Black nettle

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Black nettle
Short-toothed black nettle (Ballota nigra subsp. Foetida)

Short-toothed black nettle ( Ballota nigra subsp. Foetida )

Systematics
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Lamioideae
Tribe : Marrubieae
Genre : Black nettles ( Ballota )
Type : Black nettle
Scientific name
Ballota nigra
L.

The Perilla ( Ballota nigra ), also Stinking Horehound and Black Gottvergess called, is a flowering plant in the family of the mint (Lamiaceae). Of the approximately 31 species of the black nettle genus ( Ballota ) worldwide , only this one species occurs in Central Europe .

description

Illustration of the black nettle

Appearance and leaves

The black nettle grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of about 30 to 100 centimeters. This hemicryptophyte or chamaephyte forms a short, creeping rhizome as a persistence organ. It usually develops several upright or ascending, mostly knotty stems. The rungs are usually loosely hairy, more rarely hairy or almost shaggy. They are cloudy green and turned brown-purple, especially in autumn. They smell bad. The central internodes of the stem are about 5–12 inches long. The constantly against arranged on the stem leaves are stalked. The stem is 0.5–3 inches long. The leaf blade is ovate to almost circular, 2–7 inches long and 1.5–3.5 inches wide. It is weakly heart-shaped at the base, truncated or wedge-shaped and finely notched to roughly and often irregularly serrated all around. The underside of the leaf is wrinkled due to the strongly protruding nerves. The leaf blade is usually hairy on both sides, but often balding and somewhat shiny on the upper side.

Flowers and fruits

The flowers are short but clearly stalked and are usually in 4-10-flowered, loose, often short-stalked cymes in the armpits of ordinary stem leaves. The bracts are subpulate and half as long to as long as the calyxes. The zygomorphic flowers have a double flower envelope. The calyx is tubular-funnel-shaped, downy to silky-shaggy hairy, with 10 powerfully protruding nerves and 5 furred teeth. The petals are bluish-red in color. In addition to pre-male hermaphrodite flowers, there are also purely female flowers. The corolla tube is straight, it protrudes from the goblet and has a hair ring at the base. The upper lip is elliptical, slightly arched and white haired on the outside. The lower lip is as long as the upper lip; it is three-lobed with an obovate, often marginalized or slightly serrated central lobe. It is knocked down and marked whitish. The stamens are only slightly hairy on the base. There are Klaus fruits formed. The nuts are egg-shaped, 2 millimeters long and quite smooth.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20 or 22.

ecology

Cross-pollination occurs by numerous species of insects; spontaneous self-pollination is also successful. They are "nectar-bearing lip flowers ". The horizontally positioned calyxes can experience gravity spreading or the thorn-pointed calyx teeth cause fruit to spread through animals. Wind propagation is also possible.

Distribution map (in North America as a neophyte)

Distribution and locations

The home of the black nettle is the Mediterranean area . From there it spread over the entire temperate zone of the northern hemisphere .

You can find them quite often in weed communities rich in perennials , on paths, fences, debris areas. It prefers loose, slightly moist, nitrogenous soil . According to Ellenberg , it is a light plant, a pronounced nitrogen pointer and a class character of persistent nitrogen herbaceous plants ( Artemisietea vulgaris ). According to Oberdorfer , the long-toothed black nettle is a species of the Leonuro-Ballotetum nigrae (Association Arction), the short-toothed black nettle is a species of the Lamio albi-Ballotetum foetidae (also Association Arction). These village weed meadows have become rarer today.

Systematics

The first publication of Ballota nigra was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum . A synonym for Ballota nigra L. is Stachys ballota Kuntze .

Langzähnige Perilla ( Ballota nigra subsp. Nigra )
Ballota nigra subsp. ruderalis

The species Ballota nigra has the following subspecies:

  • Ballota nigra subsp. anatolica P.H.Davis : The 3 to 4 (to 5) mm long calyx teeth protrude almost horizontally. The corolla tube protrudes 3 mm from the calyx. This subspecies is widespread in northern and central Anatolia and is also found in European Turkey and northwestern Iran.
  • Ballota nigra subsp. anomala Greuter : This subspecies, first described in 2012, only occurs in Greece.
  • Short-toothed black nettle ( Ballota nigra subsp. Foetida (Vis.) Hayek ; Syn .: Ballota nigra subsp. Meridionalis (Bég.) Bég .; Ballota alba L. ): The only 1 to 2.5 (to 3) mm long, upright Cup teeth are egg-shaped and end in a suddenly contracted, only 0.2 to 0.5 mm long spike tip. This subspecies is mainly distributed in western Central Europe, but has also been introduced to Eastern Europe.
  • Ballota nigra subsp. kurdica P.H.Davis : The 1.5 to 2 mm long calyx teeth protrude apart. The corolla tube protrudes 5 mm from the calyx. It occurs in northern Iraq and western Iran, and rarely in eastern Anatolia.
  • Long-toothed black nettle ( Ballota nigra L. subsp. Nigra ): The (2.5 to) 4 to 6.5 mm long, narrow triangular-awl calyx teeth are upright to upright and protrude and run into a stinging, 2 to 3 mm long awn out. The corolla tube protrudes at most a little from the funnel-shaped calyx. This subspecies is mainly distributed in eastern Central Europe, but has also been introduced to Western Europe. It occurs from Europe to the Caucasus.
  • Ballota nigra subsp. ruderalis (Sw.) Briq. (Syn .: Ballota ruderalis Sw .; Ballota nigra subsp. Uncinata (Fiori & Béguinot ) Patzak ): It is reminiscent of Ballota nigra subsp. foetida , but the calyx teeth protrude far, the tip of the spine is often bent back or barbed hooked. It occurs in Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region.
  • Ballota nigra subsp. sericea (Vandas) Patzak : It is reminiscent of Ballota nigra subsp. meridionalis , but has a calyx that is barely enlarged at the tip and silky, felt-like hairs with shiny, sessile glands. It occurs in Montenegro , Albania and Macedonia as well as in Greece in Macedonia , Thessaly and Euboea .
  • Ballota nigra subsp. velutina (Posp.) Patzak : It has short, grayish, velvety-felted hair and only reaches heights of 30 cm. The calyx teeth stand out far. It occurs in Dalmatia northwards to Istria and possibly also reaches neighboring Italy. There it is proven from the Basilicata and possibly also occurs in Abruzzo .

Use in medicine

The herb of the black nettle (Herba Ballotae nigrae) is still partly used in folk medicine. As a mild sedative for convulsive coughs and nervousness, such as mild insomnia. Also for nervous indigestion and stomach cramps. The effect of the drug is described as spasmolytic and calming. However, the traditional uses cannot be substantiated with clinical data. The main ingredients are ballotenol, the flavonoids apigenin, luteolin, scutellarein, essential oil, which is responsible for the characteristic, often described as disgusting smell of the plant, the bitter substance marrubiin and various phenolic compounds and tannic acids such as caffeic acid and ferulic acid. The content of marrubiin, which is considered to be spasmolytic, analgesic and gastroprotective, could be responsible for the described effects on digestive problems.

Common name

For the plant species, the following terms are or were, in some cases only regionally, other German-language trivial names : Aindorn ( Middle High German ), Brune Ander ( Old High German ), Andor (Middle High German), Andorn (Middle High German), Andoren (Middle High German), Black Andorn, Andren (Middle High German), Andron (Middle High German), Anthorn (Middle High German), Antron (Middle High German), Ballote ( Switzerland ), Brunader (Middle High German), Bult ( Old Dutch ), Fenweibel ( Austria ), Brun Godesvorgetene, Godvorghetene, Gotsvorgessen, Gottsvergess, Greander ( Low German ), Harzgespann, Huft (Old Dutch), Hulse (Old Dutch), Helst (Old Dutch), Maropel ( Middle Low German ), Roit (Middle High German), Rothnabel (Middle High German), Rotnavel (Middle Low German), Sigmintmüntz (Middle High German), Taubenzila (Old High German), The old woman (Austria) and Toothless ( Leipzig ).

literature

  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 805 . (Section locations and distribution)
  • Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps in an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective (=  UTB for science. Large series . Volume 8104 ). 5th, heavily changed and improved edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8252-8104-3 . (Section locations and distribution)
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 . (Section description)
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p. 84 . (Section ecology)
  • Helmut Gams : Labiatae . In: Gustav Hegi : Illustrated flora of Central Europe . Volume V, part 4. Reprint 1964 of the 1st edition. Munich 1927, page 2400–2402 (section description)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 805 .
  2. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 582 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F358603~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~ PUR% 3D ).
  3. ↑ Ballota nigra at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  4. ↑ Werner Greuter, Hervé-Maurice Burdet, Guy Long (eds.): Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-Mediterranean countries . Vol. 3: Dicotyledones (Convolvulaceae - Labiatae) . Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève 1986, ISBN 2-8277-0153-7 , p. 280-281 ( online ).
  5. ↑ a b c d e Alois Walter Patzak: Revision of the genus Ballota Section Ballota. In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Volume 62, 1958, pp. 57-86 (PDF file; 3.7 MB) .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Ballota nigra. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 10, 2019.
  7. ^ A b c Peter Hadland Davis, Anton Doroszenko: Ballota. In: Peter Hadland Davis (Ed.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 7 (Orobanchaceae to Rubiaceae) . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1982, ISBN 0-85224-396-0 , pp. 163-164 .
  8. ↑ a b c d Alois Walter Patzak: Ballota . In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 149–151 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
  9. ↑ a b c Eckehart J. Jäger (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Vascular plants: baseline . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 20th, revised and expanded edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-1606-3 , p. 679 .
  10. ↑ F. Conti, G. Abbate, A. Alessandrini (Eds.): An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora. Palombi, Rome 2005, ISBN 88-7621-458-5 , p. 60 (PDF file).
  11. ^ W. Arnold: The medicinal plant Ballota nigra. January 14, 2011, accessed on May 7, 2014 (excerpt from www.awl.ch).
  12. ^ Giuseppe Savona, Franco Piozzi, James R. Hanson, Michael Siverns: The structure of ballotenol, a new diterpenoid from Ballota nigra . In: Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 . No. 5 , 1977, pp. 497-499 , doi : 10.1039 / P19770000497 .
  13. ↑ Thomas Schöpke: Black nettle herb - Ballotae nigrae herba. January 12, 2006, accessed on May 8, 2014 (excerpt from www.medizinal Pflanzen.de).
  14. ↑ Olugbenga K. Popoola, Abdulrahman M. Elbagory, Farouk Ameer, Ahmed A. Hussein: Marrubiin . In: Molecules . tape 18 , no. 8 , 2013, p. 9049-9060 , doi : 10.3390 / molecules18089049 , PMID 23899837 .
  15. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 54 (online) .

Web links

Commons : Black Nettle ( Ballota nigra )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files