Tarpaulin
| Tarpaulin | |||||
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| Basic data | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State : | Hungary | ||||
| Region : | Northern Great Plain | ||||
| County : | Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg | ||||
| Small area until December 31, 2012 : | Vásárosnamény | ||||
| District since 1.1.2013 : | Vásárosnamény | ||||
| Coordinates : | 48 ° 6 ' N , 22 ° 32' E | ||||
| Area : | 49.73 km² | ||||
| Residents : | 2,096 (Jan 1, 2011) | ||||
| Population density : | 42 inhabitants per km² | ||||
| Telephone code : | (+36) 45 | ||||
| Postal code : | 4931 | ||||
| KSH kódja: | 04312 | ||||
| Structure and administration (status: 2018) | |||||
| Community type : | Large community | ||||
| Mayor : | Szabolcs Szécsi (Fidesz-KDNP) | ||||
| Postal address : | Kossuth Lajos u. 23 4931 Tarpa |
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| Website : | |||||
| (Source: A Magyar Köztársaság helységnévkönyve 2011. január 1st at Központi statisztikai hivatal ) | |||||
Tarpa is a large municipality ( Hungarian nagyközség ) in northeastern Hungary in the district Vásárosnamény , which belongs to the Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county . The place, first mentioned in a document at the end of the 13th century, on a fertile plain near the Tisza, is known for one of the few horse mills that have survived in Hungary from the 19th century and for processing plums .
Location and traffic
Tarpa lies in the Northern Great Plain at an altitude of about 110 meters between the Tisza , the largest river in the region, which flows four kilometers south in many curves, and the equally distant border with Ukraine in the east. The 49.73 square kilometers large municipality belongs to the historical region of Bereg, which extends into the Ukraine. The state border drawn in 1920 separates the former regional capital Berehowe (in Hungarian Beregszász) with a predominantly Hungarian-speaking population. The flat land is crossed by several tributaries of the Tisza and smaller watercourses, including the Szipa around two kilometers north of the village.
The Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county includes several unconnected areas that have been designated as the Szatmár-Bereg Landscape Protection Area ( Szatmár-beregi Tájvédelmi Körzet ) since 1982 . One of them is in the north and one in the south of Tarpa. Until the first settlements in the 12./13. In the 19th century, the entire region consisted of forests, swamps and peat bogs. Due to the agricultural use and the construction of drainage canals in the 19th century, most of the swamps have been drained today.
In the spring of 2001 large-scale floods occurred in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg. Heavy rains caused the Tisza and its tributaries to overflow their banks, causing nine settlements to be partially or completely flooded. The area on the right bank of the Tisza from Tarpa in the south to north over the Ukrainian border was flooded. A dam broke between Tarpa and Tivadar. Some flooded settlements were completely destroyed and had to be rebuilt. In this underdeveloped region of Hungary, health problems occurred as a result, especially among the lower population groups, who often live in poorly built one-room houses. In Tarpa in 2001 only 21 percent of the houses were connected to a sewer system, even in the city of Vásárosnamény it was only 63 percent of the houses, so that faeces were flushed out of the pits. In other villages there were no houses at all with sewer connections.
The flood zones on the right northern bank of the Tisza include three dead tributaries of the river in the vicinity of Tarpa. Most of the time they have no water supply and only receive fresh water when the Tisza water level is high. The northernmost of the three is the Helmecszeg tributary with a maximum water depth of 2 meters, which is located in a 12 hectare wetland. To the south of it, the Vargaszeg reaches a water depth of up to 6 meters in a 6 hectare wetland. Further south follows the tributary Kiss Jánosné with a depth of 4 meters in an area of 8 hectares. All three tributaries have an ecologically valuable flora, the stagnant waters on the Tisza are used for fishing and as recreational areas.
The preserved forest islands are scattered between small parceled fields. Mainly cereals (maize, rye and wheat) and sunflowers thrive on these. Plums and apples are grown in plantations. Meadows are used to raise cattle. Old forests are covered with elms and oaks . The highest elevation in the vicinity is the 154 meter high andesite hill Naphegy ("sun mountain") a good 2 kilometers north of the village. To the south of the hill, up to the Ukrainian border, there is a wooded area with oaks that are over a hundred years old.
Tarpa is located about 12 kilometers east of the town of Vásárosnamény on a side road that leads through the neighboring municipality of Gulács (4 kilometers). From the south, Tarpa can be reached from Fehérgyarmat over the Tisza Bridge between the neighboring villages of Kisar on the south bank and Tivadar (4 kilometers) on the north bank; the road leads north 7 kilometers past Naphegy to Beregsurány on the Ukrainian border. Other neighboring towns are Szatmárcseke in the southeast, Nagyar in the south, Hetefejércse in the west and Csaroda in the northwest.
The nearest train station is in Vásárosnamény. From there and from Fehérgyarmat, several buses run to Tarpa on weekdays. Buses rarely run between the villages.
history
At the edge of the Naphegy hill is a site known to archaeologists as Tarpa-Márki tanya ("Tarpa-Márki homestead"), where utensils from the Mesolithic were excavated. Together with the finds from Jászberény and other places in the lowlands (Szekszárd-Palánk, Sződliget and Kaposhomok), their typological characteristics were combined to form the group of the "Hungarian northern low-lying mesolite industry". Middle Paleolithic stone tools and Neolithic pot shards were also uncovered in Tarpa-Márki tanya . The research results were first published in 1969 and 1983. However, it is not possible to reliably assign the finds to archaeological periods. Trapezoidal microliths originate from the Mesolithic .
Tarpa is mentioned in the documents for the first time in 1299, when it already owned a ( Romanesque ) church consecrated to St. Andrew . The other places in the region also appear in written sources around this time. At that time, farmers from western countries, called hospes ("guests"), were attracted to settle in Hungary. In the 14th century the place belonged to the possession of the castle of Munkács (today in the western Ukrainian city Mukachevo ), which the Hungarian king Béla IV. (Ruled 1235-1270) had built. King Sigismund , king of Hungary and Croatia since 1387 , gave half of the village to the Croatian Ban Albert Nagymihályi (1380–1433). The rest of the village land came into the possession of the Hungarian noble family Báthory through inheritance , who had a house of God built in the Gothic style instead of the Romanesque church in the first half of the 15th century . At that time, around 480 people lived in what was one of the largest in the area.
The village was spared from the destruction during the Ottoman rule in the 16th and 17th centuries because of its seclusion far in the northeast. In 1626 the merchants living next to the serfs in the village were granted duty exemption and in 1665 King Leopold I (ruled as King of Hungary 1655–1705) granted Tarpa market rights. As in the rest of the country, the Church of Tarpa was initially Roman Catholic before Calvinism spread in the 16th century . The landowner Sophia Báthory (1629–1680) tried to force the inhabitants of Tarpa to return to the Catholic faith during the Counter Reformation in the 17th century. Tamás Esze (1666–1708), who was born in Tarpa, played a key role in the Hungarian national uprising against the Habsburgs from 1703 to 1711, led by Franz II Rákóczi . In gratitude for their commitment Tarpa was initially a brigand declared settlement. This meant that the residents only had to do military service, not forced labor, and could pay the annual taxes in cash. Although the privilege was not confirmed by the king, it was accepted by the Károlyi family of landowners, who had succeeded the Báthory family, until 1850.
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A statistical work from 1833 gives Tarpa 2197 inhabitants in 296 houses. In the 1840s, Tarpa was a market town with 2,490 inhabitants who lived in 430 houses. The next point of reference is the village of Tiszaújlak, today Wylok in Ukraine, two hours away .
