Australian cyclone season 2018-2019

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Australian cyclone season 2018-2019
All the storms of the season
All the storms of the season
Formation of the
first storm		 28th September 2018
Dissolution of the
last storm		 Season ended
Strongest storm Veronica,  (10 minutes)
Tropical lows 25th
Tropical cyclones 11
Heavy tropical cyclones 6th
Total number of victims ?
Total damage None
Australian cyclone seasons
2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2018–19, 2019–20 , 2020–21
Bureau of Meteorology
Intensity of Tropical Cyclones
category Wind 10 minutes
continuously 		Gusts
Trop.
Deep 		<34 kn
<63 km / h		 -
one 34–47 kn
63–87 km / h 		<66 kn
<122 km / h
Two 48–63 kn
88–142 km / h 		67–90 kn
122–167 km / h
Three 64–85 kn
143–158 km / h 		91–121 kn
167–224 km / h
Four 86–110 kn
159–204 km / h 		122–150 kn
205–278 km / h
five > 111 kn
> 205 km / h 		> 151 kn
> 279 km / h

The 2018-2019 Australian cyclone season officially began on November 1, 2018 and officially ended on April 30, 2019 . The operational plan of the World Meteorological Organization also provided for a “tropical cyclone year” for the waters in the southern hemisphere . This began on July 1, 2018 and officially ended on June 30, 2019. Part of the Australian cyclone season are storms that form south of the equator between 90th and 160th degrees east. These include Australia , Papua New Guinea , the western part of the Solomon Islands , East Timor and the southern areas of Indonesia . Tropical cyclones in this area are monitored by five Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers (TCWCs): the Bureau of Meteorology in Perth , Darwin and Brisbane , Australia; the TCWC Jakarta in Indonesia and the TCWC Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea.

The Joint Typhoon Warning Center issues unofficial warnings for this region for U.S. facilities. The extension "S" is used if the storm forms west of 135 ° east longitude and a "P" if this happens east of this line.

Season forecasts

region average
number 		Chance
for higher 		Chance
for low 		actually
Activity
total 11 37% 63% 2
west 7th 44% 56% 1
Northwest 5 41% 59% 0
north 3 46% 54% 1
east 4th 40% 60% 1
Source: BoM season forecast for the tropical cyclone season 2018/19

In October 2018, before the start of the tropical cyclone season, the Bureau of Meteorology published a forecast for the upcoming cyclone season, which officially runs from November 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019. The seasonal forecast included data for the Australian region as a whole, for the east, north and west, and the northeast sub-region. The forecast took into account the various factors, including the recent development of neutral to weak El Niño conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean. In the western region between 90 ° and 125 ° east longitude, the BoM predicted seven tropical cyclones, with a 56% probability that the number of cyclones is below average. Above-average activity was predicted for the sub-region in the northwest between 105 ° and 130 ° east longitude, with a probability of 41% of below-average cyclonic activity. For the north between 125 ° and 142.5 ° east longitude there is a 54% chance of an above-average season and for the east between 142.5 ° and 160 ° east longitude, almost normal seasonal activity was forecast, with a probability of 60% that cyclone activity is below average.

Season course

Storms

Tropical low Liua

Tropical low ( BoM )
Tropical depression
Liua 2018-09-26 0247Z.jpg Liua 2018 track.png
Duration September 26th - September 29th ( outside the pool from September 27th )
intensity 30 kn (55 km / h ) (10 minutes) , 995 hPa

On September 24, the JTWC began observing a tropical disturbance that had formed about 990 km east-northeast of Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea. The system moved southeast across the South Pacific over the next few days and was classified as a tropical depression by the Fiji Meteorological Service on September 26 when the system was in the border area between the Australian region and the South Pacific basin. The system continued to intensify up to a Category 1 cyclone on the Australian cyclone scale and was named Liua by the Fiji Meteorological Service . The system turned in a westerly direction and began to approach the Australian region the next day, but was classified as weakened into a tropical depression before leaving the South Pacific Basin on September 28. After the system re-entered the Australian region, the trend of weakening former Cyclone Liua due to unfavorable atmospheric conditions and cool water surface temperatures continued. The dissolution of the tropical low into a residual low took place the next day over the northern Coral Sea .

While Liua was a tropical low in the Australian region on September 26, it had little impact on the Solomon Islands . Although the system was briefly a tropical system in the Australian region, it made the 2018-19 cyclone season the third consecutive season that began before its official start on November 1st.

