District of Giessen
coat of arms | Germany map |
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Coordinates: 50 ° 34 ' N , 8 ° 43' E |
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Basic data | |
Existing period: | 1832– |
State : | Hesse |
Administrative region : | to water |
Administrative headquarters : | to water |
Area : | 854.67 km 2 |
Residents: | 270,688 (Dec. 31, 2019) |
Population density : | 317 inhabitants per km 2 |
License plate : | GI |
Circle key : | 06 5 31 |
NUTS : | DE721 |
Circle structure: | 18 parishes |
Address of the district administration: |
Riversplatz 1–9 35394 Giessen |
Website : | |
District Administrator : | Anita Schneider ( SPD ) |
Location of the district of Giessen in Hesse | |
The district of Gießen is located in the central Hessian administrative district of Gießen .
geography
location
The district of Giessen extends in its main towns from the Giessen basin to the northern Wetterau in the south. In contrast, the Vordere Vogelsberg occupies the largest share in terms of area in the eastern half, while parts of the Vogelsberg lie in the far east . To the northwest of the Giessen basin, parts of the Gladenbacher Bergland in the form of the Krofdorf-Königsberger Forest with the Dünsberg, which can be seen from afar, extend into the district area. To the southwest, parts of the district extend into the eastern Hintertaunus .
The Lahn enters the district in the north near Odenhausen , then flows south through the city of Gießen. Here she turns to the west, only to leave the district just a few kilometers to the west.
Neighboring areas
The district borders in a clockwise direction in the north, starting with the districts of Marburg-Biedenkopf , Vogelsbergkreis , Wetteraukreis and Lahn-Dill-Kreis .
history
Before 1800, today's district was divided into numerous domains, of which the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt and various Solms counties had the largest share. Smaller parts belonged to the Duchy of Nassau . With mediatization in 1806, the Solms areas came to the newly founded Grand Duchy of Hesse , and the Nassau areas to the Prussian district of Wetzlar in 1815 through the Congress of Vienna . In 1821 the district of Gießen was established within the province of Upper Hesse .
By ordinance of August 20, 1832, the district of Gießen was formed from a part of the district administrative district , initially consisting of the city of Gießen and the places Allendorf an der Lahn , Bieber , Fellingshausen , Frankenbach , Großen-Linden , Hermannstein , Heuchelheim , Kleinlinden , Königsberg , Krumbach , Naunheim , Rodheim an der Bieber , Waldgirmes and Wieseck existed. On July 1, 1837, 25 parishes moved from the Grünberg district to the Gießen district.
With the law on the reorganization of the administration of July 31, 1848, all districts and districts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse were abolished and replaced by a total of ten (eleven from 1850) government districts. The administrative districts were abolished again in 1852; At the same time, a district of Gießen was formed again, now consisting of the city of Gießen, the district court districts of Gießen and Lich and the places Grüningen , Dorf-Güll and Holzheim from the district court district of Hungen .
After the German War , in the peace treaty of September 3, 1866 between Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Hesse, it was agreed that the communities of Bieber, Fellingshausen, Frankenbach, Hermannstein, Königsberg, Krumbach, Naunheim, Rodheim an der Bieber and Waldgirmes of the Gießen district would fall to Prussia. In return, the municipality of Treis an der Lumda moved from the former Hessian and now Prussian district of Marburg to the district of Gießen.
On July 1, 1874, the district of Gießen was enlarged by large parts of the two dissolved districts of Grünberg and Nidda .
When the Schotten district was dissolved on November 1, 1938, the communities of Freienseen , Gonterskirchen , Klein-Eichen , Lardenbach , Laubach , Ruppertsburg and Wetterfeld were added to the Gießen district. At the same time, the city of Gießen left the district and became a district-free . On April 1, 1939, the communities of Kleinlinden and Wieseck left the Gießen district and were incorporated into the city of Gießen.
As part of the Hessian regional reform , numerous communities in the district of Gießen were merged from 1970 onwards. In addition, the outer borders of the district were changed several times:
- On April 1, 1967, the Kinzenbach community was incorporated into Heuchelheim from what was then the Wetzlar district .
