Antoni Aleksander Iliński

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Antoni Aleksander Ilinski

Count Antoni Aleksander Iliński (also: Zelensky and Zelinski ), Count Peliaski or Mehmet İskender Paşa (* 1814 - June 8, 1861 in Constantinople ) was a Polish-Ottoman officer and general. As an independence activist and insurgent, he participated in several surveys of Poles and Hungarians in Austria in the 19th century. Converted to Islam, he then served in several functions in the Ottoman army under the rule of Sultan Abdülmecid I in Bosnia and Herzegovina , in the Crimean War and in the Ottoman-dominated regions of Transcaucasia and Mesopotamia .

origin

There are several details about Iliński's year of birth: In addition to the year 1814 mentioned and widely used by Łątka, the years 1810, 1812 and 1815 are also mentioned in contemporary sources. The details contradict each other in the origin of Iliński:

According to one opinion, he is said to have been of Tatar origin, from Bender in Bessarabia and thus to have been a follower of Islam from birth. Iliński was a form of his name Illahi and the title of count was derived from his nickname Bey . His grandfather and father are said to have owned estates in Lithuania and Volynia . His father is said to have led a self-financed squadron of Tatar hussars in the November 1830 Polish uprising against Russia. Iliński is said to have served as a cadet there at the age of 13 . After the failed uprising, his grandfather's property was confiscated and his father was deported to work in the mining industry in Siberia, where he remained for five years. His brother is said to have been governor of Astrakhan around 1854 .

Other sources attest Iliński of Polish descent and see the area around Isjaslav in Volynia as his place of birth. His brother is said to have been a tenant on a Sanguskos estate . In Romaniw , which also belongs to Volynia, Józef August Iliński (1766–1844) was born, who was awarded the title of count at the end of the 18th century.

Early fights

Regardless of the place of birth, both sources report that Iliński took part in the November uprising in 1830 at a young age , after which he went to Paris via Galicia , where Adam Jerzy Czartoryski in the Hôtel Lambert became the political center of Polish emigration . There his later Hungarian comrade tried Bem , a Polish Legion for the army of the Portuguese king I. Peter dig. Although he had failed, he and several Polish officers entered the War of Miguelists on Portugal's side .

Iliński also fought on Don Pedro's side. He was named Count Peliaski in the Spanish First Carlist War , where he became leader of a free corps , the Legion provisoire , under Queen Isabella , and fought for seven years. Spain and Portugal together awarded him eleven medals. In 1836 he attended a Russian siege of the Persian Herat as well as the First Opium War in Canton . He then entered French service and was involved in several battles against Abd el-Kader in Algeria as a lieutenant of the Zouaves , took part in the expedition to Constantine and was awarded the Legion of Honor . In the First Sikh War he took part on the side of the British East India Company .

In the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848/1849 Iliński was again active as a supporter of Bems in Hungary, whose life he is said to have saved several times. In the Battle of Temesvár on August 9, 1849, Iliński is said to have been killed three times by the horse and he is said to have been the last to leave the battlefield. After the lost battle and the surrender of Világos, he fled to Turkey with Bem and the remains of the Hungarian army . At least now he converted to Islam and called himself Mehmet İskender Bey. According to other sources, he is said to have been in the service of the Porte as early as 1846 and, as a major in the artillery, accompanied Omar Pasha in the suppression of the uprising in Kurdistan .

Career in the Ottoman Army

Mohamed Iskender Illahi Bey, lithograph by Eduard Kaiser , 1854

Like Bem, Mehmet Iskender was sent to Aleppo and was only allowed to re-enter Europe after his death in 1850. In Rumelia , Mehmet Iskender served under Omar Pasha. He took part in the campaign against insurgent Bosnians, in the course of which the Bosnian vicar Ali-paša Rizvanbegović was deposed in 1851 and later killed. Iskender is said to have led his army detachment into the field against a Bosnian overwhelming force and in the process won and captured a "significant number of cannons". The Bosnians are said not to have recovered from this in the course of the campaign. In February 1851, Pasha's army corps took Mostar under the command of Iskender . For his services he was awarded the paschal dignity by the Ottoman government . However, when Austria and Russia protested against it, he returned the title. He is said to have relieved the Turkish cavalry of the fear of the Cossacks' lances .

In October 1853 he traveled to Paris on assignments to the French and British governments, presumably to recruit officers for the Crimean War that had just broken out . His first job in the war was to Târnava to fix before a command at Vidin - Calafater received -Korps. In the Battle of Cetate at the turn of the year 1853/54 Iskender commanded the outposts and broke two ribs when he fell from his horse. In March 1954 he was still tending the sick bed in Vidin. At the same time he was awarded the Mecidiye Order, fourth class, for his services in battle . After a skirmish at Radovan he was promoted to colonel and was given command of all five regiments of mounted Başı Bozuks who were with his army corps.

After Easter 1854 he was involved with Ismael Pascha in the expulsion of the Russians from Craiova and camped with 5000 men behind the Schil . On May 22nd he was involved in a battle in Turnu . At the end of May he led 1,100 men victoriously near Calafat in a battle with 700 Russian hussars under Andrei Nikolaevich Karamzin. Karamzin (* 1814), son of Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamsin and second husband of Aurora Karamzin , died as a result of the injuries. Iskender Bey captured all four Russian artillery pieces involved, as well as 40 horses and made 27 prisoners. This success led the corps commander Salim Pasha to propose him for the rank of Liwa or Brigadier General ( Major General ) and for command of the 40 Bası Bozuks in Rumelia.