The Trianon Treaty , which was concluded in June 1920 after the First World War and which established the border with Ukraine in the immediate east of the village , brought about a major turning point, especially for the agricultural product trade . Tarpa was thereby isolated from its main trading partners, the cities of Beregszász (Berehowe) and Munkács ( Mukatschewo ). In the Middle Ages Tarpa belonged to Bereg County, from the 16th century to Szatmár County and from 1836 again to Bereg. After the border was drawn, Tarpa, with a population of 4,000, was the largest town in the divided Bereg County on the Hungarian side and was therefore the administrative seat of Bereg from 1920 to 1924.
On the Calvinist cemetery Tarpa of politicians and resistance fighters in the time of is Nazism , Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky buried (1886 to 1944). In the 1930s he was a member of the Hungarian Parliament for the Bereg constituency. Towards the end of the Second World War, a tank battle called Operation Debrecen occurred in northeast Hungary in October 1944, with high losses on the part of the Red Army and the Wehrmacht, including their allies. As a result, the Red Army occupied the area between the Tisza and the Danube in north-eastern Hungary. In November 1944, male civilians from Debrecen and other cities began to be transported to the Soviet Union by rail . From December onwards, male adult Hungarians, including all Hungarians with German surnames, were deported to the Soviet Union for forced labor ( málenkij robot ) from the villages . Among them were 498 people from Tarpa, of whom fewer than 100 returned alive.
Townscape
Tarpa is a clustered village whose winding streets and names already existed in the 18th century. The traditional layout of the settlement includes long and narrow plots of land on both sides of the streets, on which crops and fruit trees thrive in the rear. The mostly single-storey houses are also elongated and usually face the street with the gable of their half-hipped roof . On the long side with the entrance there is a verandah that extends over the entire length under the roof supported by wooden posts. Agricultural outbuildings are attached to the rear of the houses.
The Calvinist church is in the center of the main street ( Kossuth Lajos utca 13). It was built in the 15th century in the late Gothic style. From the 15th century the oak entrance door with original hinges and remains of frescoes on the north wall of the nave have been preserved. The prayer room is entered through a vestibule in the west. As usual in Calvinist churches, the pulpit is located in the middle of the assembled congregation, here in front of the middle of the north wall. The pulpit hood is artfully and filigree carved from wood. The organ gallery on the west side faces a second gallery on the east side. A flat box is attached to the middle of the ceiling and contains the building inscription - safe from flooding. The square bell tower on the west gable is crowned by a high pyramid roof.
The municipal administration ( Polgármesteri hivatal ) is located diagonally across from the church in a long, two-story building with a mansard roof . Not far (in Kossuth Lajos utca 25 / A) a local history museum ( tájház ) conveys regional history. The museum is housed in a former granary from the 19th century. It shows the history of the place and ethnographic objects on two floors. Some of the objects on display deal with Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky.
The "Franz Rákóczi House of Culture and Library" ( Rákóczi Ferenc Művelődési Ház és Könyvtár, in Kossuth Lajos utca 21 / C) can be recognized by its classical portico .
One of the sights is the only farmhouse ( paraszti lakóház ) with a hipped roof that is thatched. The walls of the small one-story building at Posta utca 22 are made of mud bricks and whitewashed. It was completely renovated in 1991/92.
In Tamás-Esze-Park ( Esze Tamás park ) in Kossuth utca by the town hall there is a white stone statue of Tamás Esze, erected in 1950. There are several guest houses, grocery stores and restaurants.
Tarpa is known nationwide for processing the plums that grow in the region. The variety nemtudom szilva , which only thrives here, forms small fruits that are boiled down to make a special jam with no added sugar. A manufacturer has been marketing jam and plum brandy made in Tarpa since 2005 as organic products from small businesses in Germany and Switzerland.