- On October 1, 1971, the communities of Allendorf an der Lahn and Rödgen were incorporated into the independent city of Gießen.
- On December 31, 1971, the community was top-Hörgern after coin mountain in the former district Friedberg incorporated. On the same day, the communities of Altenhain and Lehnheim were incorporated from what was then the Alsfeld district to Laubach and Grünberg in the Gießen district. In addition, Odenhausen and salt soils from the then Wetzlar district were incorporated into Lollar in the Gießen district.
- On July 1, 1974, the Braunstein community moved from the dissolved Marburg district to the Gießen district.
With effect from January 1st, 1977 the district of Gießen was dissolved:
- Most of the district was combined with the Dillkreis (seat in Dillenburg ) and a large part of the Wetzlar district to form the new Lahn-Dill district with its seat in the independent city of Lahn .
- The municipality of Heuchelheim became part of the new city of Lahn together with the independent city of Gießen, the city of Wetzlar and other municipalities of the dissolved Wetzlar district.
Due to violent protests from the population, the regional reform in 1979 was partially reversed. With effect from August 1, 1979, the city of Lahn was dissolved again and the Lahn-Dill area was reorganized. A new, larger district of Gießen was formed, consisting of the entire old district of Gießen, the city of Gießen and a number of places that had belonged to the district of Wetzlar until 1977. These were
- Lützellinden , since 1977 part of the city of Lahn, now part of the city of Gießen
- the community of Biebertal , which was newly formed in 1970 in the Wetzlar district and had belonged to the Lahn-Dill district since 1977
- the new community of Wettenberg formed from parts of the city of Lahn ( Krofdorf-Gleiberg , Wißmar and Launsbach )
- the communities Cleeberg , Dornholzhausen , Espa and Kleenheim , which were incorporated into Langgöns in 1977 .
The Lahn-Dill district was reduced in size and the city of Wetzlar, which was also re-established, became its district town. Since then, the district of Gießen has comprised a total of 18 cities and municipalities. The now district city of Gießen received the rank of a special status city .
In 2009, the district office moved from downtown Giessen (east facility 33-45) to the outskirts. Rented buildings of the former forest barracks and later river barracks of the US Army in the so-called automobile mile on Licher Straße now serve to accommodate the majority of the district administration.
Population development
year | Residents | source |
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1852 | 45,369 | |
1900 | 81,916 | |
1910 | 94.026 | |
1925 | 99,408 | |
1933 | 69,708 | |
1939 | 69.114 | |
1950 | 104,832 | |
1960 | 101,200 | |
1969 | 116,000 | |
1980 | 231,511 | |
1990 | 240.136 | |
2000 | 253,587 | |
2010 | 255,546 | |
2015 | 260.406 | |
2019 | 269.167 |
politics
District council
The local elections on March 6, 2016 produced the following results, compared to previous local elections:
Diagram showing the election results and the distribution of seats | |
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Election of the Giessen District Assembly in 2016
% 30th 20th 10
0
28.5
24.2
14.4
10.8
10.7
5.1
4.6
1.7
n. k.
Gains and losses
|
|
Nominations | % 2016 |
Seats 2016 |
% 2011 |
Seats 2011 |
% 2006 |
Seats 2006 |
% 2001 |
Seats 2001 |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPD | Social Democratic Party of Germany | 28.5 | 23 | 33.5 | 27 | 35.6 | 29 | 38.5 | 31 |
CDU | Christian Democratic Union of Germany | 24.4 | 19th | 29.2 | 24 | 34.6 | 28 | 35.2 | 28 |
AfD | Alternative for Germany | 14.4 | 12 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
GREEN | Alliance 90 / The Greens | 10.8 | 9 | 16.7 | 13 | 9.0 | 7th | 8.5 | 7th |
FW | Free voters Hessen | 10.7 | 9 | 11.1 | 9 | 11.7 | 10 | 9.7 | 8th |
FDP | Free Democratic Party | 5.1 | 4th | 3.5 | 3 | 5.3 | 4th | 4.9 | 4th |
THE LEFT. | THE LEFT. | 4.6 | 4th | 2.5 | 2 | 3.8 | 3 | - | - |
PIRATES | Pirate Party Germany | 1.7 | 1 | 2.0 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
Left alliance | Left alliance pouring | - | - | 0.9 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
REP | The Republicans | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.2 | 3 |
total | 100.0 | 81 | 100.0 | 81 | 100.0 | 81 | 100.0 | 81 | |
Voter turnout in% | 49.9 | 48.0 | 44.8 | 44.8 |
A majority coalition consisting of the SPD, the Greens and the FW has ruled since the district elections in 2011, replacing the bourgeois coalition that had previously ruled.
