Rampage at the Montréal Polytechnic

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Memorial plaque for the 14 victims

The rampage at the Montréal Polytechnic , also known as the Montreal Massacre , occurred on December 6, 1989 at the École polytechnique de Montréal in Montréal , Canada. Marc Lépine , 25, killed 14 women and injured 14 other people, including four men, before killing himself. On the grounds that he would “ fight feminism ”, Lépine entered various rooms in the building and targeted women. The rampage lasted almost 20 minutes. Lépine left a suicide note claiming that feminists had ruined his life and that the massacre had political motives. The letter also contained a list of the names of 19 Québec women whom Lépine thought were feminists and therefore wanted to kill.

There are several theories about the motive for the crime. Based on Lépine's statements and the sex of the victims, the rampage was seen as an anti-feminist attack and a " hate crime " against women, a hate-motivated crime. Feminists and politicians see the massacre as an expression of the larger societal problem of violence against women. According to another theory, the massacre was the isolated act of a mentally ill person. In addition, violence in the media and the influence of social grievances were used as explanatory approaches. Lépine's childhood and especially the physical violence he experienced were also blamed for the rampage.

As a direct consequence of the massacre, stricter firearms laws were passed. The Canadian police changed their tactical approach to school rampages , which helped reduce the death toll in subsequent rampages in Canada. Another consequence of the Montreal massacre was the establishment of the Canadian Committee on Violence Against Women.

Course of action

On December 6, 1989, shortly after 4 p.m., Lépine entered the École polytechnique de Montréal, a technical school for mechanical engineering that is affiliated with the Université de Montréal . He was armed with a hunting knife and a Ruger Mini-14 self-loading rifle that he had bought from a local sporting arms dealer on November 21, 1985. Lépine knew his way around the building because he had visited the École polytechnique at least seven times in preparation for the massacre.

Exterior view of the École Polytechnique de Montréal (2007)

After sitting in the student secretariat for a while, he went to the top floor of the building and at around 5:10 p.m. entered a room where a mechanical engineering seminar was taking place with around 60 students. He asked the women and men present to group themselves in different corners of the room. The students initially thought the request was a joke and did not move from the seat until Lépine shot into the ceiling. Lépine then separated the nine women from the 50 or so men and instructed the men to leave the room. He asked the women if they knew why they were there and when a student replied "No" he said, "I fight against feminism." The student who spoke earlier assured them that they were not feminists. Lépine replied, “You are all a bunch of feminists. I hate feminists. ”He shot the nine women from left to right, killing six and injuring three.

Lépine continued the massacre in the upstairs corridor and injured three students. As he walked in the hallway, he yelled, "I want women." He then entered a room where he tried twice to shoot a student, but had to stop the attack and leave the room to reload his weapon on an emergency staircase . He returned, but the students had locked the door. Lépine shot the door three times but failed to open it. He then shot and injured others in the corridor before killing a woman in the finance office.

He then went to the cafeteria on the first floor, where he killed a woman standing near the kitchen and injured a student. Almost all of the 100 or so people present fled the cafeteria after the first shots were fired. He then entered an unlocked storage area, where he killed two other women who were hiding there.

Seminar room on the second floor. The rampage ended here.

Lépine took the elevator to the second floor of the building, where he injured a student and two students in the hallway. Then he went into a seminar room and told the three students who were giving a presentation there to leave the room. He injured Maryse Leclair, who was standing in the front of the room, then shot the students in the front rows, killing two women who were trying to leave the room. Lépine moved towards some of the students, injuring three and killing one of them. He changed the magazine and then fired in all directions. The injured Leclair asked for help, whereupon Lépine stabbed her three times with his hunting knife and killed her. He took off his cap, wrapped his rifle in his coat, and shot himself in the head. The rampage lasted about 20 minutes. None of the approximately 2500 students and university employees present in the building had tried to stop the gunman. Lépine killed 14 women, including 12 engineering students, one medical student and one university employee. 14 other people - including four men - he shot injured.

After informing reporters , Pierre Leclair, the press secretary for the Montreal Police Department , entered the building and found the body of his daughter Maryse.

