Cherry myrtle

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Cherry myrtle
Eugenia sprengelii

Eugenia sprengelii

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Myrtle-like (Myrtales)
Family : Myrtle family (Myrtaceae)
Subfamily : Myrtoideae
Tribe : Myrteae
Genre : Cherry myrtle
Scientific name
Eugenia
L.

The cherry myrtle ( Eugenia ), rarely also called Eugenia , form a genus of plants in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). The approximately 1000 species occur mainly in the Neotropic , but also in Africa , in southern Asia and in Southeast Asia , in Australia , Madagascar , on the Mascarene Islands , in New Caledonia and on the Pacific islands . The fruits of some species are eaten as fruit .

description

Illustration of Eugenia uniflora .

Appearance and leaves

Cherry myrtle species are usually evergreen shrubs or trees that reach heights of 5 to 8 m. They contain essential oils . The bark of the cylindrical branches is initially hairy.

The opposite arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple, bare leaf blades have entire margins and pinnate, dotted with glands and aromatic scents. Stipules are absent.

Inflorescences, flowers and pollination

In more or less lateral, simple, zymous inflorescences a few flowers stand together, or the flowers stand individually in the leaf axils. The stalked flowers each stand over two durable bracts .

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry or rarely a little zygomorphic and four-fold with a double flower envelope . The flower cup (hypanthium) is short and inverted-conical. The four free sepals are durable, green, elliptical to circular and hairy to densely ciliate. The four free, white petals are flat, circular and glabrous except for their densely ciliate edges. There are many (50 to 150) stamens ; they develop centripetally and are erect or curved inward in the flower bud. The more or less the same stamens are free from each other and not fused with the petals. The dust bags of the same shape open with a longitudinal slit. Two or seldom three carpels are fused into a subordinate, two or seldom three- chamber ovary. In each ovary chamber there are 6 to 14 hanging to ascending, anatropic ovules in a central angled placentation . There is a discus. The stylus ends in a simple scar .

The pollination is done by insects ( Entomophilie ) or birds ( ornithophily ).

Fruits and seeds

The berries contain only one, or rarely two or more seeds. At the top of the berries are the durable sepals. The winged or wingless seeds usually contain a straight embryo with cotyledons solid ( cotyledon ) which are completely or partially fused.

Occurrence

The genus Eugenia is widespread in Neotropics , Africa (south of the Sahara ), Madagascar , Australia (only one species) and New Caledonia , southern Asia and Southeast Asia . Most species are native to the Neotropics. The center of biodiversity is the West Indies with 239 species, 218 of which are endemic . The biodiversity is often high on large islands, for example in Cuba (over 80 species), in New Caledonia with around 36 species, 35 of which are only found there, and in Madagascar with around 37 species, of which 35 are only found there. There are only about 60 species in Africa.

For example, Eugenia brasiliensis and Eugenia uniflora are invasive plants in some tropical to subtropical areas.

Many species are listed in the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species .

Systematics

The genus Eugenia was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 470. The botanical genus name Eugenia honors Francois Eugene, usually called Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736). Eugenia uniflora L. was specified as the lectotype species in 1920 by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Charles Frederick Millspaugh in Bahama Flora , p. 303. Synonyms for Eugenia L. are: Chloromyrtus Pierre , Emurtia Raf. , Episyzygium Suess. & A.Ludw. , Epleienda Raf. , Eplejenda Post & Kuntze , Greggia Sol. ex Gaertn. , Jossinia Comm. ex DC. , Monimiastrum J.Guého & AJScott , Myrcialeucus Rojas Acosta , Phyllocalyx O.Berg , Pilothecium (Kiaersk.) Kausel. , Pseudeugenia D.Legrand & Mattos , Pseudomyrcianthes Kausel , Psidiastrum Bello , Stenocalyx O.Berg .

A synonym of the clove , which also belongs to the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is Eugenia caryophyllata ; the valid scientific name for this plant species is Syzygium aromaticum . The delimitation of the genera Eugenia and Syzygium is clearly possible via the flower morphology. All Australian species that previously belonged to the genus Eugenia , with the exception of Eugenia reinwardtiana , have belonged to Hyland: A revision of Syzygium and allied genera (Myrtaceae) in Australia since BPM . In: Australian Journal of Botany , Supplementary Series 9, 1983, p. 47, Figure 13, 49 and LA Craven, E. Biffin & PS Ashton: Acmena, Acmenosperma, Cleistocalyx, Piliocalyx and Waterhousea formally transferred to Syzygium (Myrtaceae). In: Blumea , Volume 51, 2006, p. 135 all related to the genus Syzygium .

The genus Eugenia belongs to the tribe Myrteae in the subfamily of Myrtoideae within the family of Myrtaceae , formerly Eugeniaceae Bercht. & J. Presl.

species

The genus cherry myrtle ( Eugenia ) contains around 1000 species:

Habit, leaves and unripe fruits of Eugenia angustissima
Eugenia brasiliensis flowers are solitary in the axils of the opposite, single leaves
Branch with opposite leaves and flowers of Eugenia buxifolia
Eugenia calycina fruits in different stages of ripeness .
Habit, leaves and fruits of Eugenia candolleana
Fruits and leaves Eugenia dysenterica
Branch with opposite, single leaves and flowers of Eugenia flavescens .
Fruit of Eugenia involucrata , at the upper end are the durable sepals
Fruit of Eugenia klotzschiana
Habit, leaves and fruits of Eugenia punicifolia .
Branch with simple leaves and flowers of Eugenia reinwardtiana
Branch with fruit and leaves of Eugenia stipitata
Ripe fruit of the Surinam cherry Eugenia uniflora
Fruit of Eugenia woodburyana

use

Among the cherry myrtle there are types that produce fruits that are surprisingly similar to stone and pome fruit, both visually and partly in taste; this is a different “plant family” from completely different climatic zones.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Jie Chen, Lyn A. Craven: Myrtaceae : Eugenia. P. 331 - online with the same text as the printed work, In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 13 - Clusiaceae through Araliaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g H. R. Coleman: Entry in the Western Australian Flora . 2008.
  3. ↑ Pedro Acevedo-Rodriguez, Mark T. Strong: Floristic richness and affinities in the West Indies . ( Memento of the original from March 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.biomedsearch.com
  4. ↑ www.endemia.nc ( Memento of the original from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (fr.) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.endemia.nc
  5. ↑ Madagascar Catalog at www.efloras.org.
  6. ↑ Eugenia brasiliensis. and Eugenia uniflora. at: Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk = PIER.
  7. ^ Search for "Eugenia" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
  8. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  9. ↑ Eugenia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  10. ^ A b Eugenia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  11. ^ Rudolf Schmid: A Resolution of the Eugenia-Syzygium Controversy (Myrtaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 59, No. 4, 1972, pp. 423-436: Abstract on JSTOR 2441553
  12. ^ Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants = ASGAP. ( Memento of the original from October 13, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / asgap.org.au
  13. ↑ a b Entry in Australian Plant Name Index = APNI.
  14. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Eugenia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  15. ↑ Eugenia fernandopoana in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: M. Cheek, 2004. Accessed February 14, 2013.

Web links

Commons : Cherry Myrtle ( Eugenia )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files