In July 1854 he was together with Ismael Pasha and 15,000 riders in Giurgevo on the way to Bucharest . There he marched in on August 5, 1854 and handed over the command to Sadik Pasha in the same month . Newspapers reported that the entry into Bucharest had taken place without Omar Pascha's permission and that Illinois was accompanied by several figures from the 1848 revolution, including Nikolaus Golescu .

In early 1855 he commanded a cavalry regiment in the garrison of Eupatoria in Crimea, consisting of three regular squadrons and 200 volunteer Tartar riders. He fought in the Battle of Yevpatoria , in which the Egyptian general Selim Pasha died. During an attempted deportation on March 5, he was said to have been so badly wounded by Lieutenant Colonel Winner with three wounds and a lost finger that reports of his death circulated in the newspapers. After his recovery, he was awarded the paschal dignity.

Together with Omar Pasha he was embarked for Batumi to take action against the siege of Kars , but without success. He took part in the Battle of Ingur on November 6, 1855.

In October 1857, Omar Pasha was appointed governor of Baghdad . Iskender Pasha was also part of his caravan, which moved into the desert via Aleppo. In December 1857 there were reports of Iskender Pasha's death on this trip. That this was not the case can be seen from a report from September 1860, which reports on the return of Iskender Pasha.

He died the following year, June 8, 1861, in Constantinople.

literature

  • RLVffrench Blake: The Crimean War . Sphere Books, London 1971, p. 137 (English)
  • Mirgül Eren handles: Osmanlı'nın hizmetkârı: Galip Ali Paşa Rızvanbegovic-Stocevic . Babil Yayıncılık, Istanbul 2005, ISBN 975-267-077-6 , pp. 125–129 (Turkish)
  • Jerzy Latka: Adampol, Polska Wies Nad Bosforem . Wydaw. Literackie, Krakow 1981, ISBN 83-08-00603-5 (Polish)
  • Jerzy Latka: Lew Nasz, Lew Polski: Pasza Iskender (Antoni Ilinski) . Społeczny Instytut Historii i Kultury Turcji, Cracow-Danzig 1996, ISBN 83-901448-3-2 (Polish)

Web links

Commons : Antoni Aleksander Iliński  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Austria . In: The Times . London March 10th 1851.
  2. ↑ a b p. 225, full text in the Google book search
  3. ↑ a b c d full text / preview in Google book search
  4. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  5. ^ A b c Constantin von Wurzbach : Iliński, Anton Graf . In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . 10th part. Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing Office, Vienna 1863, p. 191 ( digitized version ).
  6. ↑ a b Full text / preview in the Google book search
  7. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  8. ↑ a b c Full text / preview in the Google book search
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h Iskender Beg in: Epheuranken: belletristic supplement to the Würzburger Abendblatt , No. 83, July 13, 1854, full text in Google Book Search
  10. ↑ Preview / full text in the Google book search
  11. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  12. ↑ Constantin von Wurzbach : Iliński, August Graf . In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . 10th part. Imperial-Royal Court and State Printing House, Vienna 1863, p. 190 ( digital copy ).
  13. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  14. ↑ a b Full text / preview in the Google book search
  15. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  16. ↑ a b c Full text / preview in the Google book search
  17. ↑ Iskender Bey in: Morgen-Post , February 24, 1854, Vienna, full text in the Google book search
  18. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  19. ↑ a b c Full text / preview in the Google book search
  20. ↑ Latest Intelligence In: The Times , London June 2, 1854, Issue 21757, p. 7
  21. ^ The Donaufürstenthümer in Leipziger Illustrirte Kriegs-Zeitung , No 26, 1854, Baumgärtner's Buchhandlung, full text in the Google book search
  22. ↑ a b From Bucharest to Krajowa in October 1854 (end) in: Supplement to No. 19. der Allg. Newspaper , January 19, 1855, Munich
  23. ^ Aurora Karamzin and the Stages of Power. (No longer available online.) Espoonkaupunginmuseo.fi, archived from the original on October 20, 2006 ; Retrieved June 5, 2017 .
  24. ^ Vienna . In: The Times, London July 20, 1854, issue 21798, p. 9
  25. ^ Turkey and Donaufürstenthümer in Kemptener Zeitung, August 18, 1854, full text in the Google book search
  26. ^ Turkey in: Latest news from the field of politics , August 25, 1854, Munich 1854, full text in the Google book search
  27. ^ Oesterreich in: Der Bayerische Landbote , August 26, 1854, Munich 1854, full text in the Google book search
  28. ^ Edward Henry Norton: The history of the war against Russia , Virtue, London 1855, p. 124, full text  in the  text archive - Internet Archive
  29. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  30. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  31. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  32. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  33. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  34. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  35. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
  36. ↑ Full text / preview in Google Book Search
personal data
SURNAME Iliński, Antoni Aleksander
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Paşa, Mehmet İskender; Zelinski, Graf; Zelensky, Graf; Peliaski, count
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Polish-Ottoman officer and general
DATE OF BIRTH 1814
DATE OF DEATH June 8, 1861
Place of death Constantinople