Csaroda

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Csaroda
Coat of arms of Csaroda
Csaroda (Hungary)
Csaroda
Csaroda
Basic data
State : Hungary
Region : Northern Great Plain
County : Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg
Small area until December 31, 2012 : Vásárosnamény
District since 1.1.2013 : Vásárosnamény
Coordinates : 48 ° 10 '  N , 22 ° 28'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 9 '38 "  N , 22 ° 27' 31"  E
Area : 24.68  km²
Residents : 578 (2015)
Population density : 23 inhabitants per km²
Telephone code : (+36) 45
Postal code : 4844
Structure and administration
Community type : local community
Mayor : Hézser Ákos Pálné
Website :

Csaroda is a municipality ( Hungarian község ) in northeastern Hungary in the Vásárosnamény district , which belongs to the Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county . The municipality with 578 inhabitants (January 2015) is located near the Ukrainian border. The village has an important Romanesque church from the 13th century with Gothic frescoes from the 14th century. The originally Roman Catholic church has belonged to the Reformed parish since the 17th century .

Location and traffic

Central intersection with the restaurant and the grocery store

Csaroda is located in the Northern Great Plain at an altitude of just over 100 meters between the Tisza , the largest river in the region, in the south and the border with Ukraine in the north and east. The historical region of Bereg has extended into Ukraine since the border that was drawn in 1920, where the former capital of the region, Berehowe (in Hungarian, Beregszász), is located with a predominantly Hungarian-speaking population.

The predominantly flat land is crossed by several tributaries of the Tisza and smaller watercourses. On the south-western outskirts of Csaroda the stream Szipa (Csaroda) flows past. Parts of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, including the area around Csaroda, have been designated as Szatmár-Bereg Landscape Protection Area ( Szatmár-beregi Tájvédelmi Körzet ) since 1982 . In the past, the entire region consisted of forest, swamps and peat bogs. In addition to the preserved, scattered forest areas, the agricultural areas are divided into small-parceled fields on which cereals (especially maize, rye and wheat) and sunflowers thrive. Apples and plums are grown in plantations. Meadows are used to keep cattle, and pigs and sheep are also raised. The cooler climate compared to the southern Great Plain (moderately warm summers and cold winters) and the increased rainfall (600 to 700 mm per year) favor agriculture. In contrast, after the Second World War, the north-eastern border region lost its former markets and trade connections and degraded to a peripheral area with high unemployment after the political change in 1989 through the closure of state farms and production cooperatives .

To the east of Csaroda in the direction of the village of Beregdaróc on the Ukrainian border, at a distance of 1,300 meters, are two bogs surrounded by gallery forests , which were discovered for science in 1952 and were named Bábtava and Nyírestó. They have an extension of 500 or 650 × 120 meters and were formed as a result of boreal (post-glacial) changes in the river beds of the Tisza. The bogs are covered with species of the genus peat moss ( Sphagnum ); many plant species do not occur in other areas of the lowlands. In the protected moorland areas, work began in the 1980s to curb the increasing dehydration by supplying well water and closing the drainage canals.

In the spring of 2001 there were major floods in the Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg area. Heavy rains caused the Tisza and its tributaries to overflow their banks, causing nine settlements to be partially or completely flooded. The entire area on the right bank of the Tisza from Tarpa in the south up to and including Csaroda and to the north across the Ukrainian border was flooded. Some flooded settlements were completely destroyed and had to be rebuilt. In the Vásárosnamény district 5 percent of the housing stock was destroyed, the highest degree of destruction was recorded in Csaroda with over 20 percent of the houses. As a result, in one of the most underdeveloped regions of Hungary, health problems occurred especially among the lower population groups, who often live in poorly built one-room houses.

From the nearest city Nyíregyháza , 73 kilometers away , the main road 41 leads east over the district capital Vásárosnamény , 12 kilometers away on the Tisza, to Csaroda. A further 12 kilometers eastwards, this road reaches the Ukrainian border shortly after Beregsurány and then the Ukrainian city of Berehove. Coming from Fehérgyarmat on a branch line from the south, Csaroda can be reached via the Tisza Bridge between the neighboring villages of Kisar on the south bank and Tivadar on the north bank and Tarpa . The connection between Szatmárcseke (Calvinist cemetery) and Csaroda runs over this bridge . The next village to the north is Gelénes. In the village of Tákos, 2 kilometers to the west, there is a single-aisled Reformed church from 1766 with a separate wooden bell tower.