Farewell letter

Lépine left a three-page suicide note with the date of the rampage. Some details from the suicide note were released by police two days after the rampage, but the whole letter was not disclosed. A year after the massacre, Lépine's letter was leaked to the media. In it he wrote that he was perfectly rational, that his rampage had political motives and that feminists had ruined his life. He described his reasons for the rampage, including his hatred of feminists for seeking social change and usurping men's privileges, Lépine said. The letter also contained a list of the names of 19 Québec women whom Lépine believed were feminists and wanted to kill, including a union leader, a politician, a celebrity, six police officers and the journalist Francine Pelletier. The letter (excluding the list of women) was eventually published in the Canadian newspaper La Presse , where Pelletier was a columnist. In the letter, Lépine also expressed his admiration for the gunman Denis Lortie , who killed three state officials and injured 13 others in 1984.

backgrounds

Perpetrator

Marc Lépine was born in Montreal to an Algerian father and a Canadian mother. His father despised women and was often violent towards his wife and son. His parents divorced in 1976 and his father broke off contact with his children shortly thereafter. At the age of 17, Lépine applied to the Canadian Armed Forces in 1981 , but was found to be "anti-social" according to his suicide note. He often spoke of his aversion to feminists , career women, and women in traditionally male professions. In 1982 he began pre-university training at a Collège d'enseignement général et professionnel , but dropped out in his last semester without giving any reason. In 1986 he applied for a place at the Polytechnic and was accepted on the condition that he completed two courses beforehand. In 1989 he completed one of the required courses and reapplied to the Polytechnic, but was rejected because he was still missing a course.

motive

Memorial “Place du 6 Décembre 1989” , Montreal.

The rampage was primarily portrayed as an act of violence against women, especially in later phases of reporting, while other interpretations increasingly took a back seat. Anti-feminism was identified as a motive for crime; According to the investigation report, Lépine saw feminists and women as the enemy. Lépine himself had suggested this reading through his statements and his suicide note, in which he explained how the massacre should be interpreted. Feminists and politicians like Prime Minister Stephen Harper see the massacre as an expression of socially widespread misogyny and acceptance of violence against women. The rampage has been described as a type of extended suicide in which the perpetrator attacks a specific group of people - often in a public space - with the primary aim of dying in "glory". Criminologists see the massacre as a hate crime or bias crime against women, as the victims were only selected because they belonged to the group of women and were interchangeable with other members of this group. Lépine's mother later believed that her son's anger was directed against her because she was a single working mother and was therefore believed by some to be a feminist.

Others saw the rampage as the isolated acts of a mentally ill person, an interpretation of events that Lépine had predicted and rejected in his suicide note. A psychiatrist interviewed Lépine's family and friends and looked at his notes as part of a police investigation. The fact that Lépine had chosen multiple extended suicide as the suicide method is typical for people with a personality disorder . According to other psychiatrists, Lépine had suffered brain damage after being beaten by his father and was psychotic . According to another theory, he identified with his abusive father and mimicked his behavior towards his wife. He also found it difficult to process experiences such as rejection and loss, and blamed women for all of his failures. Lépine's mother suspected that he might suffer from an attachment disorder because his father ignored him as a child and later completely cut off contact with him.

Based on Lépine's interest in violent action films , some commentators believed that media violence contributed to his actions. Others argued that social ills - such as B. Poverty, inhumane working conditions and falling government spending on education and health - create the breeding ground for violent crimes. Columnist Jan Wong pointed out in a controversial article in the Globe and Mail in 2006 that the three rampages in Québec - 1989 at the École polytechnique, 1992 at Concordia University and 2006 at Dawson College - were perpetrated by the sons of immigrants. According to Wong, the three perpetrators were marginalized because of their immigrant background. Lépine was indeed francophone born in Canada, but belonged in the eyes of French Canadians not to them, as his father was from Algeria.

Victim

Monument near the Hodgins Engineering Building, McMaster University .

The perpetrator had selected the victims because of their presumed belonging to the group "feminists". Efforts were therefore made in public to make the women who were killed not visible as representatives of a group, but as individuals. Their names and the reactions of their family members have appeared in newspapers and other media. The victims are named in almost every memorial event and site .