District council chairman is Karl-Heinz Funck (SPD)
District administrators
Anita Schneider (SPD) is the district administrator of the Gießen district . Her predecessor, Willi Marx (SPD), had held the office since 1997. The full-time first councilor has been Christiane Schmahl (Greens) since June 2015. The full-time district councilor has been Hans-Peter Stock (Free Voters) since January 2017.
In the direct election on June 7, 2009, Siegfried Fricke (CDU), then a full-time district member, ran as a district administrator candidate against Anita Schneider (SPD), who won the election in the first ballot: 44,002 of the 80,232 valid votes were cast off 44,002 (54.8 %) on Schneider and 36,230 (45.2%) on Fricke. The turnout was just under 42 percent. Anita Schneider took up office on January 21, 2010.
In the direct election on June 14, 2015, the district administrator was confirmed in office with 62.1% in the first ballot.
Since it was founded in 1821 (from 1977 to 1979 as the large Lahn-Dill district), the following people have been district administrators, district councilors or district directors:
- Justus Joseph Ludwig von Zangen (1821–1826)
- Christian Knorr (1826-1827)
- Ludwig Ouvrier (1827-1832)
- Carl Knorr (1832–1842)
- Christian Prinz (1842–1848)
- Friedrich Küchler (1848–1866)
- Theodor Goldmann (1866-1870)
- Julius Rinck von Starck (1870–1871)
- Ludwig Roeder von Diersburg (1871–1877)
- Carl Ernst Böckmann (1877–1888)
- Maximilian von Gagern (1888-1889)
- Hermann von Bechtold (1898–1902)
- Andreas Breidert (1902–1910)
- Karl Usinger (1910-1922)
- Ludwig Matthias (1922–1924)
- Heinrich Graef (1924–1934)
- Alfred Klostermann (1934–1935)
- Hugo Ernst Karl Lotz (1936–1944)
- Wilhelm Reeb (1944–1945)
- Theodor Weber (1945)
- Joseph Wagenbach (CDU) June 1, 1945 - June 30, 1946
- Karl Benner (SPD) July 2, 1946 - June 30, 1948
- Johannes Nowara alias "Neumann" (CDU) - with a fake identity June 16, 1948 - August 27, 1948
- Alfred Dingeldey (CDU) August 27, 1948 - January 15, 1949
- Hans Bone von Schwerin (CDU) April 7, 1949 - April 6, 1961
- Georg Maraun (SPD) April 7, 1961 - May 4, 1967
- Ernst Türk (SPD) May 5, 1967 - June 16, 1977
- Karl Rehrmann (CDU) June 17, 1977 - July 31, 1979
- Ernst Klingelhöfer (FWG) August 1, 1979 - January 20, 1986
- Rüdiger Veit (SPD) January 21, 1986 - January 20, 1998
- Willi Marx (SPD) January 21, 1998 - January 20, 2010
- Anita Schneider (SPD) since January 21, 2010
Coat of arms, flag and banner
Blazon : "Shield divided, above a red triangle bar in silver, below a silver Antonite cross in blue."
