12f.
- ↑ Halpern: The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in World War I.
- ^ See: French Naval Operations, Engagements and Ship Losses in the Adriatic in World War 1
- ^ Austro-Hungarian Navy Website ( Memento from April 28, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ RH Gibson, Maurice Prendergast [1931]: The German Submarine War. 1914-1918 . Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland 2003, ISBN 978-1-59114-314-7 , pp. 271, OCLC 52924732 .
- ^ HMAS Warrego
- ^ David Hepper: British Warship Losses in the Ironclad Era 1860-1919. P. 133.
- ↑ Royal Naval Casualties May 1918.
- ↑ account of the Allied fleet's entry into the Dardanelles by SE Brooks ( Memento of 25 February 2014 Internet Archive )
literature
- Maurice Cocker: Destroyers of the Royal Navy, 1893-1981. Ian Allen, 1983, ISBN 0-7110-1075-7 .
- Norman Friedman: British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the Second World War. Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley 2009, ISBN 978-1-84832-049-9 .
- Paul Halpern: The Battle of the Otranto Straits: Controlling the Gateway to the Adriatic in World War I. Indiana University Press 2004, ISBN 978-0-253-34379-6 .
- David Lyon: The First Destroyers. Chatham Publishing, 1996, ISBN 1-86176-005-1 .
- TD Manning: The British Destroyer. Putnam, 1961.
- Antony Preston: Destroyers. Hamlyn, ISBN 0-60032955-0 .
- Peter C. Smith: Into the Minefields: British Destroyer Minelaying 1916-1960. Pen and Sword Maritime, Barnsley 2005, ISBN 1-84415-271-5 .
- Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Conway Maritime Press, 1985, pp. 72f.
- Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I. (Ed. John Moore), Studio, London 1990, ISBN 1-85170-378-0 .