The first six of the 14 fatalities were mechanical engineering students in their final year of study. Hélène Colgan (* 1966) wanted to acquire a master’s degree after completing her undergraduate studies ; she already had several job offers. Nathalie Croteau (* 1966) was about to graduate and had planned a vacation for the end of December 1989. Barbara Daigneault (* 1967) came from a family of engineers. Her father was a professor of mechanical engineering at another Montreal university, and she helped him as a teaching assistant. Anne-Marie Lemay (* 1967) also studied mechanical engineering and was a musician alongside her studies. Sonia Pelletier (* 1961) and Annie St-Arneault (* 1966) were due to graduate in a few days and had already made appointments.

Maryse Laganière (* 1964) worked in the college's finance department and was newly married. She was shot several times in the entrance to the finance office.

Barbara Klucznik Widajewicz (* 1958) studied nursing science. She and her husband, both immigrants from Poland , wanted to eat in the cafeteria of the École polytechnique that day.

Anne-Marie Edward (* 1968) and Geneviève Bergeron (* 1968) had fled the cafeteria and were hiding in a storage room, where the perpetrator followed them. Edward studied chemical engineering and was a member of the university ski team; at the request of her family, she was buried in her team suit. Bergeron had a construction scholarship and was babysitting the daughter of Mayor Jean Doré .

Michèle Richard (* 1968) and Maud Haviernick (* 1960) died in a lecture hall on the second floor of the university. Richard and Haviernick were both studying materials technology in their second year and had worked together on a materials project during the semester. Haviernick already had a degree in environmental engineering. Annie Turcotte (* 1969), a student of materials engineering, succumbed to her gunshot wounds after the rampage. Maryse Leclair (* 1966) was shot and later killed by the perpetrator with knife wounds.

On the occasion of the joint burial of nine of the 14 murdered women, a funeral service was held in Notre-Dame de Montréal on December 11, 1989 , in the presence of the Governor General Jeanne Sauvé , the Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney , the Prime Minister of Québec Robert Bourassa , the Mayor of Montreal Jean Doré as well as thousands of other mourners.

consequences

Light installation on Mont Royal for the 25th anniversary of the rampage.

Government officials and criminal justice officials feared that public discussion of the massacre would lead to anti-feminist violence, and a public inquiry was declined on this basis. Lépine's suicide note and the police report were not officially published, although a copy of the examining magistrate's report was available. The media , academics, women's organizations and the families of the victims criticized the information deficit and the lack of a public investigation. The police's reaction to the rampage was also heavily criticized. Police officers had received orders to cordon off the area extensively and not to enter the building while the gunman was alive. Several women were killed while they waited for tactical units to arrive. According to the investigation report, the death toll could have been much higher since Lépine had 60 unused projectiles and the police were not planning an attack. As a result of the rampage, new emergency response plans were introduced that were used in the 2006 rampage at Dawson College in Montreal and enabled the police to intervene more quickly.

The consequences for the injured and witnesses can still be felt years after the crime; many still suffer from post-traumatic disorders today . Several students committed suicide, two of whom left suicide notes citing the rampage as the reason for this. Among them was the student Sarto Blais, who hanged himself eight months after the killing spree. In his suicide note, he wrote that as a man he could not bear to have done nothing. His parents also committed suicide eleven months later.

The political consequence of the rampage was stricter gun controls . One of the survivors of the massacre founded together with the parents of a victim, the "Coalition for Gun Control" (dt. Action Alliance for gun control ). The efforts of this organization and other activists led to the adoption of a stricter firearms law in 1995. Opponents of the new gun law criticized the liberal government of Jean Chrétien and particularly criticized the requirement that all firearms must be registered. In 2009 and 2010, the survivors of the massacre and the victims' families spoke out against a law proposed by Stephen Harper's Conservative government to abolish the Canadian arms register. One survivor described the Conservative Party's bill as a "slap in the face of the victims and their families". In September 2010, the bill was rejected by a narrow majority.

The rampage revitalized the Canadian women's movement and sparked outrage over violence against women. Until then, feminist demands for recognition of the broad category of “violence against women” as an independent and politically relevant problem had been ignored by the legislature. After the massacre, however, there was a change in the official discourse on violence at the insistence of feminists. As a result, a subcommittee of the Canadian House of Commons held hearings on violence against women. The recommendations of the subcommittee led in 1991 to set up the "Canadian Panel on Violence against Women" (dt. Canadian Committee on Violence against Women ). At the same time, large parts of the Canadian population and the media took part in an anti-feminist counter-discourse. Masculinists and anti-feminists in particular are of the opinion that feminism is to blame for the massacre, as it provokes men to do such acts. Some masculinists see Lépine as a hero who advocates men's rights and glorify or play down his actions.