The nearest train station is in Vásárosnamény. From there there is rarely a bus to Csaroda. There are even fewer buses between the other villages.

history

Calvinist Church, apse from the east

The place is named after the Slavic name Csernavodai of a nearby brook that is made up of černá and voda ("black water"). Most of the villages in the region are first mentioned in written sources from the second half of the 13th century or the beginning of the 14th century. A place Csaroda appears in the sources in 1299 and then in 1311. On the latter date, a group of nobles attacked and destroyed the settlement. The church was donated in the middle of the 13th century, presumably by a wealthy landowner, who had a manorial gallery built for himself on the west side of the nave. With the first Christian king of Hungary, Stephan I (r. 1000-1038), the proselytization of the Catholicism introduced by Western Europe began during the Árpád dynasty . Some families are named for the 14th and 15th centuries who owned the lands of the village. Like all other Hungarian places of worship, the church was initially Roman Catholic . With the 150-year rule of the Ottomans , which began with the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Reformed Church in the form of Calvinism spread among the Magyars in the 16th century . Until then, the patrons of the Church of Csaroda were members of the Catholic Csarnavodai family. In 1595 the church passed into the care of the Calvinists. Because of their aversion to religious imagery, the Calvinists whitewashed the 14th century Gothic frescoes with white paint and painted the walls with folk floral patterns in 1642.

In 1567 Tatars attacked the place and caused great destruction. The place name "Csiarodának" can be found in 1639 in a lien. The archbishop of Bereg, Mihály Büdi, and the lord of the castle Farkas Büdi are named as owners of the community. Gábor Surányi, István Kubinyi, Mátyás Bornemissza, Ferenc Dessewffy, Péter Melich and the Perényiék family are known as owners for the 17th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the lands were owned by the Lónyai, Rédey and Bay families, and from 1851 onwards they belonged to Count Teleky. According to an Austrian statistical encyclopedia from 1845, 627 inhabitants and a pastor of the Reformed Church lived in 55 houses in Csaroda. The place was a station for changing horses on the route from Vásárosnamény to Beregszász, 4.5 hours away (in today's Ukraine).

As a result of the 2001 floods, the region's population decreased in almost all places by 2011. Due to emigration and a higher death rate compared to the birth rate, the population of Csaroda fell by 1.6 percent in 2006 alone. The number of the elderly (over 60 years) is higher in Csaroda than the number of children (under 14 years). The age index in 2006 was 0.7.

Townscape

Reformed Church. Gallery in front of the west wall and wooden box with building inscription on the ceiling

The geographical center is the roundabout on the main road no. 41, the Beregszászi ulitza , which runs from west to east . A few meters away are the municipal administration ( Polgármesteri Hivatal ), a grocery store and a restaurant. Most of the single-storey houses are lined up with the gable facing the street along Petőfi Sándor ulitza , which leads north from the roundabout, and József Attila ulitza, which branches off to the south . The Reformed Church is about 300 meters south and close to the bank of the Sipa brook. At the eastern end, Csaroda has a primary school with a kindergarten ( Közös Általános Iskola és Óvoda ). There are two small private pensions.

The most typical cultivation product for the Szatmár-Bereg region are plums. Csaroda is one of the places where plums are processed into dried fruits, jam and schnapps (Hungarian pálinka ), which is why the village is one of the stops on a tourist “plum round tour” lasting several days.

reformed Church

Exposed Gothic frescoes of figures of saints from the 14th century in the prayer room and apse, above them Calvinist peasant baroque from the 17th century. Pulpit in the middle of the room.

The first churches in Hungary from the 11th century on were built in the Romanesque style based on Western European models. A few large clan or family churches, built from the end of the 12th century onwards, which were rebuilt or rebuilt after the Mongol invasion of 1241, have been preserved. A monastery was attached to the clan churches. The noble families wanted to demonstrate their power with these foundations. Typical of the churches is a mansion gallery for the nobleman and his family on the west side of a three-aisled basilica opposite a semicircular choir apse. The monumental family churches of the high nobility with two western towers served as a model for the village churches and clan churches of the small aristocrats with a western tower, a single-nave prayer room and a square choir. With a few exceptions (such as Szatmárcseke with its Catholic church), every village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County today has a Reformed church as the only place of worship.

The Calvinist village church ( református templom ) of Csaroda is considered the most important Romanesque church in northeast Hungary. It was apparently donated as a clan church in the middle of the 13th century by a landlord who had a manorial gallery built on the west side for attending church services. The walls are made of bricks and the gable roofs are covered with shingles . In addition to the church interior and the narrower square apse, the central bell tower on the west side is also typical. The west gable is not structured except for a narrow arched window in the middle that illuminates the gallery. The arched entrance is located in the western area of ​​the south facade, i.e. at the rear end of the prayer room. A narrow wooden staircase leads to the gallery supported by two massive columns on the north side opposite the entrance. The two-storey square tower has narrow, arched twin windows on the lower storey and triple windows above on each side. After the transformation into a reformed church, the tower received a protruding gallery made of wood and a pointed wooden spire in the 18th century.

