Dacrycarpus cinctus
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| ( Pilg. ) De foliage. |
Dacrycarpus cinctus is a conifer of the genus of the warthog ( Dacrycarpus ) in the family of the stone disks (Podocarpaceae). The natural range is on islands of Malesia , where it occurs in alpine rainforests up to the tree line. It is listed on the IUCN Red List as not endangered. The wood is used together with that of other stone vines.
features
Dacrycarpus cinctus grows as a dioecious , evergreen shrub or 25 to 30 tree, rarely up to 33 meters high . The trunk is upright and can reach a diameter of up to 1 meter at chest height . The trunk bark is dark brown and gray or blackish gray when exposed to the weather. It peels off in small plates or strips and then reveals the reddish-brown bark underneath. The branches are twisted and spread out and carry a large number of densely leafy branches. The treetop of adult trees is open, flat dome-shaped to more or less flat.
Twigs and needles
The leafy branches grow spread out or upright. The leaves are needle-shaped and more or less flattened on both sides. The needles are arranged in a spiral, sometimes in two rows on young plants. The needles of seedlings are thin and resemble hair. On young plants they are only slightly protruding, curved inwards, keeled on the underside, 2 to 6 and rarely up to 10 millimeters long and 0.4 to 0.8 millimeters wide. They have a curved, pointed end. Mature shrubs and trees have shorter needles, only 2 to 4 millimeters long, that protrude from the branch at an angle of 45 degrees. They are sloping, curved inwards, pointed and often colored glaucous . Both sides of the needle form stomata , which, however, only occur on the underside near the base. On the top of the needle, they grow in two or more rows almost to the tip.
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones grow individually at the end of short or long shoots opposite needle-shaped leaves. They are initially almost spherical, but later elongate and are 8 to 10 millimeters long and 2 to 3 millimeters wide when fully grown. The microsporophylls have a pointed end, are about 1.5 millimeters long and 0.6 millimeters wide and each carry two protruding pollen sacs .
The seed cones grow individually at the end of short shoots, on which protruding, 2 to 3 millimeters long, curved and needle-shaped leaves grow. The podocarpium and the seed are enclosed by leaves that are significantly longer at 6 to 11 millimeters. The ripe podocarpium is 3 to 4 millimeters long, warty and colored red or purple. Usually only one, rarely two seeds are formed per podocarpium. The ripe seeds are together with the round, smooth, light or dark red-brown, sometimes also glaucous Epimatium 4 to 6 millimeters long and end in a curved tip.
Distribution and ecology
The natural range of Dacrycarpus cinctus is on Borneo in the Malaysian state of Sarawak , on Sulawesi , Seram , the second largest island of the Moluccas , and on New Guinea . They are found in the montane rainforest from an altitude of 1,800 meters to alpine locations in areas dominated by bushes and ferns in New Guinea up to an altitude of 3,600 meters. In Sulawesi they can also be found at lower altitudes from 900 meters. In the high mountain forest, Dacrycarpus cinctus grows as a large tree and is the dominant species alone or together with representatives of the genus of the beeches ( Nothofagus ) and Elaeocarpus , Papuacedrus papuana and in New Guinea with conifers from the genus of the stone beeches ( Podocarpus ). At heights of over 3000 meters Trees from the families Cunoniaceae and the myrtle family (Myrtaceae) become more common, Dacrycarpus cinctus grows in this area in small groups in swampy and peaty grasslands together with tree ferns of the genus Cyathea . In New Guinea, it is replaced by Dacrycarpus steupii in heavily swampy areas . At higher altitudes up to the tree line the species grows shrub-like and is replaced by Dacrycarpus compactus . In the transition area both species are very similar, which could be caused by hybridization , but there are no studies on this. The distribution area can probably be assigned to winter hardiness zones 9 and 10, with mean annual minimum temperatures of −6.6 to +4.4 degrees Celsius (20 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit ).
Hazard and protection
Dacrycarpus cinctus was classified in 2010 by the IUCN in the Red List as Least Concern. The range is very large and parts of the plants are often collected in New Guinea and regularly in Sulawesi for herbaria . Even if the population is declining due to the felling of trees and deforestation , the range is too large and the species too frequent to derive a threat from it. In addition, there are stocks in several protected areas.
Systematics and Etymology
Dacrycarpus cinctus is a species from the genus of the warthog ( Dacrycarpus ), which is counted to the family of stone slices (Podocarpaceae). It was in 1938 by Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger in Botanical yearbooks for systematics, plant history and geography of plants as Podocarpus cinctus ( Basionym ) first described and the genus Podocarpus ( Podocarpus attributed). David John de Laubenfels placed it in 1969 as Dacrycarpus cinctus in the newly established genus Dacrycarpus . Other synonyms are Bracteocarpus cinctus (Pilg.) AVBobrov & Melikyan , Bracteocarpus dacrydiifolius (Wasscher) AVBobrov & Melikyan , Dacrycarpus dacrydiifolius (Wasscher) Gaussen and Podocarpus dacrydiifolius Wasscher .
The generic name Dacrycarpus comes from the Greek, dakryon means "tear" and karpos stands for "fruit". The specific epithet cinctus comes from Latin and means "enclosed" or "enclosed". It thus refers to the seed cones surrounded by leaves.
use
Dacrycarpus cinctus wood is of high quality and trees are felled to use the wood. However, when felling, no distinction is made between the various representatives of the holm oak family. The use is also similar to that of Dacrycarpus imbricatus . In Sarawak and Sulawesi, the wood is traditionally used to build long huts.
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literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 1 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 978-90-04-17718-5 , pp. 317-319 .
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 234 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 1, p. 318.
- ↑ a b c James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 234.
- ^ A b Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 1, p. 319.
- ↑ Dacrycarpus cinctus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013. Posted by: A. Farjon, 2011. Accessed February 15, 2014.
- ↑ Podocarpus cinctus. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved February 15, 2014 .
- ↑ Dacrycarpus cinctus. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved February 15, 2014 .
- ↑ Dacrycarpus cinctus. In: The Plant List. Retrieved February 15, 2014 .
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 1, p. 317.
Web links
- Christopher J. Earle: Dacrycarpus cinctus. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, March 26, 2013, accessed February 15, 2014 (English).
- Dacrycarpus cinctus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 15, 2014.