Commemoration

The name of one of the victims on the “Place du 6 Décembre 1989” memorial .

The provincial government and Montreal city government declared three days of national mourning . December 6, 1991 was declared a National Day of Remembrance against violence against women. On this day, the flags at the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill and all other government buildings in Canada will be hoisted at half mast . Often there are vigils in memory of the victims and discussions about violence against women. At the École polytechnique de Montréal, December 6th is a day off. As a result of the massacre, a group of men from London, Ontario launched the White Ribbon campaign in 1991 as a symbol against violence against women . The symbol was the white ribbon modeled on the red ribbon .

The “Marker of Change” memorial consisting of 14 coffin-shaped granite benches, Thornton Park, Vancouver . Designed by Beth Alber.

In Côte-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grâce a few meters away from the École polytechnique, a memorial for the victims of the massacre was erected on the “Place du 6 Décembre 1989” . It is named "Nef pour les quatorze reines" (Eng. "Ship for the fourteen queens") and was designed by the artist Rose-Marie Goulet. A monument called "Marker of Change" erected in Vancouver in 1997 caused controversy because of the inscription "women who have been murdered by men" . Critics believed that the inscription was closed politically. The women involved in the project received death threats. The memorial was completed, but Vancouver's Parks and Recreation Office, in response to criticism, banned all future public works of art that might anger certain groups. A memorial erected in Minto Park in Ottawa , which is also called the "Marker of Change" , was criticized for its inscription. In January 2013, John Abbott College named its newly constructed science building after the former student and victim of the rampage, Anne-Marie Edward.

In 2008 Marc Lépine's mother Monique published “Aftermath” , a report on her memories and how she dealt with suffering. She had not commented on the massacre until 2006 and only decided to comment on the events of 1989 and 2006 after the rampage at Dawson College.

During the two-hour commemoration on the 25th anniversary of 2014, a number of survivors as well as then and current politicians (including Philippe Couillard , Denis Coderre , Martin Cauchon ), gun control activists, journalists and others gave short speeches. In addition, 14 spotlights on Mont Royal illuminated the night sky over the city. The Polytechnic University donated the occasion of this anniversary an Order of the White Rose (dt. "Order of the White Rose") called scholarship of 30,000  dollars for Canadians that a post-graduate degree strive in mechanical engineering.

Artistic reception

2009, based on the event film came Polytechnique by Denis Villeneuve in Canadian cinema. The film, whose funding agency Telefilm Canada had previously refused to fund it twice, sparked controversy, including complaints that it evokes too many painful memories. The École polytechnique de Montréal distanced itself from the film out of respect for the victims and employees, many of whom had witnessed the massacre.

The rampage was also picked up in the play The Anorak . Musically, the death metal band Macabre dealt with the events in the song Montreal Massacre .

See also

literature

  • Peter Eglin, Stephen Hester: The Montreal massacre: a story of membership categorization analysis . Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ont. 2003, ISBN 0-88920-422-5 .
  • Monique Lépine, Harold Gagné: Aftermath. Viking Canada, Toronto 2008, ISBN 978-0-670-06969-9 .
  • Louise Malette, Marie Chalouh: The Montreal massacre . Gynergy Books, Charlottetown, PEI 1991, ISBN 0-921881-14-2 .
  • Heidi Rathjen, Charles Montpetit: December 6: from the Montreal massacre to gun control: the inside story . M&S, Toronto 1999, ISBN 0-7710-6125-0 .
  • Sharon Rosenberg and Roger I. Simon: Beyond the logic of emblemization: remembering and learning from the Montreal Massacre . In: Educational Theory . 50, No. 2, pp. 133-155, June 2000, doi: 10.1111 / j.1741-5446.2000.00133.x .

