Kunitzburg
| Kunitzburg | ||
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 The ruins of the Kunitzburg, palas and tower remains |
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| Alternative name (s): | Gleißberg Castle | |
| Creation time : | around 1100 | |
| Castle type : | Hilltop castle | |
| Conservation status: | ruin | |
| Standing position : | Ministeriale | |
| Place: | Kunitz , district of Jena | |
| Geographical location | 50 ° 57 '39 " N , 11 ° 38' 52" E | |
| Height: | 300 m above sea level NN | |
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The Gleißberg Castle , today mostly called Kunitzburg after the Jena district Kunitz below , is the ruin of a hilltop castle at 300 m above sea level. NN five kilometers northeast of the city at the northern end of the so-called " horseshoe ". This is formed by the Jenzig and the steep Großer Gleisberg protruding west into the Saale valley . The ruin belongs to the Golmsdorf corridor .
history
According to JC Zenker, the first owners of the castle were probably the Lords and Voigte von Glisberg. A Voigt Erwin von Glisberg built a castle on the Veitsberg in 974 . Another gentleman from Glisberg, Walther von Glisberg , brother of the " fat " Bishop Hildeward von Naumburg, founded the Schottenkloster in Erfurt in 1036 . On July 9, 1075, a Herman von Glizberg decided the battle at Homburg Monastery . The wife of Heinrich von Groitzsch , Bertha von Glizberg (also Bertha von Gelhausen ), without children, founded the monastery in Thalbürgel , the place of the graves of her parents, in 1132 , and a little later, after the death of her brother Ekbert, she founded one Foundation in Thalbürgel “for seven pious sisters”.
A noble free Liutoldus de Glizberg was mentioned in 1133 in the approval of Bishop Udo von Naumburg for the foundation of the Benedictine monastery Bürgel . It is believed that he died without descendants. In addition, an alleged deed of foundation by Bertha from 1133 is still under discussion, especially in older literature. The document reports on the death of her uncle Walther ( patrui Woltheri ) and her brother Ekbert von Gleißberg ( Glizberk ) and the consent of their relatives Otto von Kirchberg and Luthold von Gleißberg as well as the names of their parents Damian and Ottilie. Even Otto Dobenecker had recognized this document as a forgery of a Hans Basil of Gleichenstein from the year 1729th A frequently assumed connection with the "Counts of Glizburg (Gleisberg)" mentioned by Arnold von Quedlinburg as the ancestors of the bailiffs of Weida is unlikely. It is more likely that Gleissberg was erroneously read instead of Veitsberg, especially since connections between the bailiffs in the area around Gleißberg cannot be proven for this time.
In his research on the history of the Franconian noble family of the Reginbodonen, Wolfgang Hartmann assumes the existence of an "Ekbert von Gleißberg" and sees in him the father "Liutolds von Gleißberg" and brother Berthas (the founder of the monastery Bürgel and wife of the Margrave Heinrich von Groitzsch ). He also assigns the nobles of Camburg , the burgraves of Kirchberg- Kapellendorf and other families in the area to this branch of the Reginbodonen .
In 1158 Frederick I raised the Gleißberg ( Glizberg ) mountains with the castle of the same name and Jenzig to imperial estates, along with other possessions from the inheritance of Wiprecht von Groitzsch . A little later the castle was occupied by imperial ministers who named themselves after the castle Gleißberg. These servants, who apparently originally came from the von Pappenheim and Kalden family of the Palatinate , were family members of the Lords of Weimar . The most famous representative is Walter von Weimar, who was first mentioned in 1154 as villicus von Allstedt among the witnesses of a royal charter. The family provided the governors of the Schottenkloster St. Jakob in Erfurt and were venerated there as donors. A castrum Glizberg is first mentioned in a document in 1261.
Allegedly, the Roman-German King Rudolf von Habsburg is said to have destroyed Gleißberg Castle in 1289/90 when he had 66 (60?) Castles demolished to reclaim imperial land in Thuringia. A document dated December 17, 1293, which was issued by Walter IV von Gleißberg at the castle, makes this seem unlikely.
With Walther von Glisberg, this family is said to have died out in 1317.
The lords of Gleißberg did not manage to run an effective economy in the 13th and 14th centuries. Goods belonging to the castle had to be sold several times. In addition, land was repeatedly lost through donations to the church and legal disputes. For reasons that are not exactly comprehensible, probably due to a lack of money, the Gleißbergers came under the feudal rule of the Dornburg taverns around 1320 , to which they were equal up until then. They continued to sit in the castle as vassals until they sold them to Heinrich II. Reuss von Plauen for 150 marks in 1327 . Heinrich V von Gleißberg then probably lived in Weimar, while his brother Johannes entered the clergy. The rule of the Gleißberger was ended.
In 1327 the later Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian enfeoffed Heinrich II. Reuss von Plauen with the castle. Either the feudal rule of the taverns of Dornburg was compensated, or Emperor Ludwig did not recognize it. Until at least 1350 Gleißberg was considered an imperial fief, because it is not listed as a Wettin estate in the fief book of Margrave Friedrich the Strict . In 1359 the fiefdom for the younger Reuss line was confirmed by Plauen. At the time when Heinrich II. Von Reuss bought the castle, he was the guardian of the underage Margrave of Meißen Friedrich II. And used his money to acquire the rule for his family. Based on this fact, the Wettins raised claims on Gleißberg.
The margraves emerged victorious from the mutual claims made by the Wettins and the Bohemian kings, who were also German emperors in Charles IV . When Heinrich Reuss IV died in 1398, Margrave Wilhelm moved in as a settled fiefdom. The Russias had understood it, the rule through effective business and acquisitions into an impressive manorial expand.