A triumphal arch separates the square choir, covered by a cross vault from the 14th century, from the prayer room. In the prayer room, the Reformed whitewashed the original Gothic frescoes from the 14th century with white paint. In 1642 they designed the walls in the folk style of the peasant baroque with predominantly floral motifs. The wooden coffered ceiling was installed in 1777, in the middle of the ceiling a flat box with an inscription is fixed, which - safe from flooding - contains the building documents. The wood-clad balcony parapet from the 18th century and other wood carvings are colored (red-brown and gray-blue). The ornate carvings include the pulpit from the 18th century and a wooden epitaph from 1758 in peasant baroque style. The hood over the pulpit is often the most elaborately carved component. In Calvinist churches, the pulpit is in the middle of the prayer room so that the pastor can be seen and heard from close by as far as possible by all believers. Therefore, the original altar was removed and the apse was equipped with benches.

Wooden bell tower

During the renovation from 1971 to 1973, significant fragments of Gothic frescoes from the 14th century with biblical figures were uncovered. Two female saints, the Man of Sorrows (suffering Christ) and apostles are depicted on the east and south walls of the choir . Four church fathers fill the inside of the triumphal arch . On the walls of the nave there are figures of the apostles standing side by side. A characteristic of the region and the time are the smiling faces of the saints and the flat representation of the figures.

A few meters from the church is a separate wooden bell tower from the 18th century. A slimmer, open bell cage is placed on a wide square base, which is surmounted by a tapering pyramid roof covered with shingles. Similar wooden towers, which are also in the village of Tákos and some other places in the area next to the church, were built from the 17th / 18th centuries. Century built. The construction of churches and bell towers out of wood was previously a consequence of the regulations enacted during the Turkish rule and the impoverishment of the country during this period. Unlike in Slovakia, Romania and Poland (with the exception of the Greek Catholic Church in Mándok ), wooden churches are no longer preserved in Hungary , only in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg several bell towers have survived. The wooden bell towers of the Reformed churches in this region were on the UNESCO tentative list as candidates for World Heritage Sites in Hungary from 2000 to 2017 .

literature

  • Dezső Dercsényi, Balázs Dercsényi: Art guide through Hungary. Corvina Kiadó, Budapest 1974, p. 146
  • István Genthon: Art Monuments in Hungary. A picture guide . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1974, p. 373
  • Zsuzsanna Kassai-Anikó, Gergely-Zoltán Szabó: The Plum Tour of Szatmár-Bereg . In: József Káposzta (Ed.): New Elements and Researches in Spatial Economy. Research Institute of János Selye University, Komárno 2009, pp. 50–59
  • Anneliese Keilhauer: Hungary. Culture and art in the land of the Magyars. DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 1990

Web links

Commons : Csaroda  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Magyarország közigazgatási helynévkönyve, 2015. január 1. Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, 2015
  2. ↑ Márta Kiss: The coordination of the tourism market through patron-client relationships. In: Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 5, No. 2, 2014, pp. 131–150, here p. 133
  3. ^ I. Loksa: The soil spiders of two peat bogs in the upper Theiss region of Hungary. In: Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, Volume 17-18, 1981, pp. 91-106, here p. 91
  4. ^ Tibor Simon: Vegetation change and the protection of the Csaroda relic mires, Hungary . In: Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, Vol. 61, No. 1, 1992, pp. 63-74
  5. ^ Lajos Boros, Gyula Nagy: The Long-term Socioeconomic Consequences of the Tisza Flood of 2001 in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, Hungary. In: Belvedere Meridionale, Volume 16, No. 4, Winter 2014, pp. 122–130, here p. 126
  6. ↑ a b Anneliese Keilhauer, 1990, p. 395
  7. ↑ Tortenelmunk . csaroda.hu
  8. ^ Franz Raffelsperger (Ed.): General geographical-statistical lexicon of all Austrian states: according to official sources, the best patriotic aid organizations and original manuscripts, from a society of geographers, postmen and state officials. Volume 1 (A – Cz) Verlag der Kk ap Typo-geographische Kunstanstalt, Vienna 1845, p. 912
  9. ↑ Zsuzsanna Kassai-Anikó, Gergely-Zoltán Szabó, 2009, p. 53f
  10. ↑ Zsuzsanna Kassai-Anikó, Gergely-Zoltán Szabó, 2009, pp. 52, 55
  11. ↑ Anneliese Keilhauer, 1990, p. 55
  12. ↑ Dezső Dercsényi, Balázs Dercsényi, 1974, p. 146; István Genthon, 1974, p. 373; "17th Century ": Anneliese Keilhauer, 1990, p. 395
  13. ^ Wooden bell towers in the Upper Tisza region. UNESCO