Web links

Commons : rampage at the Montréal Polytechnic in 1989  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Some sources report that 13 people were injured. According to the report by investigating magistrate Teresa K. Sourour and the police officer responsible for the investigation, 14 people were injured.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Teresa K. Sourour: Report of Coroner's Investigation (PDF; 146 kB) 1991. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  2. ^ Greg Weston: Why? We may never know . In: Toronto Sun , September 14, 2006. 
  3. ^ A b Ashley Terry: Remembering a massacre: Montreal's Ecole Polytechnique . In: Global News , December 6, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2012. 
  4. ↑ Rima Elkouri: Elles étaient ses coeds . In: La Presse , February 7, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2012. 
  5. ^ A b c Adrian Cernea: Poly 1989: Témoin de l'horreur . Éditions Lescop, Montréal 1999, ISBN 2-9804832-8-1 .
  6. ^ A b c Peter Eglin, Stephen Hester: "You're all a bunch of feminists": Categorization and the politics of terror in the Montreal Massacre . In: Human Studies . 22, No. 2-4, 1999, pp. 253-272. doi : 10.1023 / A: 1005444602547 .
  7. ↑ a b c d Gunman massacres 14 women at Montreal's École Polytechnique (video stream). In: CBC , December 6, 1989. Retrieved September 23, 2016. 
  8. ↑ Aida Edemariam: The Montreal Massacre . In: The Guardian , September 15, 2006. Retrieved February 26, 2012. 
  9. ↑ Walter Buchignani: Amid the tragedy, miracles of survival . In: The Gazette , December 8, 1989, p. A3. 
  10. ↑ a b c Barry Came: Montreal Massacre: Railing Against Feminists . In: Maclean's Magazine , December 18, 1989. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2012. 
  11. ↑ a b James Mennie, Hubert Bauch: A quiet goodbye for slain women . In: The Gazette , December 12, 1989, p. A1. 
  12. ↑ a b Victor Malarek: More Massacre Details to be Released by Police, but an Inquiry Ruled Out . In: The Globe and Mail , December 12, 1989, p. A6. 
  13. ↑ Victor Malarek: Killer's letter blames feminists . In: The Globe and Mail , December 8, 1989, p. A7. 
  14. ^ A b Martin Pelchat: Lépine avait des motifs ‹politiques› . In: La Presse , November 24, 1990. 
  15. ↑ a b c d CityNews Rewind: The Montreal Massacre . In: City News , December 6, 2006. Retrieved January 20, 2012. 
  16. ↑ a b Lisa Fitterman: Cops on Lepine's list: Names of six female officers found on Polytechnique killer . In: The Gazette , March 10, 1999, p. A3. 
  17. ^ Peter Eglin, Stephen Hester: The Montreal Massacre: A Story of Membership Categorization Analysis . Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ont. 2003, ISBN 0-88920-422-5 , p. 58.
  18. ↑ a b Rod McDonnell, Elizabeth Thompson et al. a .: Killer's father beat him as a child; A brutal man who didn't seem to have any control of his emotions . In: The Gazette , December 12, 1989, p. A1.  ; The making of a massacre: The Marc Lepine story Part I . In: The Ottawa Citizen , February 7, 1990. 
  19. ↑ a b CTV.ca News Staff: Mother of Marc Lepine finally breaks her silence . In: CTV , September 18, 2006. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. 
  20. ^ Staff and Canadian Press: Thousands of mourners wait in silence to pay final respects to slain women . In: The Globe and Mail , December 11, 1989. 
  21. ↑ Monique Lépine, Harold Gagné: Aftermath . Viking Canada, Toronto 2008, ISBN 978-0-670-06969-9 , p. 12.
  22. ↑ a b Victor Malarek: Killer Fraternized with Men in Army Fatigues (quoted in The Montreal Massacre: A Story of Membership Categorization Analysis , P. Eglin and S. Hester (eds), 2003.) . In: Globe and Mail , December 9, 1989. 
  23. ↑ Alexander Norris: Lepine was emotionally repressed, pal says . In: The Gazette , January 16, 1990  ;
    Monique Lépine, Harold Gagné: Aftermath . Viking Canada, Toronto 2008, ISBN 978-0-670-06969-9 , p. 131.
  24. ↑ Monique Lépine, Harold Gagné: Aftermath . Viking Canada, Toronto 2008, ISBN 978-0-670-06969-9 , pp. 170 f.
  25. ^ Peter Eglin, Stephen Hester: The Montreal Massacre: A Story of Membership Categorization Analysis . Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ont. 2003, ISBN 0-88920-422-5 , e.g. BS 6: “Although there are a variety of stories told about the murders, there is also an emergent story that becomes paramount. As reportage is replaced by commentary, so the stories of crime, horror, public disaster, and private tragedy, and the stories of and about the killer, recede, and the story of violence against women becomes the central story… As reportage gives way to commentary (though we emphasize that there is no clean or tidy break here), so particularity becomes the document of a general and underlying problem, namely, male violence against women, not to say misogyny or male chauvinism. We seek to trace the accomplishment of this story, principally in the methods of membership categorization deployed by its storytellers. "
    James Alan Fox, Jack Levin: Mass Murder: An Analysis of Extreme Violence . In: Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies . 5, No. 1, 2003, pp. 47-64. doi : 10.1023 / A: 1021051002020 .
  26. ^ A b Michael Valpy: Litany of social ills created Marc Lepine . In: The Globe and Mail , December 11, 1989, p. A8. 
  27. ↑ Veronica Strong-Boag: anti-feminism . In: Gerald Hallowell: The Oxford companion to Canadian history . Oxford University Press, Don Mills, Ont. 2004, ISBN 0-19-541559-0 , p. 41.
  28. ↑ a b Meagan Fitzpatrick: National day of remembrance pays tribute to victims of Montreal massacre . In: CanWest News Service , December 6, 2006. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2012. 
  29. ↑ a b Janet Mancini Billson: After the Montreal massacre: gender and the pervasiveness of violence . In: Janet Mancini Billson, Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban (Eds.): Female well-being: toward a global theory of social change . Zed Books, New York 2005, ISBN 978-1-84277-009-2 , pp. 104-05;
    Julie Brickman: Female lives, Feminist deaths . In: Renée R. Curry, Terry L. Allison: States of rage: emotional eruption, violence, and social change . New York University Press, New York 1996, ISBN 0-8147-1530-3 , p. 27.
  30. ^ A b John Frederick Conway: The Canadian family in crisis . James Lorimer and Company, Toronto 2003, ISBN 1-55028-798-2 , pp. 163-166.
  31. ↑ Roger W. Byard: Murder-Suicide . In: Michael Tsokos: Forensic Pathology Reviews . 3. Edition. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ 2005, 1-58829-416-1, p. 343.
  32. ↑ Frederick M. Lawrence: Punishing Hate: Bias Crimes Under American Law . Harvard University Press , Cambridge, Mass. 2002, ISBN 0-674-00972-X , pp. 15-17.
    Beverly McPhail: Gender-bias hate crimes: a review . In: Barbara Perry: Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader . Routledge, New York 2003, ISBN 0-415-94407-4 , p. 271.
    Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld: Hate crimes: causes, controls, and controversies (3rd edition). SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. 2013, ISBN 978-1-4522-5662-7 , p. 60.
    Jack Levin, Jack McDevitt: Hate crimes revisited: America's war against those who are different . Westview, Boulder, Colo. 2002, ISBN 0-8133-3922-7 , p.     95.Barbara
    Perry: Missing Pieced: The Paucity of Hate Crime Scholarship . In: Walter S. DeKeseredy, Barbara Perry (Eds.): Advancing Critical Criminology: Theory and Application . Lexington Books, Lanham, MD 2006, ISBN 0-7391-1252-X , p. 169.
  33. ↑ a b c Wendy Hui Kyong Chun: Unbearable Witness: towards a Politics of Listening . In: Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies . 11, No. 1, 1999, pp. 112-149.
  34. ^ Marie-Claude Lortie: Poly un an après: Psychosis? Blessures au cerveau? Les spécialistes n'ont pas encore résolu l'énigme Marc Lépine . In: La Presse , December 1, 1990, p. B7. 
  35. ↑ a b James Alan Fox, Jack Levin: Extreme killing: Understanding serial and mass murder (3rd edition). SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks 2015, ISBN 978-1-4833-5072-1 , pp. 247-250.
  36. ^ Greg Weston, Jack Aubry: Montreal's Mass Killer Marc Lepine's hatred fed on failure . In: Toronto Star , February 8, 1990, p. A18. Retrieved February 16, 2012. 
  37. ^ Polytechnique Massacre: Marc Lepine, mass murderer . In: CBC , December 7, 1989. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2012. 
  38. ↑ Monique Lépine, Harold Gagné: Aftermath . Viking Canada, Toronto 2008, ISBN 978-0-670-06969-9 , pp. 138, 161 f.
  39. ^ Jan Wong: Get under the desk . In: The Globe and Mail , September 16, 2006. Archived from the original on January 2, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012. 
  40. ^ A b Peter Eglin and Stephen Hester: The Montreal Massacre: A Story of Membership Categorization Analysis . Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ont. 2003, ISBN 0-88920-422-5 , p. Vii.
  41. ^ Theresa M. O'Donovan: Rage and resistance: a theological reflection on the Montreal Massacre . Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ont. 2007, ISBN 978-0-88920-522-2 , p. 79.