Tropical low bouchra

Tropical low ( BoM )
Tropical storm
Tropical Low Bouchra 2018-11-10 0708Z.jpg Bouchra 2018 track.png
Duration November 9th - November 16th
( outside the pool (November 10th - 12th, 13th) )
intensity 30 kn (55 km / h ) (10 minutes) , 1004 hPa

On November 1st, a tropical low formed in the equatorial Indian Ocean in the area of ​​responsibility of Météo-France, which slowly moved eastward in the following days without showing any significant signs of intensification. Late on November 9th, as the depression leading up to the severe cyclonic storm Gaja in the Bay of Bengal receded further and the associated competing ground-level convergence air currents subsided, the structure of the system organized itself sufficiently to be classified by Météo-France as a tropical fault . Shortly thereafter, the system crossed the 90th east longitude and reached the Australian region, where it was classified as a tropical depression by the TCWC Jakarta on November 10th. Later that day, the JTWC concluded that the Depression had reached the strength of a tropical storm and gave the unofficial designation 04S . A few hours later, at 10:00 a.m. UTC, the system spun and returned to the southwestern Ind , where it was named Bouchra and intensified into a severe tropical storm within twelve hours.

After meandering just west of the border with the southwestern Indian Ocean for a few days, the system returned to the Australian region late on November 12th. At this point the system had weakened significantly from its peak strength. The lingering of the system in the Australian basin was again only brief when Météo-France discovered early on November 13th that ex-cyclone Bouchra had returned to the extreme eastern part of the area of ​​responsibility of Météo-France. But the next day the Bureau of Meteorology reported that the system was about 1000 km northwest of the Cocos Islands and had thus migrated to the Australian region for the third time.

Tropical low 03U

Tropical low ( BoM )
03U 2018-11-16 0653Z.jpg 03U 2018 track.png
Duration November 14th - November 18th
intensity Wind strength unknown, 1004 hPa

On the morning of November 14, the Bureau of Meteorology pointed to the formation of a tropical depression within a thunderstorm zone about 490 km northwest of Christmas Island . Lying over the warm waters of the tropical Indian Ocean off the coast of Java, a moderate chance of development into a tropical cyclone was predicted. The tropical low moved in a generally south-south-westerly direction in the following days, but did not reach the strength of a cyclone because the atmospheric conditions were unfavorable for cyclogenesis .

Severe tropical cyclone Owen

Category 3 cyclone ( BoM )
Category 1 cyclone
Owen 2018-12-13 0300Z.png Owen 2018 track.png
Duration November 29th - December 17th
intensity 80 kn (150 km / h ) (10 minutes) , 956 hPa

The Bureau of Meteorology found on November 29th that a low pressure area over the Solomon Islands has intensified into a tropical low. The next day the southwest moving system approached Vanatinai . Driven by the warm surface of the sea of ​​corals and supported by excellent discharge at high altitude, the tropical low continued to intensify. On December 2 at 6:00 a.m. UTC, the Bureau of Meteorology upgraded the system to Category 1 on the Australian scale and named it Owen , making it the first tropical cyclone of the season to form in the Australian basin. Owen quickly weakened to a tropical low on December 4th.

Owen continued the westward trajectory across the Coral Sea as a tropical low and arrived north of Cardwell on land early on December 10th . After the system reached the Gulf of Carpentaria and reorganized, it was re-classified in Category 1 on December 11th. The storm then made an anti-cyclonic loop and turned back to an easterly pulling direction. Owen intensified steadily and peaked as a severe tropical cyclone in Category 3 with sustained ten minute winds of 90 mph. The cyclone reached Kowanyama early on December 15 as a weak Category 3 cyclone over land and subsequently weakened gradually due to the effects of the mainland. In the afternoon of the same day, Owen was again downgraded to a tropical low.

One person was killed by Owens during the passage of the storm over northern Queensland. The storm generated steady rain in the area, with the highest rainfall in the southwest of the state. Innisfail reported a daily rainfall of 149mm on December 15, while Cowley Beach recorded 135mm. At Copperlode Falls Dam west of Cairns 130 mm and at Mission Beach 98 mm of precipitation were measured.