Since the end of the 14th century, the castle has been pledged to the various rulers of Thuringia and ultimately incorporated into the Wettin administrative organism. Interesting is the evaluation of the rulership in 1429, when it was rhein. Gulden, of the same value as Hildburghausen or Heldburg, was sold. In 1440, with the death of Landgrave Friedrich the Peaceful , Gleißberg was probably incorporated into the Dornburg office . The castle began to deteriorate due to lack of use. Only in the castle chapel was a mass read twice a week by the Kunitz pastor. The masses were only moved to Kunitz on April 28, 1450.
On March 8, 1450, Duke Wilhelm of Saxony enfeoffed his councilor Apel Vitzthum zu Roßla and his brothers Busso and Burkhard as well as Friedrich von Witzleben with Gleißberg, with the obligation to repair the completely deserted and dilapidated castle. The Vitztume played an important role in Thuringia at this time. The duke was probably a slave to them. Taking advantage of his trust, they accumulated riches and possessions to the detriment of the duke. In 1450 it came to a break when Wilhelm recognized the true role of Vitztume. They were driven out of the country.
Wilhelm of Saxony allied himself with the cities of Erfurt, Nordhausen and Mühlhausen and stormed Gleißberg Castle in 1451. The Vitztume had repaired the castle as far as this was possible in the short time. After the castle was stormed, the keep was torn down in 1453. A bailiff sat in the castle for a short time. But there was no reconstruction and the castle remained in ruins.
Preserved building structure and dating
Only a few remains of the castle have survived in ruins, including the wall of a residential building, a semicircular tower , small remains of the curtain wall with buttresses , the stump of a round keep and a partially excavated castle well . In the north and west the castle is secured by an extremely steep slope and to the south and east by deep trenches that separate the outer bailey from the main castle .
Exact dates based on extensive archaeological finds or construction studies are not yet available. Reading finds, especially ceramics, can only generally be dated to the 12th to 15th centuries. The massive residential building directly above the steep rock slope was probably not built or rebuilt until after 1300 due to two seating niche windows with two-lane rectangular windows that were used in Thuringia at this time. The construction of the keep can be classified in the period from 1200 to 1250.
Others
As the last inhabitant of the castle which in 1809 arrived in Jena is Swedish countess whose real name - Hedwig Carolina E (c) kmann - from Malmö known she lived until 1815 with their children, a son, a daughter and a maid one built on the ruins Log house and lived on handicrafts and agriculture. Allegedly she was a relative of the Swedish King Gustav IV, who was dethroned in 1809. After 1815 she lived in Swabia, and for some time in Weinsberg . Contrary to the older claim, she was not a countess, but perhaps involved in the Swedish coup of March 1809 . She died on September 9, 1839 in Stuttgart at the age of 70.
literature
- Thomas Bienert: Medieval castles in Thuringia. 430 castles, castle ruins and fortifications . Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2000, ISBN 3-86134-631-1 , p. 133-134: Kunitzburg .
- Ernst Devrient : Gleißberg. History of the castle and the lords of Gleißberg near Jena. In: Journal of the Association for Thuringian History and Archeology. New series vol. 12, issue 1, 1900, ZDB -ID 200434-3 , pp. 1–136.
- Wolfgang Hartmann: From the Main to Trifels Castle - from Hirsau Monastery to Naumburg Cathedral. On the traces of the Franconian noble family of the Reginbodonen (= publications of the History and Art Association of Aschaffenburg eV, Vol. 52) in the Middle Ages . Aschaffenburg History and Art Association, Aschaffenburg 2004, ISBN 3-87965-098-5 .
- Michael Köhler: Thuringian castles and fortified prehistoric and early historical living spaces . Jenzig-Verlag Köhler, Jena 2001, ISBN 3-910141-43-9 , p. 167: Kunitzburg .
- Hans Patze , Peter Aufgebauer (Ed.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany . Volume 9: Thuringia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 313). 2nd, improved and supplemented edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-520-31302-2 , pp. 244-246.
- Michael Platen, Richard Schäfer: Castles around Jena. From the Camburg to Orlamünde Castle (= publications of the Jena City Museum. Vol. 26, ZDB -ID 503760-8 ). Stadtmuseum Jena, Jena 1978, p. 37.
- Benjamin Rudolph: The castle ruin Gleißberg on the northern edge of Jena. History and structure of a castle destroyed in the Saxon civil war. In: Castles and Palaces. Issue 4, 2004, ISSN 0007-6201 , pp. 219-224.
- Curt Stuhlmann: From the building history of the Kunitzburg. In: Monthly pages for neighbors who are happy to walk. 2. Vol. 5, 1925/1926, ZDB -ID 17848-2 , pp. 123-136.
- Detlef Ignasiak: On the Saale and in Holzland. A cultural and historical guide. 1997, pp. 62-66.
Individual evidence
- ^ JC Zenker: Historisches-topographisches Taschenbuch von Jena 1836 and its surroundings, especially in relation to natural science and medicine. Verlag Rockstuhl, reprint edition 2011, ISBN 978-3-86777-300-3 , p. 122.
- ↑ a b J. C. Zenker: Historisches-topographisches Taschenbuch von Jena 1836 and its surroundings, especially in relation to natural sciences and medicine. Verlag Rockstuhl, reprint edition 2011, ISBN 978-3-86777-300-3 , pp. 118 and 119.
- ↑ Herbert Koch: The Swedish Countess on the Kunitzburg. In: The Thuringian Flag. