Office Ritzebüttel
The Ritzebüttel Office (in Low German Ritzbüttel Office ) was the administrative unit of the Hamburg outpost at the mouth of the Elbe from 1394 to 1864 and replaced Neuwerk as the seat of the Hamburg captain when it was founded. It was replaced in the same area in 1864 by the Ritzebüttel rulership and is located in what is today the area of the city of Cuxhaven ( Lower Saxony ) and the island of Neuwerk ( Hamburg ).
history
Establishment of office
In 1393 Hamburg conquered the Ritzebüttel Castle from the Knights Lappe , who had previously ruled as feudal lords of the Duke of Saxony-Lauenburg , and in 1394 founded the Hamburg Office of Ritzebüttel. From then on, Ritzebüttel with the current areas of Cuxhaven, Döse , Duhnen , Groden , Stickenbüttel , Arensch - Berensch , Gudendorf , Holte-Spangen, Oxstedt, Süderwisch and Westerwisch as well as the offshore island of Neuwerk including the dune Scharhörn was ruled by Hamburg. Neuwerk lost its importance as a result.
A bailiff who came from Hamburg and had his seat in Ritzebüttel Castle was responsible for all people in office. Acceptance of the office was considered voluntary, as life was very simple and connections to Hamburg were very poor. A trip from Hamburg to Ritzebüttel meant a three-day trip.
In 1720 the office received its first official seal at the request of its bailiff David Langermann. It shows the "Great Bake" (also "Ross-Bake"), which collapsed in 1801 and was replaced by the Hamburg lighthouse . The seal is the basis for the coat of arms of the office.
18th century
From 1735 Ritzebüttel was administered by the Hamburg bailiff and poet Barthold Hinrich Brockes . Brockes' poetry was considered something unheard of new and formed a foundation for the poetry of German poets like Klopstock . The joy of his life in Ritzebüttel waned after the death of his wife. In 1741 he returned to Hamburg as a mentally broken man. According to a census from 1755, there were 3,010 people living in the office at that time in a total of 587 houses. 967 of them lived directly in the Ritzebüttel area in a total of 191 houses.
In 1793, the Göttingen philosopher Georg Christoph Lichtenberg proposed Cuxhaven as a suitable location for a seaside resort.
19th century
In 1810, four years after the Prussian collapse, Napoleon I annexed the entire German North Sea coast in connection with the continental blockade against Great Britain . Cuxhaven, now headed by bailiff Amandus Augustus Abendroth , became a canton of the Départements des Bouches de l'Elbe for a relatively short period .
In 1813, the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig took place during the resistance of Prussia, Austria and Russia . Napoleon was defeated and had to retreat to the left bank of the Rhine. On March 18, Ritzebüttel was liberated. The Hamburg constitution was reintroduced.
In 1816, Abendroth founded the seaside resort of Cuxhaven. The classicistic Martinskirche in Ritzebüttel from 1819 was built on Intitive von Abendroth according to plans by Axel Bundsen from Denmark.
In 1848, the desire for liberalism led to revolutions across Europe against the existing systems of rule. In March, censorship was lifted in Hamburg, reforms in the Ritzebuettel administration and the abolition of feudal rights for the bailiff were enforced. On March 25th the colors black-red-gold were introduced in the Ritzebüttel office . Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer was the last Hamburg senator to be a bailiff from 1858 to 1864.
Around 1862 the office had 6,000 inhabitants and the area Ritzebüttel 1,900 inhabitants.
In 1864 Prussia and Austria waged war against Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein . Prussian and Austrian warships were stationed in Cuxhaven and a battery was built. On May 9th, a sea battle took place off Heligoland . In the same year Ritzebüttel got a new constitution as the Ritzebüttel rulership. The office was thus on an equal footing with the rest of the hamburg territories ; the administration was taken over by an administrator, the administration of justice by a magistrate. Thus 1864 was the founding year of the Cuxhaven district court .
In 1870/71 the pilots refused to work on French ships because of the Franco-Prussian War . Because of the French ships, a coast guard was set up, medical services were taught and entering the dike was forbidden during the dark. From August 22nd, the North Sea coast was blocked off Heligoland by the French fleet. The lighthouses in Cuxhaven were out of order. Only after the German victory in the Battle of Sedan in September 1870 did the French fleet leave Heligoland, but returned in October and operated pirates and raids. After France's final defeat in February, Ritzebüttel was compensated for his war costs .
In 1872 the name Cuxhaven gained in importance, as Ritzebüttel and Cuxhaven merged to form the rural community of Cuxhaven at the request of the Hamburg Senate.
In 1888 Hamburg joined the German Customs Union .
From the city development of Cuxhaven to the cession of the America port
In 1907 Cuxhaven became a joint municipality. The population had risen to over 10,000 after the incorporation of Döse (1905), so that Cuxhaven was granted city rights on March 15, 1907.
In 1908 Hamburg established a fish market and the old fishing port . The port facilities were enlarged in the following years, so that in 1912 the Steubenhöft and in 1914 the Amerikahafen were expanded.
In 1914 the First World War broke out. From August, a blackout arrangement applied to all windows with a view of the lake. Maximum prices had to be paid for food. In 1918, after the end of the war, workers' and soldiers' councils were formed in many cities , including in Cuxhaven, where a radical soldiers' council took power on November 5, 1918. At that time the city had about 15,000 inhabitants, the garrison had about the same number of military personnel. The commandant's office and the approximately 290 officers of the garrison were ousted. In the following weeks there was severe unrest in Cuxhaven. Opposite the soldiers' council was the city administration under Mayor Max Bleicken , who tried to appear as a mediator. Bleicken was removed from office. On January 11, 1919, the soldiers' council proclaimed the Socialist Republic of Cuxhaven based on the events in Bremen. Due to a lack of support from the population and strong resistance from Hamburg, it was dissolved again after six days. On February 9th, the Workers 'and Soldiers' Council resigned, so that by the end of the month legal conditions prevailed in Cuxhaven again.
In 1920 the former Cuxhaven soldiers' council was brought to justice. At the same time, an investigation was carried out against officers of the Grimmershörnkaserne in connection with the Kapp Putsch .
On November 19, 1926, the Ritzebüttel land lordship was dissolved in favor of a single land lordship in Hamburg.
On March 1, 1935, the rural communities of Groden , Süderwisch, Westerwisch, Stickenbüttel , Duhnen , parts of Sahlenburg as well as Neuwerk and Scharhörn were incorporated. In the same year, the city of Cuxhaven was placed under the rule of Hamburg.
On April 1, 1937, the Ritzebüttel office was dissolved by the Greater Hamburg Act and Cuxhaven was exchanged for Altona , Harburg-Wilhelmsburg and Wandsbek . Hamburg secured the America port as an exclave. The newly formed urban district of Cuxhaven became part of the Prussian province of Hanover .
With the State Treaty ( Cuxhaven Treaty ) concluded between Lower Saxony and Hamburg on October 3, 1961 , Hamburg exchanged the America port for the islands of Neuwerk and Scharhörn. The resulting cession of the port facilities to the state of Lower Saxony took place in 1993, exactly 600 years after the conquest by Hamburg.
See also
literature
- Friedrich Becker: Cuxhaven and the Office Ritzebüttel . Otto Meißner, Hamburg 1880, p. 242 ( digitized in: Hamburg State and University Library).
- Georg Hindrichson : Brockes and the Office Ritzebüttel 1735–41 (= scientific supplements to the reports on the school years 1896/97, 1897/98, 1898/99 . 3 booklets, 1897–1899). Cuxhaven ( digitized in: State and University Library, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf).
- Erich von Lehe : The postal connection between Ritzebüttel and Hamburg from 1718 to 1810 . Jahrbuch der Männer vom Morgenstern 37 (1956), pp. 42–49.
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Publications in the Niederdeutschen Heimatblatt:
- Peter Bussler: Night watchman in the Ritzebüttel office and in Cuxhaven. Amtmann Abendroth created night watchman book for Cuxhaven in 1816 . In: Men from Morgenstern , Heimatbund an Elbe and Weser estuary e. V. (Ed.): Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt . No. 808 . Nordsee-Zeitung GmbH, Bremerhaven April 2017, p. 2–3 ( digitized version [PDF; 5.9 MB ; accessed on July 16, 2019]).
- Peter Bussler: A close friendship for the benefit of the Ritzebüttel office. Johann Georg Repsold and Amandus Augustus Abendroth . In: Men from Morgenstern, Heimatbund an Elbe and Weser estuary e. V. (Ed.): Niederdeutsches Heimatblatt . No. 814 . Nordsee-Zeitung GmbH, Bremerhaven October 2017, p. 1–2 ( digitized version [PDF; 5.4 MB ; accessed on July 12, 2019]).
Web links
- Map of the Ritzebüttel office, 1625 in Kulturerbe.niedersachsen.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ritzebüttel . In: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon . 6th edition. Volume 17, Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1909, p. 20 .
- ^ Cuxhaven, Ross beacon. In: baken-net.de. Retrieved November 18, 2015 .
- ↑ Text on the back of the album of the related Kaffee Hag coat of arms from approx. 1930: For example the picture of a seal stamp cut around 1800, which only bears the inscription "RITZEBÜTTEL". It is the tower shown on the map of the Elbe and Weser estuaries with the inscription Ritzebüttel, published in 1588 and torn open by Gouvert Willemsen. The corresponding map collection by Govert Willemsen (van Hollesloot) shows the large beacon Die caerte vander Oost and West Zee. In: Google Books. 1588, accessed November 18, 2015 .
- ↑ Ritzebüttel . In: Universal Lexicon of the Present and Past . 4., reworked. and greatly increased edition, Volume 14: Reif – Saugeschacht , Eigenverlag, Altenburg 1862, p. 195 .
- ^ History of the HAPAG halls 1993 to 1999. ( Memento from January 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: www.hapaghalle-cuxhaven.de. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
Coordinates: 53 ° 51 ' N , 8 ° 41' E