Tropical low 05U

Tropical low ( BoM )
05U 2018-12-09 0300Z.jpg 05U 2018 track.png
Duration December 9th - December 12th
intensity Wind strength unknown, 1005 hPa

On December 9th, the Bureau of Meteorology noted the formation of a weak tropical depression, about 1,100 km east-northeast of Townsville, caused by a low pressure area moving westward through the central-eastern Coral Sea .

Tropical cyclone Kenanga

Tropical Category 1 Cyclone ( BoM )
Tropical storm
Kenanga 2018-12-15 0745Z.jpg Kenanga 2018 track.png
Duration December 14th - December 16th ( outside the pool )
intensity 40 kn (75 km / h ) (10 minutes) , 996 hPa

On December 14, a tropical low formed southwest of Sumatra , which was named Kenanga after intensifying into a cyclone and continued to move southwest. On this course, it left the Australian region on December 16 and intensified into an intense cyclonic storm in the southwestern Ind.

Tropical cyclone penny

Tropical Category 2 Cyclone ( BoM )
Tropical storm
Penny 2019-01-04 0310Z.jpg Penny 2018 track.png
Duration December 26th - January 9th
intensity 50 kn (95 km / h ) (10 minutes) , 987 hPa

In late December, active in tropical lows, the Bureau of Meteorology recorded the formation of a third tropical lows in a monsoon trough that stretched in the tropical waters of the Coral Sea in the east to the Timor Sea in the west. The resurgence of monsoonal and related convective activity in the region was accompanied by a moderately strong pulse of the Madden-Julian Oscillation , which moved eastward through the Pacific Ocean. The tropical low was designated 07U and was located near the east coast of the Cape York Peninsula . Due to favorable atmospheric conditions, the Bureau of Meteorology saw a high chance of reaching cyclone strength within three days.

Tropical low 07U moved slowly west, crossing the east coast of the Cape York Peninsula on December 30, south of Lockhart River . At this point, the Bureau of Meteorology began issuing storm warnings about the system. The system kept the western track and reached very early on December 31st between Aurukun and Weipa in the Gulf of Carpentaria, where the generally favorable conditions fueled the intensification. 07U turned east at noon on December 31st and a few hours later intensified into a tropical category 1 cyclone, named Penny .

Penny reached the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula directly south of Weipa on January 1 at around 3:30 p.m. local time and generated ten-minute winds of 75 km / h near the center. The system began to weaken overland and a few hours later it was graduated to a tropical low with gusty winds, with gale force winds still persisting in the western semicircle. Thursday Island on Torres Strait reported ten-minute winds of more than 41 km / h over a period of more than 17 hours, while the system moved eastward over the Cape York Peninsula, there with winds of up to 65 km / h and gusts of up to 91 km / h. Ex-cyclone Penny reached the east coast of Far North Queensland at Lockhart River early the following morning, and so the system crossed the warm waters of the Coral Sea for the second time.

Tropical low on December 27th

Tropical low ( BoM )
Temporary cyclone south.svg 08U Dec 2018 track.png
Duration December 27th - December 28th
intensity Wind strength unknown, 1001 hPa

On December 27, the Bureau of Meteorology in Darwin reported that a weak tropical low had formed over the Timor Sea about 490 km northwest of Darwin . As predicted, the low did not intensify and resolved a day later.

Tropical low (Mona)

Tropical low ( BoM )
Temporary cyclone south.svg Mona 2019 track.png
Duration December 28th - December 31st ( outside the pool )
intensity Wind strength unknown, 1002 hPa

A weak tropical low developed in a monsoon trough that stretched across the northern Coral Sea near the Solomon Islands on December 28. The system meandered for a few days without any appreciable intensification before it left the Australian region slowly moving eastwards on December 31st. In the South Pacific Basin, it was classified as Tropical Fault 01F by the Fiji Meteorological Service , and there it intensified into Tropical Cyclone Mona on January 2.

Tropical low on December 29th

Tropical low ( BoM )
TL 97P Dec 30th.png TL 97P Dec 2018 track.png
Duration December 29th - December 30th
intensity Wind strength unknown, 1007 hPa

On December 29, the Bureau of Meteorology reported a third tropical low in the eastern region south of the island of Tagula, part of Papua New Guinea, within two days. The system proved to be short-lived and lost its tropical properties the following day.

Tropical low

Tropical low ( BoM )
Tropical Low 10U Dec-31-2019.png 10U 2018 track.png
Duration December 30th - January 2nd
intensity Wind strength unknown, 1005 hPa

A day later, on December 30th, a tropical low formed over the Indian Ocean south of Java . Atmospheric conditions were unfavorable for significant development and consequently the system did not intensify as it roamed south of Indonesia for two days before disintegrating on January 2.