Horse mill
The main attraction in Tarpa is one of the few wooden horse mills (horse mill, Hungarian szárazmalom, Latin rotae equorum ) from the beginning of the 19th century, which has been completely preserved in Hungary. Another horse mill from the 19th century was restored in the village of Vámosoroszi in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county (28 km by road southeast of Tarpa) and one in Szarvas (from 1836) further south in the Great Hungarian Plain . In Hungary, a large number of windmills were used to grind the grain. According to a list in 1863 of 22,132 mills in Hungary, 7,966 were driven by horses or oxen. With 9173 there were only a few more mills on water; in addition there were 4,301 ship mills and 147 steam mills .
Around 1894 around 95 percent of all Hungarian windmills were in the lowlands. Horse mills were only built in areas with little wind. In addition to the horse mills, around 20 ship mills were operated on the Tisza at the beginning of the 19th century; there were other ship mills on the Danube.
Horse mills are older than windmills and were first used by the Romans. In Hungary there are written records of horse mills from 1412, and they were most widespread in Hungary between the 16th and 18th centuries. Their numbers began to decline in the mid-19th century. According to information from 1915, there were 7,966 horse mills in Hungary in 1863; in 1906 their number had fallen to 916. At the beginning of the 20th century, these mills were no longer competitive with steam mills and mills powered by a diesel engine and soon disappeared completely. Generally horse mills were set up in the middle of the villages and windmills in their surroundings. Most of the horse mills in Hungary were located in the east of the country, where wind and horse mills were equally found in the area of the Körös River and in the northeast in the area of Tarpa. Horse mills were mainly used in these areas in the summer months, when the strong winds only fail in spring and autumn. Aside from the use of animals, horse mills have the disadvantage of grinding more slowly than windmills. As so-called dry mills, they do not need running water and are independent of the seasons.
The Tarpa Mill is located on Árpád utca. The Göpelwerk is a round building made of oak beams with a projecting pyramid roof covered with shingles as a walkway for the horses, to which a smaller rectangular grinding house with a hipped roof is attached. The core of the system is a vertical axis that is rotatably mounted between the floor and the roof beams. Twelve spokes connect the axle with a ring-shaped toothed ring, which reaches just up to the supporting posts of the roof and is held horizontally about half a meter above the ground by twelve diagonal struts that are connected to the upper end of the axle during normal operation. Usually two horses were harnessed to go in a circle and turn the spoked wheel. In order to guide the horses from the outside between the spokes, the axle could be tilted by sliding it on a slide rail on the upper bearing, thereby lowering the spoke wheel on one side to the ground. In other horse mills, the spoked wheel is mounted the other way around: the struts fix the wheel from below above head height, so that its height does not have to be changed and the animals can move freely underneath. The ring gear drove a small wooden gear wheel and this drove the upper millstone in the adjacent mill house . The grains were fed in from above via a hopper, the flour was collected in a wooden trough standing on four posts. Due to the high friction losses, the horses managed only one revolution per minute with great effort, which is why it took several hours to grind 100 kilograms of flour.
When the mill was shut down, the rotating parts were removed. With the remaining free space, the outer boundary, which previously consisted only of boards, was closed by an adobe wall and the shingle roof was covered with sheet metal. In this form, the mill has served as a meeting place for the community since 1930, e.g. for weddings. In 1975 the mill was declared a cultural monument. From 1980 to 1981 the original condition was restored and the mill was put into a functional condition.
