Dornburg castles
The ensemble of the three Dornburg castles lies on the edge of a limestone rock plateau above the Saale in Dornburg-Camburg , north of Jena in the state of Thuringia . Since December 12, 2008, all three castles have been owned by the Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation .
General story
According to archaeological finds, Dornburg's corridor has been continuously inhabited since the early Stone Age. The best-known finds are the barrow at the quarry and the bronze sickle find on the wet hill. But also numerous finds from the Iron Age and the Migration Period up to the Slavic settlement suggest an intensive use.
Based on a number of indications it is very likely that Dornburg originates from a Franconian foundation. Although the name itself is not mentioned in writing in the 9th century, extensive imperial property is in the immediate vicinity during this time. The reason for the lack of archaeological evidence is that it was previously suspected that a fortified system could be found in the foundations of the old castle , which has only been refuted in recent years. Rather, the finds made by Gotthard Neumann in the western run-up to the current location are likely to be the subject of future investigations. A current study by Pierre Fütterer on the old road situation around Dornburg also brought new evidence.
When the Liudolfinger came to power , Dornburg came into the light of tradition as a civitas (Palatinate, fortified settlement) and was first mentioned in 937. With the end of the last Ottonen , Heinrich II , the Palatinate Dornburg lost its importance from 1025. In 1083 we finally encounter the name Dornburg again with the controversial loan to Wiprecht von Groitzsch . Wiprecht received it as a fief from King Henry IV for his services . From 1156 to 1233, Count Baderich von Jabilinze and several of his descendants were referred to as Counts of Dornburg, along with Mühlingen. The lords of Lobdeburg appear in a falsified document between 1221 and 1261 as court lords in Dornburg. After 1240 the Counts of Arnstein were in possession of the rulership, and in 1273 Günther von Lindow-Ruppin belonged to this family. In 1282 at the latest, the taverns of Vargula were enfeoffed by the emperor with Dornburg, although they had already owned property in the vicinity of the castle.
Until the Count War of 1344/45 the donors were able to hold this fiefdom, then sold it to the Counts of Schwarzburg and Orlamünde, who had to cede it to the Wettins a short time later in order to take it from them as a fiefdom. In 1358 the Wettin family took Dornburg into their own administration and appointed a bailiff. After multiple, provisional divisions of the Wettins it came in 1485 to the final separation into Albertiner and Ernestiner ( Leipzig division ). The city and office of Dornburg came to the Albertines. Due to the Wittenberg surrender in 1547 there was an exchange of territory, with Dornburg falling to the Ernestines. In 1603 Dornburg came into the possession of the Duke of Saxony-Altenburg through inheritance . From 1672 Dornburg belonged to the Duchy of Saxony-Jena and from 1691 to 1920 to the Duchy (later Grand Duchy ) of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach . After the overthrow of the monarchies in the German Empire , the former Grand Duchy briefly formed the People's State of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach, before it became part of the Free State of Thuringia in 1920. In the GDR , Dornburg was administratively part of the Gera district from 1952 to 1990 . In the last days of the GDR the introduction of federal states was decided, and Dornburg came to the state of Thuringia on October 3, 1990.
Carolingian castle
The extensive Burgwart system under the Carolingians to secure the counties also included the Saale area. More precise news is not available from this time. But there are a number of indications, such as the possible transfer of the name of Dornburg from a castle of the same name in the Scheldt area mentioned in the 9th century, or the accumulation of Carolingian royal estates in the immediate vicinity of Dornburg.
Königspfalz
In 937 Dornburg was first mentioned in connection with the nearby Kirchberg . The Liudolfingers expanded the existing castle under King Otto I as a palatinate, to whom they paid a number of visits in the following decades. The previous assumption that today's “old castle” is in the same place as the Palatinate at that time can be almost ruled out according to recent studies. Otto I visited Dornburg in 952 and 958 and as Roman-German Emperor in 965 on the occasion of a Reichstag . Further diets were held in Dornburg in 980 under Emperor Otto II and in 1004 under King Heinrich II . After the Ottonians became extinct, the royal palace disappears from the direct point of view of the new kings. As a result, there are no further documents about stays and other events about the castle and the castle district, although this was certainly still in imperial possession. Whether this Palatinate stood in the same place as its Carolingian predecessor cannot be proven. Possible locations in this Palatinate were recently discussed in a master's thesis by P. Fütterer. The location of the current old castle has become very unlikely, at least from an archaeological point of view. Also with regard to the function of a Palatinate as a crossroads of trade routes and roadblocks, the mountain spur via Naschhausen is to be rejected.
Reichs-Ministerial-Burg Dornburg
As a gift from King Heinrich IV , Dornburg came to the Count von Wiprecht von Groitzsch in 1083 , although it is no longer clear whether it was the former Palatinate or whether it was not generally the district of Dornburg without thinking about a concrete attachment. The foundations of the old castle , which according to the latest studies date back to the first half of the 12th century, cannot be classified as a locality . Unnamed ministerials seem to have administered the Dornburg district from a specially built Dornburg Castle on the area of the Old Palace . This is indicated by the appearance of Reich ministerials, such as the Lords of Lobdeburg , who were presumably enfeoffed with rule in the course of the 12th century. This conclusion at least allows the 1261 in an essentially genuine document in which the Lords of Lobdeburg appear as court lords in Dornburg. As in Tautenburg, the Lords of Lobdeburg were followed by the taverns of Vargula, which were named after Dornburg for the first time in 1282 and received this as an imperial fief. This period lasted until 1343/44, which ended with the transfer of ownership to the Counts of Orlamünde and von Schwarzburg . The town of Dornburg in front of the castle was first mentioned in 1343. After the Wettins imposed their feudal rule on the new owners in the same year (Count War), the Wettins placed Dornburg under their direct administration in 1358. During the Saxon Civil War , the old imperial castle was besieged, conquered and badly damaged. The so-called Old Castle , which is now known as the Old Castle , was probably built on its foundation walls afterwards, and received some major renovations in the 16th century.
The old castle
The so-called Old Castle , which was built until 1522 on the foundation walls of the Dornburg ministerial castle , which was badly damaged in the Saxon Civil War in 1451, is the northernmost and oldest of the three Dornburg castles . Any existing parts of the previous ministerial castle were included in its construction. From 1562 to 1573, Duke Johann Friedrich II of Saxony carried out a further renovation and expansion of the palace. During the Thirty Years' War , the city and castle were plundered and devastated by imperial Croats . The castle was the widow seat of Wettin princely widows three times. After Duke Ernst August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach had moved out of the palace in 1717, the castle lost its importance and became the seat of administration of the Office Dornburg. From 1750 the castle was used, among other things, as a cotton mill, barchent (textile) factory and school. The castle began to fall into disrepair in the 19th century. Grand Duke Carl Alexander von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach had the first monument preservation work carried out on the palace in 1883. After 1945 the old castle was used as a retirement home at times , but continued to fall into disrepair in the following decades. After German reunification, the Old Palace was transferred to the Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation on June 26, 1995 . It was then extensively restored with subsidies and has since been open to the public as part of pre-booked tours from April to October. The old castle of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena has served as a meeting place since 2004 .
Rococo castle
The Rococo castle is the middle and youngest of the three Dornburg castles. From 1732, Duke Ernst August von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach had over 21 town houses demolished as part of his plans for a large army show in the Saale Valley based on the model of the Zeithain pleasure camp August the Strong , and the rococo palace built in their place by the chief builder Richter . The previous building of today's castle was built on the foundation walls of the clerk's house.
Due to structural defects, however , the castle had to be demolished again. The master builder Gottfried Heinrich Krohne from Franconia rebuilt today's residential building ( corps de logis ) including side pavilions by 1747. After its completion, the palace was hardly used by the ducal family, and all the side and farm buildings that had been completed up to that point, except for the current stables, were put down. From 1776, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as the ducal minister, used the castle as quarters for official stays in the Dornburg office, as the so-called Goethe Castle did not become the property of the duke until after 1800. From 1816 to 1817, Duke Carl August von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach had the palace extensively renovated and set up as a summer palace. In the winter of 1818/19, the Duchy's state parliament met in the castle for its first session. The state parliament convened by the duke was the first parliament of a constitutional monarchy in Germany. From 1900 the Rococo castle was used as a museum. A lack of building maintenance measures led to structural deterioration, which led to the closure of the castle around 2000. The rococo castle underwent a thorough renovation in the following years and has been open to visitors again since June 2006.
Renaissance castle
This also Stohmann'sches castle or Goethe-castle -called Renaissance -Schloss is the southernmost and second oldest of the three Dornburg Castles. It was built in 1539 by Volrad von Watzdorf instead of a manor house built in the 14th century . The von Watzdorf family came into possession of the Lords of Thüna and von Eberstein through inheritance. Because the owner of Watzdorf was over-indebted , the castle was sold to Duke Johann Wilhelm von Sachsen-Weimar in 1571 . After his death in 1573, the castle was inherited by his son, Duke Friedrich Wilhelm I of Saxe-Weimar . Around 1600 the castle came into the possession of the locksmith Wolfgang Zetsching and remained in the possession of this family for 4 generations.
From 1605 to 1608 the building was expanded with additions to the palace in the style of the late Saxon Renaissance . In 1715 the bailiff Arnold bought the castle. Since the property was in debt, the castle came to Duke Ernst August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1739 . However, in 1755 the creditors forced the castle to be auctioned. Hofrat Scheibe became the new owner of the Renaissance palace, who bequeathed it to his son. He sold the castle to Gottlob Ludwig Stohmann . After his death in 1824, Grand Duke Carl August von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach acquired the manor house of the former manor and had it converted and expanded into a residential palace. The English landscape garden that still exists today was created at this time.
After the death of Grand Duke Carl August, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe retired to Dornburg and lived in the Renaissance castle from July 7th to September 11th, 1828. Here he wrote his Dornburg poems .
The Renaissance castle has been used as a museum as a Goethe memorial since 1922 . Around 1960, neo-Gothic furnishing elements from the design phase from 1824, a staircase and the furnishing of the so-called heraldic room, were removed. In the former coat of arms room, wall paneling from the Jena Castle, which was demolished in 1905, was installed instead.
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Others
The Dornburg castles are surrounded by an English landscape garden and a French baroque garden with terraces , rose trellises and vineyards . The gardens are freely accessible; The visit to the Renaissance and Rococo castles is subject to a fee; the old castle can only be visited as part of special tours. It is possible to rent conference rooms for events. Since the completion of the gardens of the old castle in 2005, access to all three castles has been possible again via the old connecting paths.
literature
- Johann Gottlob Samuel Schwabe: Historical-antiquarian news from the former kaiserl. Palatinate town Dornburg an der Saale: a contribution to the German antiquities, and to the history of the Middle Ages: collected from documents, chronicles and other reliable sources and communicated; With 2 coppers and enclosures 1825 digitized
- Jürgen Maria Pietsch: Dornburg: from Otto I to Goethe , Edition Akanthus, 2002 digitized
- Helmut-Eberhard Paulus, Dietger Hagner, Achim Todenhöfer: Dornburger Palaces and Gardens (Official Guide of the Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation) . Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin / Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-422-02321-5 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Message from the MDR dated December 12, 2008 ( page no longer available , search in web archives )
- ↑ Conference - Rivers and river valleys as economic and communication routes
- ^ Lastly Baderich von Mühlingen and Dornburg 1233
- ↑ Leopold von Ledebur : The Counts of Valkenstein am Harz and their regular comrades. Berlin 1842. p. 110.
- ^ Günther von Lindow-Ruppin
- ↑ Information on guided tours of the palace at the Thuringian Palaces and Gardens Foundation or at the ticket office in the Renaissance palace
- ↑ Dirk Endler: The Jena Castle. The residence of the Duchy of Saxony-Jena, Rudolstadt 1999, p. 37
Coordinates: 51 ° 0 ′ 21 ″ N , 11 ° 40 ′ 4 ″ E