Tropical low 11U

Tropical low ( BoM )
11U 2019-01-24 0700Z.jpg 11U 2019 track.png
Duration January 15 - January 29
intensity Wind strength unknown, 1004 hPa

Heavy Tropical Cyclone Riley

Category 3 cyclone ( BoM )
Category 1 cyclone
Riley 2019-01-27 0600Z.jpg Riley 2019 track.png
Duration January 19 - January 30
intensity 65 kn (120 km / h ) (10 minutes) , 974 hPa

Tropical low 13U

Tropical low ( BoM )
13U 2019-01-24 0415Z.jpg 13U 2019 track.png
Duration January 21st - January 25th
intensity 30 kn (55 km / h ) (10 minutes) , 999 hPa

Tropical low

Tropical low ( BoM )
Temporary cyclone south.svg
Duration February 6th - February 9th
intensity Wind strength unknown, 994 hPa

A low pressure area embedded in the monsoon trough, which triggered record rainfall and floods in northern Queensland, intensified into a tropical low north of Julia Creek on February 6 . On February 9, the low had dissolved.

Tropical cyclone grandma

Tropical Category 2 Cyclone ( BoM )
Tropical storm
Grandma 2019-02-21 0301Z.jpg Grandma 2019 track.png
Duration February 7 - February 22 ( February 11-21 and February 22 in the South Pacific )
intensity 55 kn (100 km / h ) (10 minutes) , 979 hPa

On February 7, another tropical low formed within a very active monsoon channel, to the east of Cardwell on the north coast of Queensland. However, the environmental conditions in the Coral Sea were not particularly favorable for cyclogenesis near the deep, and the Bureau of Meteorology saw little chance for a development into a tropical cyclone. On February 11th, the system left the Australian region and became a tropical cyclone in the South Pacific Basin , where it was named Oma . Grandma returned to the Australian region as a Category 2 cyclone on February 21, but left again one day later for the South Pacific Basin.

The high swell created by Cyclone Grandma impacted the Queensland coast for about a week. The surf caused significant beach erosion in the Brisbane area , particularly on a 10-mile stretch of Moore Park Beach. More than 30 people had to be rescued from the troubled water. One person drowned off North Stradbroke Island .

Tropical Low 15U

Tropical low ( BoM )
15U 2019-03-10 0435Z.jpg 15U 2019 track.png
Duration March 6th - March 11th
intensity Wind strength unknown, 1007 hPa

Heavy Tropical Cyclone Savannah

Tropical Category 4 Cyclone ( BoM )
Category 3 cyclone
Savannah 2019-03-17 0724Z.jpg Savannah 2019 track.png
Duration March 8th - March 17th ( outside the pool )
intensity 95 kn (175 km / h ) (10 minutes) , 951 hPa

On March 8, the tropical low 17U formed south of Bali . During the next few days, the low drifted in a west-northwest direction without increasing in intensity. On March 12th, 5pm turned southwest and began to organize. On March 13th, 17U became a tropical cyclone and was named Savannah . By March 16, Savannah intensified into a severe tropical cyclone, rated 3 on the Australian scale. The cyclone reached its peak intensity early on March 17th with sustained ten-minute winds of 175 km / h. He left the basin later that day and moved to the southwestern Indian Ocean .

Property damage from floods in several districts of East Java totaled 52.2 billion rupiah (US $ 3.65 million). In Klaten and Sukoharjo in central Java , the damage amounted to 934 million rupiah (US $ 65,000). Savannah also caused floods in Bali , with Sawan reporting property damage of 150 million rupiah (US $ 10,000).

Storm names

Bureau of Meteorology

Since the beginning of the cyclone season 2008-2009, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology has only used a single list of names, but still operates three TCWCs, in Perth , Darwin and Brisbane . These monitor all tropical cyclones that form between 90 ° and 160 ° east longitude and issue special warnings when cyclones occur in the areas of responsibility of the TCWCs in Jakarta or Port Moresby. The next 12 names are as follows:

  • Owen
  • penny
  • Riley
  • Savannah
  • Trevor
  • Veronica
  • Wallace
  • Ann  (unused)
  • Blake  (unused)
  • Claudia  (unused)
  • Damien  (unused)
  • Esther  (unused)

TCWC Jakarta

The TCWC in Jakarta observes tropical cyclones that form between the equator and 10 ° south latitude and between 90 ° and 125 ° east longitude. Special storm warnings are being issued in this area by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology . Should a tropical cyclone form within this area of ​​responsibility, the TCWC Jakarta will assign a name from the following list:

  • Kenanga
  • Lili  (unused)
  • Mangga  (unused)
  • Seroja  (unused)
  • Teratai  (unused)

TCWC Port Moresby

Tropical cyclones that form between 10 ° south and the equator and between 141 ° and 160 ° east are named by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Center in Port Moresby , Papua New Guinea . The formation of tropical cyclones in this area is rare, the last one being awarded during the 2007-2008 season , cyclone Guba. The following list names the names given by the TCWC in Port Moresby. It is unclear what the next name will be given.

  • Aluminum  (unused)
  • Buri  (unused)
  • Dodo  (unused)
  • Emau  (unused)
  • Fere  (unused)
  • Hibu  (unused)
  • Ila  (unused)
  • Kama  (unused)
  • Lobu  (unused)
  • Maila  (unused)

See also

supporting documents

  1. ↑ a b c Tropical Cyclone Operational plan for the South Pacific & Southeast Indian Ocean, 2014 Edition ( English , PDF; 1.7 MB) WMO. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f National Climate Center: Australian Tropical Cyclone Outlook for 2018 to 2019: Lower number of cyclones likely for Australia . Australian Bureau of Meteorology. October 18, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  3. ↑ Signiificant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and Southern Pacific Oceans September 24, 2018 02: 30z ( English ) United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. September 24, 2018. Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved on December 23, 2018.
  4. ^ Gale Warning ( English ) Fiji Meteorological Service. September 26, 2018. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved on December 23, 2018.
  5. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory 1A (Liua) ( English ) Fiji Meteorological Service. September 26, 2018. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved on December 23, 2018.
  6. ^ Liua becomes earliest tropical cyclone on record to form in the South Pacific Ocean ( English ) AccuWeather.com. September 27, 2018. Accessed December 23, 2018.
  7. ^ Tropical Disturbance Advisory 10A (Liua) ( English ) Fiji Meteorological Service. September 28, 2018. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved on December 23, 2018.
  8. ↑ a b Weekly Tropical Climate Note (2 October 2018) ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. October 2, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
  9. ↑ MSLP Analysis Chart (06 UTC) ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. September 29, 2018. Accessed December 23, 2018.
  10. ^ Western Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. September 2016. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved on December 23, 2018.
  11. ↑ Southern Indonesian Area Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) October 11, 2016. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved on December 23, 2018.
  12. ^ Western Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. August 8, 2017. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved on December 23, 2018.
  13. ↑ 12 UTC Gradient Level Wind Analysis Chart ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. November 1, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
  14. ↑ Bulletin sur l'activité cyclonique et les conditions météorologiques tropicales sur le sud-ouest de l'océan indien ( French ) Météo-France La Réunion. November 9, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
  15. ↑ Moderate Tropical Storm Bouchra Forecast Track Map ( French ) Météo-France La Réunion. November 10, 2018. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved on December 23, 2018.
  16. ↑ Current Tropical Cyclone Basin Activity ( English ) Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysical Agency. November 10, 2018. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved on December 23, 2018.
  17. ^ Tropical Cyclone 04S Warning # 1 ( English ) Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 10, 2018. Archived from the original on November 10, 2018. Retrieved on December 23, 2018.
  18. ↑ Bulletin sur l'activité cyclonique et les conditions météorologiques tropicales sur le sud-ouest de l'océan indien ( French , PDF; 57.1 kB) Météo-France La Réunion. November 10, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
  19. ↑ Bulletin d'analyse et de prévision cyclonique (sud-ouest océan indien) # 2 ( French , PDF; 66.7 kB) Météo-France La Réunion. November 11, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
  20. ^ A b Tropical Activity Bulletin ( French , PDF) Météo-France La Réunion. November 13, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  21. ^ Western Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. November 13, 2018. Archived from the original on November 13, 2018. Retrieved on December 26, 2018.
  22. ↑ a b c Western Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. November 14, 2018. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018. Retrieved on December 26, 2018.
  23. ^ Eastern Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. November 29, 2018. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved on January 4, 2019.
  24. ^ Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (Owen) . Joint Typhoon Warning Center. November 30, 2018. Archived from the original on December 1, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  25. ↑ Tropical Cyclone 05P (Owen) Warning # 1 ( English ) December 2, 2018. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved on January 4, 2019.
  26. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Owen Forecast Track Map # 3 ( English ) December 2, 2018. Archived from the original on December 2, 2018. Retrieved on January 4 of 2019.
  27. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Owen Advice 39 ( English ) 15 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved on January 4 of 2019.
  28. ↑ Man swept to his death after ex-cyclone Owen's record rain, as crocs let loose (English) , The New Daily. December 16, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2019. 
  29. ^ Ex-Cyclone Owen downgraded to tropical low half a day after crossing Queensland coast (English) , Australian Broadcasting Corporation. December 15, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2019. 
  30. ^ Eastern Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. December 9, 2018. Archived from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved on December 27, 2018.
  31. ↑ a b c Eastern Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. December 28, 2018. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved on January 9, 2019.
  32. ↑ 12 UTC Australian Region MSLP Analysis ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. December 28, 2018. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
  33. ↑ Weekly Tropical Climate Note ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. December 28, 2018. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved on January 11, 2019.
  34. ^ Tropical Cyclone Advice # 1 (Penny) ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. December 30, 2018. Archived from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
  35. ↑ 12 UTC Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map (Penny) ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. January 1, 2019. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  36. ↑ 09 UTC Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin (Penny) ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. January 1, 2019. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  37. ↑ Thursday Island Observations ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. January 1, 2019. Archived from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  38. ↑ 18 UTC Tropical Cyclone Forecast Track Map (Penny) ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. January 1, 2018. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  39. ↑ Western Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) December 27, 2018. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved on January 7, 2019.
  40. ^ Eastern Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. December 31, 2018. Archived from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  41. ^ Eastern Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. December 29, 2018. Archived from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  42. ^ Eastern Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. December 31, 2018. Archived from the original on December 31, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  43. ^ Western Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. December 30, 2018. Archived from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  44. ^ Western Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. January 3, 2019. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  45. ^ Eastern Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. February 6, 2019. Archived from the original on February 6, 2019. Retrieved on February 6, 2019.
  46. ^ Eastern Region Tropical Cyclone Outlook ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology. February 7, 2019. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved on February 11, 2019.
  47. ↑ a b Tom Forbes: Swimmer drowns in Cyclone Oma aftermath as swathe of Queensland beaches battle erosion (English) , ABC News. February 25, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2019. 
  48. ↑ Dozens rescued from south-east Queensland beaches as ex-Tropical Cyclone Oma departs (English) , ABC News. February 24, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2019. 
  49. ↑ 38 Desa di Bojonegoro Tergenang Banjir, Kerugian Capai Rp 4 Miliar (Indonesian) , Kumparan. March 8, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019. 
  50. ↑ Banjir di Ngawi, Petani Merugi hingga Rp 33 Miliar (Indonesian) , Jawa Pos News Network. March 11, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019. 
  51. ↑ Charoline Pebrianti: Banjir 2 Hari Rugikan Ponorogo Rp 9 Miliar (Indonesian) , detikNews. March 15, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019. 
  52. ↑ Banjir timbulkan kerugian Rp5 miliar lebih di Tulungagung (Indonesian) , Antara Aceh. March 11, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019. 
  53. ↑ Chandra Iswinarno: BPBD Magetan: Kerugian Akibat Banjir Hampir Rp 1 Miliar (Indonesian) , Suara. March 11, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019. 
  54. ↑ Taufik Prakoso: 32.75 Ha Sawah Puso Karena Banjir, Petani Klaten Rugi Ratusan Juta Rupiah (Indonesian) , Soloraya. March 13, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019. 
  55. ↑ Perdana: Banjir Sukoharjo, Kerugian Capai Rp 300 Juta, Sawah Terendam 379 Ha (Indonesian) , Radar Solo. March 8, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019. 
  56. ↑ Ali Mustofa: Disapu Air Bah, Rumah Subsidi Seharga Rp 150 Juta Diterjang Banjir (Indonesian) , Radar Solo. March 11, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019. 
  57. ^ Tropical Cyclone Names ( English ) Bureau of Meteorology . Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  58. ^ Gary Padgett: Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary November 2007 ( English ) Australian Severe Weather. Retrieved December 29, 2013.

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