  42. ↑ Andrienne L. Burk: Speaking for a long time: public space and social memory in Vancouver . University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver 2010, ISBN 978-0-7748-1698-4 , p. 2.
  43. ^ The 14 women who were killed at Ecole polytechnique . In: CTV News Canada , December 5, 2014.
  44. ↑ a b c Jesse Ferreras: École Polytechnique Massacre Victims: Never Forget Their Names . In: Huffington Post , December 5, 2014.
  45. ^ Anne-Marie Lemay . In: CBCNews , November 28, 2014.
  46. ↑ a b c d e Remembering the Polytechnique victims . In: Montreal Gazette , December 5, 2014.
  47. ↑ Montreal massacre victims to be remembered . In: Globe and Mail , December 3, 2004.
  48. ^ Kathryn Greenaway: John Abbott College opened horizons for Anne-Marie Edward . In: Montreal Gazette , April 23, 2013.
  49. ^ Ingrid Peritz: The awful echoes of Marc Lépine . In: Globe and Mail , November 11, 1999.
  50. ^ Theresa M. O'Donovan: Rage and resistance: a theological reflection on the Montreal Massacre Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, Ont. 2007, ISBN 978-0-88920-522-2 , p. 77.
  51. ↑ Canadian Press: Police scour the life of mass killer . In: Edmonton Journal , Jan 12, 1990, p. B9. 
  52. ↑ Patricia Poirier: Police can't find cause for Lepine's rampage on Montreal campus . In: The Globe and Mail , March 1, 1990, p. A17. 
  53. ↑ Canadian Press: Parents fear coverup over murdered 14 . In: Toronto Star , May 30, 1990, p. A15. 
  54. ^ A b Robert Sheppard: A sea change in police tactics when it comes to gunmen . In: CBC News , September 15, 2006. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved on February 16, 2012. 
  55. ↑ Peter Rakobowchuk: Lessons learned from 1989 Montreal massacre help save lives at Dawson college . In: Canadian Press , September 14, 2006. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved on February 16, 2012. 
  56. ↑ G. Parent, Cousineau, M.-M .: Conséquences à long terme d'un mass murder : le cas de Polytechnique, neuf ans plus tard Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. In: The International Journal of Victimology . 1, No. 3, 2003.
  57. ↑ Richard Ouzounian: Paying tribute to unseen victims of Montreal Massacre . In: Toronto Star , April 3, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2012. 
  58. ↑ R. Blake Brown: Flexing the Liberal State's Muscles: The Montreal Massacre and the 1995 Firearms Act , 1980-2006 . In: Arming and Disarming: A History of Gun Control in Canada . University of Toronto Press, Toronto / Ont. 2012, ISBN 978-1-4426-4639-1 , pp. 199 ff.
  59. ^ A b Heidi Rathjen, Charles Montpetit: December 6: From the Montreal Massacre to Gun Control. McClelland & Stewart, Toronto 1999, ISBN 0-7710-6125-0 .
  60. ↑ Denny Boyd: Couple salvages purpose from their daughter's tragic death . In: The Vancouver Sun , April 20, 1992, p. B1. 
  61. ↑ John Dixon: A gang that couldn't shoot straight . In: The Globe and Mail , January 8, 2003. Retrieved February 16, 2012. 
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  64. ↑ Bruce Campion-Smith, Les Whittington: Long-gun registry survives tight Commons vote . In: Toronto Star , September 22, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2012. 
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  71. ↑ Mélissa Blais: Marc Lépine: heros ou martyr? Le masculinisme et la tuerie de l'École polytechnique . In Blais, Mélissa, Francis Dupuis-Déri: Le mouvement masculiniste au Québec: l'antiféminisme démasqué . Les Éditions du Remue-ménage, Montréal 2008, ISBN 0-670-06969-8 , pp. 86-92.
    Anabelle Nicoud: Des disciples de Marc Lépine font fuir un réalisateur . In: La Presse , November 12, 2009. Archived from the original on October 5, 2010. Retrieved on March 7, 2012. Barbara Debays:     Glorification d'un assassin . In: Radio-Canada.ca , December 4, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2012. Alison Hanes: Man threatens to repeat Montreal massacre . In: Ottawa Citizen , December 2, 2005, p. A9. Stephane Tremblay: Anti-feminist blogger calls himself “masculinist activist” . In: Toronto Sun , March 31, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2012. Barbara Debays: Marc Lépine, un tueur transformé en héros . In: Radio-Canada.ca , November 30, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2012. Jean-Claude Rochefort devant le juge . In: Radio-Canada.ca , March 16, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2012. Antonia Zerbisias: Femicide: There's not enough outrage . In: Toronto Star , August 12, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2012. 
     