Community partnerships
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Zagon, Romania
literature
- Tarpa Településképi Arculati Kézikönyv, 2017. tarpa.eu
Web links
- Official website (Hungarian)
- Tarpa summary . Arcanum
Individual evidence
- ^ Lajos Boros, Gyula Nagy: The Long-term Socioeconomic Consequences of the Tisza Flood of 2001 in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, Hungary. In: Belvedere Meridionale, Volume 16, No. 4, Winter 2014, pp. 122–130, here pp. 124–126
- ↑ Gy. Lakatos, B. Kovács, MK Kiss, P. Keresztúri: The Ecological, Hydrobiological and Nature Conservational State of the Eustatic Dead-Arms around the Village of Tarpa (NE-Hungary) . In: Tiscia monograph series, Volume 5, 2000, pp. 99-105
- ↑ Structure of the Tisza catchment area. Terra Foundation for Nature Conservation and Education
- ↑ Inna Mateiciucová: The Early Neolithic settlement of Moravia and Lower Austria against the central European background . In: Zdeněk Měřínský, Jan Klápště (eds.): Talking stones: the chipped stone industry in lower Austria and Moravia and the beginnings of the Neolithic in Central Europe (LBK), 5700-4900 BC. Masarykova univerzita, Brno 2008, pp. 37–43, here p. 43
- ↑ Róbert Kertész u. a .: Mesolithic in the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain. In: A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve, Volume 36, 1994, pp. 15-61, here pp. 16, 29f
- ^ Róbert Kertész: Preliminary report on the research of Early Holocene period in the NW part of Great Hungarian Plain. In: Folia historico-naturalia Musei Matraensis, Volume 16, 1991, pp. 16-44, here p. 41
- ^ JC von Thiele: The Kingdom of Hungary. A topographical-historical-statistical panorama, encompassing the whole of this country in more than 12,400 articles. Volume 3, Košice 1833, p. 60
- ^ Franz Raffelsperger (Ed.): General geographical-statistical lexicon of all Austrian states: according to official sources, the best patriotic aid organizations and original manuscripts, from a society of geographers, postmen and state officials. Volume 6 (Sz – Ende), 2nd edition, Verlag der K. kap Typo-geographische Kunstanstalt, Vienna 1854, p. 34
- ↑ Beáta Márkus: Deportation of German-born civilians from Hungary to the Soviet Union 1944/1945 . (Dissertation) Andrássy Gyula German-speaking University of Budapest, 2019, p. 90f
- ↑ Tarpa Summary . Arcanum
- ↑ Tarpa Településképi Arculati Kézikönyv, 2017: Example illustration on p. 55
- ↑ Tarpa Településképi Arculati Kézikönyv, 2017, p. 44f
- ↑ Tarpa Településképi Arculati Kézikönyv, 2017, p. 70
- ↑ Mónika Steger-Máté: Specialty Fruits Unique to Hungary. In: YH Hui (Ed.): Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames (Iowa) 2006, p. 669
- ↑ Eszter Kisbán: Continuity and Change: The Choice of Food for gastronomic festivals around the Turn of the Millennium. In: Patricia Lysaght (Ed.): The Return of Traditional Food. Proceedings of the 19th International Ethnological Food Research Conference, Department of Arts and Cultural Sciences, Lund University, Sweden, August 15–18, 2012. Lund University, Lund 2013, pp. 197–208, here p. 206
- ↑ Szarvas . zauberhaftes-ungarn.de
- ↑ Heinrich Ditz: The Hungarian Agriculture. Economic report to the royal. Bavarian State Ministry of Trade and Public Works. Verlag von Otto Wigand, Leipzig 1867, p. 450
- ↑ Károly Szepesházy, JC von Thiele: Oddities of the Kingdom of Hungary, or: historical-statistical-topographical description of all 42 royal ones in this realm. Free cities, 16 Spiš Kronstädte, Jazygiens, Greater and Lesser Cumania, the private Hayduken cities, the mountains, caves, lakes, rivers, excellent health wells and the Hungarian mining industry; together with an overview of the whole kingdom. Edited in alphabetical order based on official data sent in by the authorities and other authentic sources. Volume 2, Wiegend, Košice 1825, p. 172
- ↑ Ilona Báráry, Etelka Vörös, R. Wagner: The influence of the wind conditions of the Hungarian Alföld on the geographical distribution of mills . In: Acta Climatologica Acta Universitatis Szegediensis, IX, 1970, pp. 73-81, here p. 79
- ↑ Ilona Báráry, Etelka Vörös, R. Wagner, 1970, pp. 75–78
- ↑ Szárazmalom Tarpan. karpatinfo.net (photos of the horse mill, text in Hungarian)