In May 1952 the Landkreis Gießen was approved by the Hessian Minister of the Interior to use a coat of arms and a flag with a coat of arms. The approval was repeated in January 1980, with reference to the coat of arms and flag, which were carried by the former district of Giessen until January 1, 1977. |
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Justification of the coat of arms: The triangle stands for the half-timbered houses typical of the Gießen district. However, it also symbolizes the interplay between the district and emerging communities on the basis of local self-government. In Grünberg there was an Antonite monastery , with the income from which the University of Giessen, founded in 1607, was endowed. Therefore, the district of Gießen has the Antonius Cross in its coat of arms. |
Flag description : "The coat of arms of the district of Giessen on the white central panel of the red-white-red flag cloth."
The district of Gießen has had a logo since 2013. The strengths of the region should be graphically represented here. The high recreational value is underlined with buildings from the Middle Ages and the wooded Hessian low mountain range with its rivers. Furthermore, the graphic elements are supplemented by the words Hessens Mitte - knowledge, economy and culture .
Sponsorship
In 1962 the sponsorship for the expelled Sudeten Germans from the district of Bärn was taken over.
Economy and Transport
In the Future Atlas 2016 , the district of Gießen was ranked 172nd out of 402 districts, municipal associations and independent cities in Germany, making it one of the regions with a “balanced risk-opportunity mix” for the future. In the 2019 edition, it improved to 110th place out of 401.
traffic
The federal motorways 5 ( Frankfurt - Kassel ), 480 ( Reiskirchener Dreieck - Wetzlar; not yet passable) and the 485 (Gießen - Langgöns ) run through the district . The A 45 Hanau –Gießen– Dortmund crosses the district in the south-west. Several federal and district roads open up the district area, including the B 3 (Gießen- Marburg ), the B 49 , B 429 and the B 457 .
The district of Gießen is connected by rail to the main axis of the Main-Weser Railway from Frankfurt to Kassel, which crosses the district in a north-south direction . The IC stops in Giessen every two hours . A total of four other routes branching off the district area branch off here. The Vogelsbergbahn runs eastwards from Gießen via Buseck , Reiskirchen , Grünberg to Fulda . The Lahn-Kinzig-Bahn branches off from Giessen to the southeast via Pohlheim , Lich and Hungen to Gelnhausen . Regional express trains run to the northwest via Wetzlar , Herborn , Dillenburg in the direction of Siegen . On the same route to Wetzlar, other regional trains run through the lower Lahn valley via Weilburg , Limburg an der Lahn to Koblenz . The transport services are provided by various transport companies that operate on behalf of the Rhein-Main transport association .
Current freight tariff points for the railways are: Buseck (wood and gas); Giessen / Europaviertel (mineral oil products); Gießen / Gbf. / And private siding (trunk wood) as well as Staufenberg-Mainzlar on the Lumdatalbahn (bulk goods). The private connection in Lollar station via platform 13 will be maintained, but not served.
Communities
Residents on December 31, 2019
Cities
- Allendorf (Lumda) (4067)
- Giessen , university town , town with special status and district town (89,802)
- Grunberg (13,612)
- Hungen (12,596)
- Laubach (9598)
- Lich (13,795)
- Linden [seat: loan yesterday] (13.091)
- Lollar (10,309)
- Pohlheim [seat: Watzenborn-Steinberg] (18,138)
- Staufenberg (8471)
Other communities
- Biebertal [seat: Rodheim-Bieber] (10.048)
- Buseck [seat: Großen-Buseck] (12.879)
- Fernwald [seat: Steinbach] (6911)
- Heuchelheim ad Lahn (7819)
- Langgöns [registered office: Lang-Göns] (11,690)
- Rabenau [seat: Londorf] (5036)
- Reiskirchen (10,248)