     
     
     
     
     
  72. ^ National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women . In: Status of Women Canada . Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  73. ^ Remembering lives lost during the 1989 Montreal massacre . In: Grand Forks Gazette , November 30, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2012. 
  74. ↑ December 6, 2005 - 16th commemoration. Remembering and reflecting . In: Poly, Le Magazine de École Polytechnique . Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  75. ^ Polytechnique Massacre: Men wearing white ribbons . In: CBC , November 27, 1991. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2012. Emily Maguire: It's the non-abusers who must listen . In: The Sydney Morning Herald , November 23, 2006. Retrieved February 24, 2012. 
     
  76. ↑ CBC news: Monument to slain women unveiled . In: CBC , December 5, 1999. Retrieved February 28, 2012. Nef pour quatorze reines . In: La collection municipale, Ville de Montrḗal . Archived from the original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2012. 
  77. ↑ a b c Andrienne L. Burk: Speaking for a long time: public space and social memory in Vancouver . University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver 2010, ISBN 978-0-7748-1698-4 , pp. 1, 18-23, 137.
  78. ↑ Marker of Change ( Memento from July 1, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ). Public Art Registry, City of Vancouver. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
  79. ↑ Rachelle Cooper: Book a Monument to Canadian Women Murdered by Men . In: at Guelph, University of Guelph . April 19, 2006. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved on March 1, 2012.
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  81. ^ Thomas W. Laqueur: The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal Remains . Princeton University Press, New Jersey 2015, ISBN 978-0-691-15778-8 , p. 424.
  82. ^ John Abbott names new building after Polytechnique victim Anne-Marie Edward . In: Montreal Gazette , January 8, 2013.
  83. ^ Monique Lépine marks the Montreal Massacre anniversary . In: CBC , December 2, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2012. 
  84. ^ Tracey Lindeman: Polytechnique shooting 25th anniversary commemorated in Montreal ( text: English; video: French ) CBC News . December 6, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  85. ↑ 25 years after the tragedy, Polytechnique Montréal launches the Order of the White Rose and the Week of the White Rose ( English (French also available) ) Polytechnique Montréal. October 31, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  86. ^ Karen Seidman: Polytechnique helping women in engineering with White Rose scholarship . In: Montreal Gazette , December 5, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2016. 
  87. ^ Polytechnique in the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 8, 2012.
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  89. ^ Rejected Polytechnique project finally gets Telefilm cash . In: The Gazette , April 10, 2008. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2006. 
  90. ^ Graeme Hamilton: Montreal massacre film brings up 'too many memories' . In: National Post , January 28, 2009. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved on March 8, 2012. 
  91. ↑ Andrew Chung: Massacre movie stirs controversy, unease . In: Toronto Star , February 3, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2012. 
  92. ^ Poly garde ses distances . In: CBC / Radio-Canada , January 30, 2009. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2006. 
  93. ↑ Amy Barratt: Massacre mind . In: Montreal Mirror . Archived from the original on September 4, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2006. 
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on December 10, 2016 .