Dacrycarpus imbricatus
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| ( Flower ) de foliage. |
Dacrycarpus imbricatus is a conifer from the genus of the warthog ( Dacrycarpus ) in the family of the stone slab family (Podocarpaceae). The natural range extends from southern China to Fijis in the Pacific Ocean. The species is listed as not endangered onthe IUCN Red List .
features
Dacrycarpus imbricatus grows as a dioecious , evergreen shrub or 40 to 50 meter high tree . The trunk is upright, cylindrical and reaches a diameter of up to 2 meters. The trunk bark is hard, rough and in large trees breaks into thick, slightly elongated plates or flakes off in short strips. The bark is dark brown, gray-white, gray or blackish when exposed to the weather, the inner bark is pink to reddish brown and slightly fibrous. The tree crown is initially dense and conical, later more cylindrical to egg or dome-shaped and, in large trees, irregular and open.
Branches and leaves
Leafy branches form two types of leaves , short needle-shaped and longer flat ones. The leaves on the main shoots, on shoots overgrown with cones and on some terminal shoots of fully grown trees are arranged in a spiral, sub-like or needle-shaped (thin and hair-like on seedlings), bent inwards at the tip, lying close-fitting and arranged like tiles or protruding, keeled on the underside, 1 to 3, sometimes up to 4 millimeters long, 0.4 to 1 millimeter wide and pointed. The leaves of the 1 to 5, rarely up to 7 centimeters long, terminal branches are arranged in two rows, flattened on both sides, sloping down, slightly S-shaped, with parallel edges, from 3 usually 7 to 12 and sometimes up to 17 millimeters long (the shortest are at the base of the branches) and 1 to 2 millimeters wide. The end is bent forward and pointed. Both types of sheets show on all sides stomata , on the wide, flat sheets, there are three to six interrupted rows, the needle-shaped one to two rows.
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones are at the end of short shoots, at the base of which small, needle-shaped leaves grow. The cones are almost spherical when immature, elongate towards maturity and are then 8 to 12 millimeters long and 2 to 3 millimeters wide. The microsporophylls are 1.2 millimeters long and 0.8 millimeters wide, have a triangular, pointed end and each carry two protruding pollen sacs .
The seed cones grow at the ends of short shoots, at the base of which protruding, 3 to 5 millimeter long needles grow. The ripe podocarpium is 4 to 7 millimeters long, warty, orange-red to red and shows protruding, green bracts . Usually one, rarely two, seeds ripen per podocarpium , which are surrounded by the round, 5 to 7 millimeter long and 4 to 6 millimeter diameter, smooth, glaucous- green to red-brown epimatium . The epimatium has a grooved crest that ends in a protruding, curved tip that is less than a millimeter long.
Distribution and ecology
Dacrycarpus imbricatus is the most widespread species of the warthog and the range is almost identical to that of the entire genus, with the exception of New Caledonia and New Zealand . The large, incoherent distribution area is in China in the provinces of Hainan , Guangxi and northwestern Yunnan, furthermore it extends over India, Cambodia, Laos, northern Myanmar and Thailand as well as Luzon (Philippines), East Timor , New Guinea , Vanuatu and Fiji . There the species grows widespread in primary or secondary, montane rainforests, where it usually forms the uppermost canopy as a co-dominant species. Dacrycarpus imbricatus often grows on volcanic or ultramafic subsoil, more rarely on limestone or sandstone. They are found mostly in mixed forests with castanopsis ( Castanopsis ) and Lithocarpus species, often on steep slopes and ridges. In the west of Java , the imbricatus variety grows on Mt. Tjeremay at altitudes of 2400 to 2700 meters together with Podocarpus neriifolius and Altingia excelsa . On Lombok you can find the species from heights of 200 meters in Sulawesi to heights of 3000 meters and in New Guinea up to 3720 meters. At altitudes over 1200 meters, i.e. above the rainforest of Malesia , which is dominated by wing fruit plants (Dipterocarpaceae), the species is usually found together with representatives of the genera Lithocarpus , Castanopsis and other conifers such as representatives of the genera Agathis , Dacrydium , Phyllocladus and Podocarpus . In New Guinea it also grows together with representatives of the pseudo beeches ( Nothofagus ) and Phyllocladus hypophyllus . The most common companions on ultramafic subsoil are casuarina family (Casuarinaceae), for example representatives of the genera Ceuthostoma and Gymnostoma , and representatives of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae) such as cherry myrtle ( Eugenia ), Leptospermum , Tristania neriifolia and Xanthomyrtus , and representatives of the genus Dacrydium . Epiphytes are common at altitudes over 1,800 meters, mosses in particular hang from the branches and the forests are often covered in fog for days. The distribution area is assigned to the hardiness zone 10 with mean annual minimum temperatures between -1.1 ° and + 4.4 ° Celsius (30 to 40 ° Fahrenheit ).
Hazard and protection
Dacrycarpus imbricatus was classified as Least Concern by the IUCN in 2013 on the Red List due to its very large distribution area. However, the species is considered endangered on a national level in China and Vietnam. The greatest danger comes from the conversion of forest areas into plantations for oil palms and other crops. However, stocks exist in several protected areas.
Systematics
Dacrycarpus imbricatus is a species from the genus of the warthog ( Dacrycarpus ) in the family of the stone slab family (Podocarpaceae). It was first described in 1827 by Carl Ludwig Blum as Podocarpus imbricatus ( Basionym ) and thus assigned to the genus of stone slices ( Podocarpus ). David John de Laubenfels placed it in 1969 as Dacrycarpus imbricatus in the newly established genus of the warts ( Dacrycarpus ). Further synonyms are Bracteocarpus imbricatus (Blume) AVBobrov & Melikyan , Bracteocarpus kawaii (Hayata) AVBobrov & Melikyan , Nageia cupressina (R.Br. ex Benn.) F.Muell. , Podocarpus cupressinus R.Br. ex Benn. , Podocarpus javanicus (Burm.f.) Merr. , Podocarpus kawaii Hayata and Thuja javanica Burm.f.
Dacrycarpus imbricatus has a very large range and colonizes different habitats, accordingly the appearance also varies and it is often difficult to distinguish specimens from those of other species of warty veins. The species has the shortest freestanding leaves at the base of the podocarpium, and the cross-section of the leaves on adult trees is different in shape from that of the other species. In Borneo the species is likely to hybridize with Dacrycarpus steupii .
According to Farjon , three varieties are distinguished:
- Dacrycarpus imbricatus var. Imbricatus : The leaves of the main shoots of large trees are slightly protruding, more or less free-standing or sometimes arranged like roof tiles and adjoining the branch, 1 to 2 rarely up to 3 millimeters long and 0.4 to 0.5 millimeters wide. The distribution area coincides with that of the species.
- Dacrycarpus imbricatus var. Curvulus (Miq.) De foliage. : The variety grows as a shrub or tree up to 8 meters high. Fully grown trees have hanging branches and show adjoining scale leaves arranged like roof tiles, which are 1.3 to 3 millimeters long and 0.8 to 1 millimeters wide. The leaves on the fruits are protruding, but curved at the tip and do not reach the end of the podocarpium. The distribution area is on Java and in the north of Sumatra. There it grows in exposed locations and on slopes at altitudes from 1350 meters, mostly between 2000 and 3000 meters and rarely up to 3400 meters.
- Dacrycarpus imbricatus var. Robustus de Laub. : The leaves of the main shoots are strong, 2 to 6 millimeters long and 0.6 to 1 millimeters wide and almost all protruding. The leaves on the fruits are also protruding. The distribution area is on Borneo, Maluku , the Philippines and New Guinea.
Eckenwalder differentiates between four varieties (as above and also Dacrycarpus imbricatus var. Patulus de Laub. ) Depending on the arrangement (adjacent or protruding) and the width (narrower or wider than 0.6 millimeters) of the leaves of adult trees. Adjacent leaves show the varieties imbricatus and curvulus , whose distribution areas can be found in the south, protruding patulus and robustus with distribution areas more to the north. As the distribution area for the imbricatus variety , he specifies Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands , and the southwest of Sulawesi . Specimens that Eckenwalder assigns to the variety patulus , Farjon counts to the variety imbricatus . He argues that trees with adjacent and protruding leaves occur in the entire distribution area and that both arrangements can occur together on one tree.
etymology
The generic name Dacrycarpus comes from the Greek, dakryon means "tear" and karpos stands for "fruit". The specific epithet imbricatus comes from Latin and means "roof tile", it refers to the overlapping leaves of the main shoots.
use
This widespread species is one of the most useful sources of wood in Southeast Asia. The wood is traded together with that of other genera such as Nageia and Podocarpus as "Podocarp" or in Indonesia as "Melur". Because of its long fibers, it is also ideal for making pulp , but higher quality wood is used for making furniture, such as tables, for carpentry and in Thailand, the Philippines and Fijis for wood carving. It is also used to make boat masts, as lightweight construction timber, to make tea boxes and is used in a large number of other applications. In tropical areas, the species is also used as an ornamental tree in gardens and parks.
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literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 1 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 978-90-04-17718-5 , pp. 317, 323-325 .
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 238-240 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 1, p. 323.
- ↑ James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , pp. 238-239.
- ↑ a b c d Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 1, p. 324.
- ↑ a b c d e f James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 239.
- ^ A b Dacrycarpus imbricatus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Dacrycarpus imbricatus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2014 Posted by: P. Thomas, 2011. Accessed October 18, 2014.
- ↑ Podocarpus imbricatus. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved October 18, 2014 .
- ↑ Dacrycarpus imbricatus. In: The International Plant Name Index. Retrieved October 18, 2014 .
- ↑ Dacrycarpus imbricatus. In: The Plant List. Retrieved October 18, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Dacrycarpus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 26, 2019.
- ↑ a b c Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 1, p. 325.
- ↑ James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 240.
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Volume 1, p. 317.
- ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 304 (reprint from 1996).
Web links
- Christopher J. Earle: Dacrycarpus imbricatus. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, March 26, 2013, accessed October 18, 2014 (English).
- Dacrycarpus imbricatus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 18, 2014.