Celastrus paniculatus

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Celastrus paniculatus
Celastrus paniculatus 22.JPG

Celastrus paniculatus

Systematics
Eurosiden I
Order : Spindle tree (Celastrales)
Family : Spindle trees (Celastraceae)
Subfamily : Celastroideae
Genre : Tree shrike ( Celastrus )
Type : Celastrus paniculatus
Scientific name
Celastrus paniculatus
Willd.

Celastrus paniculatus is a species of the spindle tree family (Celastraceae). As early as 1797, Carl Ludwig Willdenow called it the German trivial name Rispenblütiger Celastrusin the Latin first publication. It iswidespreadin Australasia . The plant parts are used in many ways.

description

Branch with alternate leaves
Ripe C. paniculatus capsule fruit
C. paniculatus seeds

Appearance and leaf

Celastrus paniculatus grows as a deciduous, looping, large shrub ( liana ). The stem axis has a diameter of up to 23 cm. The light brown, rough and cracked, corky bark flakes off in small scales. The bark of the branches is finely hairy or glabrous and has raised elliptical lenticels . The buds located in the leaf axils are relatively small and triangular with a length of 1 to 2 mm.

The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 6 to 16 mm long. The simple, bare leaf blade is 5 to 10 cm long and 2.5 to 5 cm wide, elliptical, ovate or obovate to rounded with a wedge-shaped, blunt or rounded blade base and a pointed, pointed to pointed upper end. The leaf margin is usually serrated. There are five to seven pairs of lateral nerves, which are rarely hairy on the underside of the leaf. The relatively small, linear stipules fall off early.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period in China extends from April to June. Celastrus paniculatus is dioecious separately sexed ( diocesan ). The terminal, pendulous, relatively large, branched, thyrsoid inflorescences are rarely 2 to 5 to 10 cm long. The inflorescence rhachis and 3 to 6 mm long pedicels are sometimes short woolly hairy.

The unisexual, greenish flowers are 2 to 3 mm long and 1.2 to 1.8 mm wide and five-fold with a double flower envelope . Female and male flowers are about the same size and look relatively similar, and they are stalked. The five free, roof-tile-like overlapping calyx is bell-shaped, the calyx lobes are egg-shaped and ciliate with a length of about 1 mm and a width of about 1.5 mm. The five free petals are elongated to ovoid with a length of 2.5 to 3 mm and a width of 1 to 1.5 mm. The membrane-like disc is dome-shaped and slightly five-lobed. The five stamens inserted on the edge of the disc are about 3 mm long. The short stamens are awl-shaped. Three carpels are a dreikammerigen, at a length of 2 to 2.5 mm and the upper spherical permanent ovary grown. There are one or two erect ovules in each ovary chamber . The columnar, thick stylus ends in a three-lobed scar. The female flowers have staminodes and the male flowers have a narrow pestle.

Fruit and seeds

The fruits ripen from June to September. When ripe, the orange-yellow, smooth capsule fruit is round with a diameter of 1 to 1.3 cm. The loculicidal capsule fruit opens with three leathery flaps and contains three to six seeds. The aril of the seeds is orange-red, and fleshy. Underneath are the actual brownish and elliptical seeds, they are 3.5 to 5.5 mm in length and 2 to 5 mm in width.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 46.

distribution

The wide natural range of Celastrus paniculatus includes the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Nepal , Sikkim , Sri Lanka ), People's Republic of China , Taiwan , Indonesia , Cambodia , Laos , Malaysia , Myanmar , on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in Thailand , and Vietnam in New Caledonia . In China, it thrives on forested slopes at altitudes between 200 and 2000 meters in the provinces of Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hainan and Yunnan . In India it is widespread and thrives mainly in deciduous forests at altitudes of around 1800 to 2000 meters. In some tropical areas such as Australia and Florida it is a neophyte .

Taxonomy

The first publication of Celastrus paniculatus took place in 1797 by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Caroli a Linné Species plantarum ... , 4th edition, Volume 1, 2nd part, p. 1125. Synonyms for Celastrus paniculatus Willd. are: Celastrus dependens Wall. , Celastrus euphlebiphyllus (Hayata) Kaneh. , Celastrus multiflorus Roxb. non lam. , Celastrus paniculatus subsp. multiflorus Ding Hou , Celastrus paniculatus subsp. serratus (Blanco) Ding Hou , Diosma serrata Blanco , Euonymus euphlebiphyllus Hayata .

The range of spreading forms meant that subspecies were described, but there are all sorts of transitions in the forms that do not allow a clear demarcation, therefore they are not considered in the Flora of China .

use

The leaves and seeds are used as medicinal drugs . The seeds contain more than 50% oil. This oil is used in Yunnan as lamp oil to make soaps. Many pharmaceutical studies deal with the effects on the central nervous system and the action as a tranquilizer of the alkaloid fractions of the oil. The oil from the seeds is traditionally used in Indian Unani and Ayurveda medicine. There should be effects in, for example, anemia , fever , rheumatism , syphilis .

There are many pharmacological studies. There is research to show that the oil from the seeds is said to help relieve stress .

literature

  • A. Russo, AA Izzo, V. Cardile, F. Borrelli, A. Vanella: Indian medicinal plants as antiradicals and DNA cleavage protectors. In: Phytomedicine , Volume 8, 2001, pp. 125-132, doi: 10.1078 / 0944-7113-00021 .
  • M. Bhanumathy, SB Chandrasekar, Uma Chandur, T. Somasundaram: Phyto-pharmacology of Celastrus paniculatus: An Overview. In: International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. Volume 2, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 176-181: (PDF) .

Web links

Commons : Celastrus paniculatus  - collection of images, videos and audio files

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Willdenow scanned in 1797 at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Zhixiang Zhang & Michele Funston: Celastrus paniculatus , p. 467 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.) : Flora of China , Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008. ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Celastrus paniculatus at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  4. ↑ Celastrus paniculatus at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  5. ↑ Data sheet at Selected Red Listed Medicinal Plants of South India .
  6. ↑ a b Neha Arora, Shashi Pandey-Rai: Celastrus paniculatus, an endangered Indian medicinal plant with miraculous cognitive and other therapeutic properties: an overview. In: International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 290–303, online ( memento of the original dated October 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ijpbs.net
  7. ↑ Celastrus paniculatus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on May 23, 2014.
  8. ↑ Celastrus paniculatus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  9. ↑ Premila, MS: Ayurvedic Herbs: A Clinical Guide to the Healing Plants of Traditional Indian Medicine . Haworth Press, New York 2006, ISBN 0-7890-1768-7 . In the en: WP allegedly used, but was not available here and so statements are not checked.
  10. ^ HF Macmillan: Handbook of Tropical Plants . South Asia Books, Columbia, Mon 1989, ISBN 81-7041-177-7 . In the en: WP allegedly used, but was not available here and so statements are not checked.
  11. ^ FE Putz, HA Mooney: The Biology of Vines . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 1991, ISBN 0-521-39250-0 . In the en: WP allegedly used, but was not available here and so statements are not checked.
  12. ↑ Data sheet at Flowers Of India.
  13. ↑ data sheet from Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ars-grin.gov  
  14. ↑ M. Bhanumathy, MS Harish, HN Shivaprasad, G. Sushma: Nootropic activity of Celastrus paniculatus seed. In: Pharm. Biol . Volume 48, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 324-7. doi: 10.3109 / 13880200903127391 .
  15. ↑ Celastrus paniculatus, Jyotishmati 95 Published articles at Medicinal Plants - Medicinal Plants with usage, patents and their publications . Overview of the articles published on the topic of Indian medicinal plant Celastrus paniculatus .
  16. ↑ George Lekha, Karthik Mohan, Irudhaya Arockia Samy: Effect of Celastrus paniculatus seed oil (Jyothismati oil) on acute and chronic immobilization stress induced in swiss albino mice. In: Pharmacognosy Research , Volume 2, Issue 3, 2010, pp. 169-174, doi: 10.4103 / 0974-8490.65512 .