German Social Party

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The German Social Party (DSP, also: German Social Antisemitic Party ) was an anti-Semitic party in the German Empire . It emerged in 1889 at the Bochum Congress under the direction of Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg and Theodor Fritsch from the German Anti-Semitic Association founded in Kassel in 1886 .

1889-1894

The party represented a racist anti-Semitism and demanded the repeal or at least severe restriction of the emancipation of Jews . She also advocated social reforms in favor of agriculture and the middle class on a socially conservative - monarchical basis. In 1890, the chairman of the DSP, Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg , moved into the Reichstag for the constituency of Fritzlar - Homberg - Ziegenhain ( Hessen-Nassau ) .

At the height of their importance, the anti-Semite parties received 3.4% of the vote and 16 seats in the Reichstag in 1893. In the Reichstag election of 1893 , the DSP won four seats (Liebermann von Sonnenberg, Paul Förster , Adolf König , Hans Leuss ) and formed a parliamentary group with the 11 members of the German Reform Party . The Hannoversche Post served as the party newspaper . In 1894 the two parties also officially merged to form the German Social Reform Party (DSRP), but without unifying their programs and organizational structures.

1900-1914

The time after the turn of the century was generally marked by the decline of parliamentary anti-Semitism, quarrels and disputes. "The non-anti-Semitic parties beat and ousted the anti-Semites and won back the voters," noted Thomas Nipperdey . “This fact shouldn't be suppressed or downplayed as usual. Anti-Semitism had become parliamentary, which is why its defeat in this field is important enough, a real defeat. "

At the Magdeburg party congress in October 1900, the DSRP split after Liebermann von Sonnenberg was unable to assert his claim to leadership in the party. The now once again independent DSP leaned closely on the German Conservative Party , the Federation of Farmers and the German National Trade Aid Association . There were also close personal ties with the latter two organizations, in particular through Ludwig zu Reventlow and Wilhelm Schack . In the Reichstag elections of 1903 , the DSP won two seats and formed the “ Economic Association ” in the Reichstag together with the members of the Agricultural Federation, the Christian Social Party and the Bavarian Farmers' Union in order to secure parliamentary group status. Agricultural protectionism and demands for an aggressive imperialist foreign policy came ever more to the fore in the party and parliamentary group than anti-Semitism. With this strategy, the decline in electoral favor could be temporarily halted, so that in 1907 the party could again appoint eight members of the Reichstag. After Liebermann's death in 1911 and the defeat in 1912 (“Jewish elections”) , the anti-Semitism of the DSP became radicalized again. In March 1914, the German Socials reunited with the “Reformers” and formed the German Volkische Party .

Electorate and strongholds

The DSP had almost three quarters of its electorate in rural areas, where it was supported primarily by farmers, artisans, small traders, employees and civil servants. The focus of the party activity was on northern and western Germany and parts of Hesse. As a rule, however, the DSP was only able to win a constituency with the support of the Conservatives and the Federation of Farmers. Party organs were the Deutsche Blatt (Hamburg) and the German Social Papers (Leipzig, later Hamburg). DSP candidates were able to win the following constituencies in the Reichstag elections in the German Empire:

literature

  • Werner Bergmann : Völkischer Antisemitismus in the Kaiserreich. In: Uwe Puschner, Walter Schmitz, Justus H. Ulbricht (eds.): Handbook on the Völkische Movement 1871-1918. Munich et al. 1996, pp. 449-463.
  • Martin Broszat: The anti-Semitic movement in Wilhelmine Germany. Cologne 1952.
  • Kurt Düwell : On the emergence of the German anti-Semite parties in Germany and Austria. Christian - social - national - German - socialist. In: Günther B. Ginzel (Ed.): Antisemitism manifestations of hostility towards Jews yesterday and today. Cologne 1991, pp. 170-180.
  • Dieter Fricke: Anti-Semitic Parties 1879–1894. In: Dieter Fricke (Hrsg.): The bourgeois parties in Germany Handbook of the history of the bourgeois parties and other bourgeois interest organizations from Vormärz to 1945. Volume 1, Leipzig 1968, pp. 36-40.
  • Dieter Fricke: German People's Party (DvP) 1914–1918. In: Dieter Fricke (Hrsg.): The bourgeois parties in Germany Handbook of the history of the bourgeois parties and other bourgeois interest organizations from Vormärz to 1945. Volume 1, Leipzig 1968, pp. 771–773.
  • Dieter Fricke: German Social Reform Party (DSRP) 1894-1900. In: Dieter Fricke (Ed.): The bourgeois parties in Germany Handbook of the history of the bourgeois parties and other bourgeois interest organizations from the Vormärz to the year 1945. Volume 1, Leipzig 1968, pp. 759–762.
  • Dieter Fricke: German Social Party 1900–1914. In: Fricke, Dieter (Ed.): The. bourgeois parties in Germany Handbook of the history of bourgeois parties and other bourgeois interest organizations from Vormärz to 1945. Volume 1, Leipzig 1968, pp. 754–756.
  • Dieter Fricke: German Reform Party 1900-1914. In: Dieter Fricke (Hrsg.): The bourgeois parties in Germany Handbook of the history of the bourgeois parties and other bourgeois interest organizations from Vormärz to 1945. Volume 1, Leipzig 1968, pp. 429–431.
  • Hans-Christian Gerlach: Agitation and parliamentary effectiveness of the German anti-Semite parties 1873–1895. Kiel 1956.
  • Thomas Gräfe: German Social Party. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Volume 5: Organizations, Institutions, Movements. Berlin 2012, pp. 201–203.
  • Principles and demands of the anti-Semitic German social party 1889. In: Wilhelm Mommsen (Hrsg.): Deutsche Parteiprogramme. Munich 1960, pp. 73-78.
  • Daniela Kasischke: The anti-Semitic movement in Hamburg during the German Empire 1873-1918. In: Arno Herzig (ed.): The Jews in Hamburg 1590–1990. Hamburg 1991, pp. 475-485.
  • Daniela Kasischke-Wurm: Anti-Semitism in the mirror of the Hamburg press during the German Empire (1884–1914). Hamburg 1997.
  • Thomas Klein: Prussian-German conservatism and the emergence of political anti-Semitism in Hessen-Kassel (1866-1893). A contribution to the Hessian party history. Marburg 1995.
  • Erwin Knauß: The political anti-Semitism in the Kaiserreich (1871-1900) with special consideration of the Central Hessian area. In: Communications of the Upper Hessian History Association. 53./54. Vol., 1969, pp. 43-68.
  • Gerald Kolditz: On the development of anti-Semitism in Dresden during the German Empire. In: Dresdner Hefte. Volume 45, 1996, pp. 37-45.
  • Richard S. Levy : The downfall of the antisemitic parties in Imperial Germany. New Haven / London 1974.
  • Matthias Piefel: Anti-Semitism and the Volkish Movement in the Kingdom of Saxony 1879–1914. Göttingen 2004.
  • Hansjörg Pötzsch: Anti-Semitism in the region Anti-Semitic manifestations in Saxony, Hessen, Hessen-Nassau and Braunschweig 1870-1914. Wiesbaden 2000.
  • Carl-Wilhelm Reibel: Handbook of the Reichstag elections 1890-1918. Alliances, results, candidates (= handbooks on the history of parliamentarism and political parties. Volume 15). Droste, Düsseldorf 2007, ISBN 978-3-7700-5284-4 .
  • James Retallack: Conservatives and Antisemites in Baden and Saxony. In: German History. 17th vol., 1999, pp. 507-526.
  • Kurt-Gerhard Riquarts: Anti-Semitism as a political party in Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg 1871-1914. Kiel 1975.
  • Stefan Scheil: Activities of anti-Semitic parties in the Grand Duchy of Baden between 1890 and 1914. In: ZGO . 141, 1993, pp. 304-335.
  • Stefan Scheil: The development of political anti-Semitism in Germany between 1881 and 1912. An investigation into the history of elections. (= Contributions to political science. Volume 107). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-428-09483-2 .
  • Inge Schlotzhauer: Ideology and organization of political anti-Semitism in Frankfurt am Main 1880-1914. (= Studies on Frankfurt History. Volume 28). Frankfurt am Main 1989.
  • Helmut Walser Smith: Everyday Life and Political Anti-Semitism in Baden 1890–1900. In: ZGO. 141, 1993, pp. 280-303.
  • Peter Straßheim: The Reichstag elections in the 1st Electoral Hesse Reichstag constituency Rinteln – Hofgeismar – Wolfhagen from 1866 to 1914. An election analysis. Frankfurt am Main 2001.
  • Kurt Wawrzinek: The emergence of the German anti-Semite parties (1873-1890). Berlin 1927.
  • Thomas Weidemann: Political anti-Semitism in the German Empire Max Liebermann von Sonnenberg, member of the Reichstag, and the constituency of Fritzlar – Homberg – Ziegenhain in North Hesse. In: Hartwig Bambey (ed.): Neighbors expelled from their homes. Contributions to the history of the Jews in the Ziegenhain district. Schwalmstadt 1993, pp. 113-184.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thomas Nipperdey: German History 1866-1918. Volume II: Power State Before Democracy. Munich 1992, p. 298.
  2. ↑ Thomas Nipperdey: German History 1866-1918. Volume II: Power State Before Democracy. Munich 1992, 299.