Black mustard

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Black mustard
Black mustard (Brassica nigra)

Black mustard ( Brassica nigra )

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Brassiceae
Genre : Cabbage ( Brassica )
Type : Black mustard
Scientific name
Brassica nigra
( L. ) WDJKoch

The Black mustard ( Brassica nigra ), also mustard cabbage called, is a plant of the genus Brassica in the family of the cabbage family (Brassicaceae). Black mustard is indigenous to the Mediterranean region and has been cultivated since time immemorial and used in many ways as a medicinal and useful plant . He is a neophyte in many areas of the world .

description

Illustration from Koehler's medicinal plants : “ Black mustard. AB flowering plant, natural Size; C grape, the like; 1 flower, enlarged; 2 same without petals, the like; 3 ovaries with style and stigma, the like; 4 petals, the like; 5 stamens the same; 6 pollen grains, the like; 7 fruit, the like; 8 the same jumped up, the same; 9 seed, the like; 10, 11, 12 the same without the seed coat, the same. "
Stems and leaves
Section of an inflorescence with four-fold flowers
Habit and inflorescences
Immature pods
Seeds with a net-like surface

Appearance and leaf

Black mustard is an annual herbaceous plant that usually reaches heights of 30 cm to 2.00 m, rarely up to 3.10 meters. The upright stalk, branched in the upper area, has rough hair at least in the lower area; in the upper area it is more or less bald and bluish.

The leaves are arranged alternately. The basal leaves and the lowest stem leaves are stalked 10 centimeters long. Their leaf blade is 6 to 30 centimeters long and 1 to 10 centimeters wide in outline ovate, oblong or lanceolate, lyre-shaped, pinnate or pinnate with a large, ovoid, serrated end segment and one to three serrated on each side of the central rib Side segments that are much smaller than the end segment. The upper stem leaves are also petiolate. Your leaf blade is lanceolate or linear-elongated with a length of about 5 centimeters and a width of about 1.5 centimeters with a wedge-shaped blade base and smooth or rarely serrated leaf margin.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering time is at the end of early summer . The racemose inflorescences elongate until the fruit is ripe. There are no bracts .

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and four-fold. The four free, green sepals are usually 4 to 6 (to 7) centimeters long and 1 to 1.5 millimeters wide and elongated and spread out or ascending. The four free, 3 to 6 millimeters long, nailed, yellow petals are usually 7.5 to 11 (5 to 13) millimeters long and usually 3 to 4.5 (2.5 to 5.5) millimeters wide egg-shaped with a rounded upper end. The six stamens consist of 3.5 to 5 millimeter long stamens and 1 to 1.5 millimeter long anthers .

Fruit and seeds

The straight, upright to ascending fruit stalks are usually 3 to 5 (2 to 6) millimeters long. The ripe pods are almost vertical and lie close to the stem. The square pod is usually 1 to 2.5 (0.5 to 2.7) centimeters in length and usually 2 to 3 (1.5 to 4) millimeters in diameter, linear or narrowly elongated-elliptical and usually contains four up to ten, rarely up to 16 seeds. The thin fruit beak is 2 to 3 millimeters long.

The dark brown, gray or black seeds are spherical with a diameter of 1.2 to 2 millimeters with a tiny net-like seed coat . The seeds are odorless, but develop a pungent taste when chewed.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 8; there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 16.

ecology

Black mustard is a therophyte .

The yellow flower color is based on violaxanthin .

Black mustard protects itself from predators with a 1% content of sinigrin , a compound of tear-irritating, pungent smelling and extremely pungent-tasting allyl isothiocyanate with glucose ; the glucose in turn protects the plant from its own poison and is only split off by an enzymatic reaction when it is damaged .

Occurrence

The wide distribution area of black mustard includes large areas of the Old World , it is native to the eastern Mediterranean . It has also been cultivated in Central Europe since Roman times and has been known in Central Europe as a neophyte since the 16th century and occurs here primarily as a river valley plant . This overgrown crop is considered an agriophyte in Central Europe, i.e. an integral part of the current natural or near-natural vegetation. The black mustard thrives in Central Europe in the Bidenti-Brassicetum nigrae from the Chanopodion rubri association, but is also found in companies of the Senecion fluviatilis association.

Taxonomy

It was first published in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Sinapis nigra by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, p. 668. The new combination to Brassica nigra (L.) WDJKoch was made in 1833 by Wilhelm Daniel Joseph Koch in JC Röhlings Germany's Flora. 3. Edition. Volume 4, pp. 713-714. The specific epithet nigra means black. Synonyms for Brassica nigra (L.) WDJKoch are: Brassica bracteolata fish. & CAMey. , Brassica sinapioides Roth ex Mert. & WDJKoch , Brassica sinapoides Roth , Crucifera sinapis E.HL Krause , Erysimum glabrum (L.) Kuntze , Melanosinapis communis K.F. Schimp. & Spenn. , Mutarda nigra (L.) Bernh. , Raphanus sinapis-officinalis Crantz , Sinapis erysimoides Roxb. , Sinapis tetraedra J. Presl & C. Presl , Sisymbrium nigrum (L.) Prantl .