- Wettenberg [seat: Krofdorf-Gleiberg ] (12,578)
Former parishes
The following list contains all former municipalities in the district of Gießen since 1867 and the dates of their incorporations:
local community | incorporated after |
Date of incorporation |
---|---|---|
Albach | Fernwald | December 31, 1971 |
Allendorf on the Lahn | to water | 1st October 1971 |
Allertshausen | Rabenau | December 31, 1971 |
Alten-Buseck | Buseck | January 1, 1977 |
Annerod | Fernwald | December 31, 1971 |
Arnsburg | Lich | January 1, 1977 |
Bellersheim | Hunger | January 1, 1977 |
Beltershain | Grünberg | December 31, 1970 |
Bersrod | Reiskirchen | January 1, 1977 |
Bettenhausen | Lich | December 31, 1971 |
Beuern | Buseck | January 1, 1977 |
Birklar | Lich | December 31, 1970 |
Brownstone 1 | Allendorf (Lumda) | January 1, 1977 |
Burkhardsfelden | Reiskirchen | April 1, 1972 |
Climbach | Allendorf (Lumda) | December 31, 1971 |
Bring it up | Staufenberg | July 1, 1974 |
Village manure | Pohlheim | December 31, 1970 |
Eberstadt | Lich | 1st February 1971 |
Ettingshausen | Reiskirchen | January 1, 1977 |
Open lakes | Laubach | April 1, 1972 |
Sheaf pond | Pohlheim | December 31, 1970 |
Geilshausen | Rabenau | December 31, 1971 |
Goebelnrod | Grünberg | December 31, 1970 |
Gonterskirchen | Laubach | December 31, 1970 |
Grossen-Buseck | Buseck | January 1, 1977 |
Great Linden | Linden trees | January 1, 1977 |
Grüningen | Pohlheim | December 31, 1970 |
Harbach | Grünberg | 1st February 1971 |
Hattenrod | Reiskirchen | December 31, 1970 |
Hausen | Pohlheim | December 31, 1970 |
Holzheim | Pohlheim | December 31, 1970 |
Pagans | Hunger | January 1, 1977 |
Kesselbach | Rabenau | 1st October 1970 |
Small oaks | Grünberg | December 31, 1970 |
Kleinlinden | to water | April 1, 1939 |
Langd | Hunger | December 31, 1970 |
Langsdorf | Lich | January 1, 1977 |
Lardenbach | Grünberg | 1st February 1971 |
volume up | Laubach | December 31, 1970 |
Loan yesterday | Linden trees | January 1, 1977 |
Lindenstruth | Reiskirchen | January 1, 1977 |
Londorf | Rabenau | 1st October 1970 |
Lumda | Grünberg | December 31, 1970 |
Mainzlar | Staufenberg | July 1, 1974 |
Muenster | Laubach | December 31, 1970 |
Muschenheim | Lich | December 31, 1970 |
Nieder-Bessingen | Lich | December 31, 1970 |
Nonnenroth | Hunger | December 31, 1971 |
Obbornhofen | Hunger | January 1, 1977 |
Ober-Bessingen | Lich | December 31, 1970 |
Upper listeners | Munzenberg | December 31, 1971 |
Odenhausen | Rabenau | December 31, 1971 |
Oppenrod | Grossen-Buseck | 1st October 1971 |
Queckborn | Grünberg | December 31, 1970 |
Rabertshausen | Hunger | December 31, 1970 |
Reinhardshain | Grünberg | April 1, 1972 |
Rödgen | to water | 1st October 1971 |
Rodheim ad Horloff | Hunger | December 31, 1971 |
Röthges | Laubach | December 31, 1970 |
Ruddingshausen | Rabenau | December 31, 1971 |
Ruppertsburg | Laubach | December 31, 1970 |
Ruttershausen | Lollar | December 31, 1971 |
Saasen | Reiskirchen | December 31, 1970 |
Rod rod | Grünberg | December 31, 1970 |
Steinbach | Fernwald | December 31, 1971 |
Steinheim | Hunger | December 31, 1970 |
Stockhausen | Grünberg | December 31, 1970 |
Trais-Horloff | Hunger | December 31, 1970 |
Treis on the Lumda | Staufenberg | July 1, 1974 |
Trohe | Grossen-Buseck | 1st October 1971 |
Utphe | Hunger | December 31, 1970 |
Villingen | Hunger | January 1, 1977 |
Watzenborn-Steinberg | Pohlheim | December 31, 1970 |
Weickartshain | Grünberg | December 31, 1970 |
Weitershain | Grünberg | December 31, 1970 |
Weather field | Laubach | December 31, 1970 |
Wieseck | to water | April 1, 1939 |
Winnerod | Reiskirchen | December 31, 1970 |
License Plate
On January 15, 1980, the district was assigned the GI , which had been valid since July 1, 1956 for the former district of Gießen . While the current district area belonged to what was then the Lahn-Dill district, the license plate L was used (cf. Lahn (city) # vehicle license plate since 1990 ).
Web links
- Official website of the district of Giessen
- District of Giessen. Historical local dictionary. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
- Link catalog on the Gießen district at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )
- Holdings of the district archive Gießen in the archive portal-D
References and comments
- ↑ Hessian State Statistical Office: Population status on December 31, 2019 (districts and urban districts as well as municipalities, population figures based on the 2011 census) ( help ).
- ↑ Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1832: Formation of the district of Gießen
- ↑ Ulrich Reuling : Administrative division 1821-1955. (PDF) In: Historical Atlas of Hesse. Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS), p. 173 , accessed on March 19, 2016 .
- ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
- ^ Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette . No. 28 . Darmstadt June 12, 1874, p. 247 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Gießen district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ Law on the restructuring of the Dill district, the districts of Gießen and Wetzlar and the city of Gießen (GVBl. II 330–28) of May 13, 1974 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1974 No. 17 , p. 237 ff ., § 29 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).
- ↑ a b c Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 .
- ↑ District address now officially "Riversplatz 1–9". In: Gießener Allgemeine Zeitung. July 21, 2009.
- ↑ Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse according to history, country, people, state and locality . Darmstadt 1854, p. 375 ( digitized version [accessed June 6, 2015]).
- ↑ Hessian State Statistical Office
- ↑ Population in the administrative districts on September 30, 2010 and population processes in the 3rd quarter of 2010. Hessian State Statistical Office, archived from the original on May 10, 2011 ; accessed on May 31, 2019 .
- ↑ Population in the administrative districts on June 30, 2015 and change in population in the 2nd quarter of 2015. Hessian State Statistical Office, archived from the original on March 24, 2016 ; accessed on May 31, 2019 .
- ↑ Hessian State Statistical Office https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/Statistischer_Bericht_Bevoelkerung_Bevoelkerungsvorgaenge_Gemeinden_30062019_17102019.xlsx
- ^ Hessian State Statistical Office: Results of the district elections of 2016 and 2011
- ^ Hessian State Statistical Office: Results of the district elections of 2011 and 2006
- ^ Hessian State Statistical Office: Results of the district elections of 2006 and 2001
- ^ Hessian State Statistical Office: Results of the district elections of 2001 and 1997
- ↑ WE kiss the authorities awake! won no seat in 2011, but won 0.6% of the vote.
- ↑ The fact remains: Anita Schneider becomes district administrator . In: Gießener Allgemeine. June 12, 2009.
- ^ District elections in the district of Giessen. Hessian State Statistical Office , accessed in April 2019 .
- ↑ Landkreis Gießen: Landräte 1821–1945 ( Memento from February 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 5 MB) and ancestral gallery of the Landräte from 1945 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ), accessed on December 19, 2011
- ↑ Authorization to carry a coat of arms and a flag to the district of Gießen, administrative district of Darmstadt from May 8, 1952 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): State Gazette for the State of Hesse. 1952 No. 21 , p. 376 , item 517 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 5.2 MB ]).
- ^ Approval of a coat of arms and a flag for the district of Giessen from January 14, 1980 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): State Gazette for the State of Hesse. 1980 No. 5 , p. 212 , point 135 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 7.2 MB ]).
- ↑ Zukunftsatlas 2016. Archived from the original ; accessed on March 23, 2018 .
- ↑ PROGNOS future atlas. Handelsblatt, accessed on December 10, 2019 .
- ↑ Hessian State Statistical Office: Population status on December 31, 2019 (districts and urban districts as well as municipalities, population figures based on the 2011 census) ( help ).
- ^ Gießen district. Historical local dictionary. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
- ↑ Municipal directory 1900: Gießen district