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for black mustard, in some cases only regionally : Keek ( Helgoland ), Keetjen (Helgoland), Mostartkorn ( Cologne ), Sempsat ( Unterweser ), Senip (Unterweser), Sennep ( Middle Low German ) Sennepe (Middle Low German) and Sennepsaat (Middle Low German).

Agriculture

It needs a lot of sunlight and loves warm and moist floors .

If bloom in late summer or autumn fields again yellow, it is often to black or white mustard , the soil as a catch crop covered and the leaching of nutrients - particularly nitrates to prevent or reduce -. It is later worked into the soil to enrich the humus ( green manure ).

Allyl isothiocyanate (bottom, blue labeled) formed during the hydrolysis of the Senfölglycosids sinigrin , an ingredient of black mustard.

use

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

In addition to white mustard, black mustard is part of the mustard . The ripe and dried seeds can be used directly as a spice and lose their heat when cooked. The seeds contain around 30% oil with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids . The use of the oil as a food is widespread in Bengali and Indian cuisine , but it is not recommended without reservation, as the glycerides of erucic acid and isothiocyanates are contained in the raw mustard oil . In India, mustard oil is therefore heated to the smoke point in the kitchen , which largely breaks down the mustard oil glycosides . Since this necessary measure is largely unknown outside of India, mustard oil may only be placed on the market as food in the EU and in the USA if the erucic acid content is below 5%. Asian shops for customers of Indian origin circumvent this in some cases by declaring "only for external use" or similar.

There is a risk of confusion with the term mustard oil: The pure, toxic (allyl) isothiocyanate is also sometimes referred to as mustard oil.

Black mustard seeds are part of the Bengali panch phoron spice mixture .

Use as a medicinal plant

The active ingredient allyl mustard oil has strongly irritating and therefore blood circulation-promoting properties and, when rubbed into the skin, can also have a reflective effect on internal organs. In naturopathy , mustard flour in the form of poultices (mustard wraps), mustard plasters, mixed in lukewarm water or mustard alcohol is used as a home remedy. The mustard oil glycosides have a bacteriostatic effect. Mustard is also said to help with nerve pain and certain heart problems. Above all, however, it is used because of its blood circulation-promoting effect, for example for bronchitis or rheumatic complaints. However, it should not be too concentrated and remain in contact with the skin for too long, as there is a risk of skin irritation and even blistering or even ulceration , with the effect starting with a delay. During pregnancy , when stomach ulcers and inflammation of the nerves , as well as in children black mustard should not be applied.

Use as a vegetable

In Ethiopia , where the plant is grown as a vegetable, the sprouts and leaves are eaten cooked and the seeds used as a spice.

Bible quote

The biblical parable of the mustard seed ( Mt 13.31-32  EU ; Mk 4.30-32  EU ) probably refers to the black mustard, also in Mt 17.20  EU and Lk 17.6  EU .

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literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Brassica nigra (L.) WDJ Koch, Senf-Kohl. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. Brassica nigra. , P. 20 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2002, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 .
  3. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 438.
  4. ↑ a b c Black mustard . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  5. ↑ a b Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Legrum: Fragrances, between stench and fragrance. Vieweg + Teubner Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8348-1245-2 , p. 19.
  7. ↑ First description scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  8. ^ JC Röhlings Germany's flora. 3. Edition. Volume 4 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  9. ^ Brassica nigra at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 10, 2013.
  10. ^ Brassica nigra in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
  11. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 63, (online)
  12. ↑ State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology: Catch Crops in Organic Agriculture, Issue 27/2010 (PDF), accessed on May 5, 2020
  13. ^ Heinrich Hofmeister, Eckhard Garve: Lebensraum Acker. Verlag N. Kessel, 2006, ISBN 3-935638-61-2 .
  14. ↑ Jonathan Clayden, Nick Greeves, Stuart Warren, Peter Wothers: Organic Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-850346-6 , pp. 1367-1368.
  15. ↑ Ingrid Schönfelder, Peter Schönfelder: The new manual of medicinal plants. Special edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-440-12932-6 .
  16. ^ Brassica nigra at Plants For A Future . Retrieved February 25, 2012.
  17. ↑ H. Panda: Herbs cultivation and medicinal uses . National Institute Of Industrial Re, 2000, ISBN 81-86623-46-9 , pp. 185 ( online [accessed February 24, 2012]).
  18. ↑ Merrily A. Kuhn, David Winston, Ara DerMarderosian: Herbal therapy & supplements: a scientific & traditional approach . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, ISBN 978-0-7817-2643-6 , pp. 397 ( online [accessed February 24, 2012]).
  19. ↑ Karin Kraft , Christopher Hobbs: Pocket guide to herbal medicine . Thieme, 2004, ISBN 3-13-126991-X , p. 72 f . ( online [accessed February 24, 2012]).
  20. ↑ L. Wehr: Mustard Seed. In: Manfred Görg , Bernhard Lang (Ed.): New Bible Lexicon. Volume III, Benziger-Verlag, Düsseldorf / Zurich 1998, ISBN 3-545-23074-0 , Sp. 570.

Web links

Commons : Black Mustard ( Brassica nigra )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Black mustard  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations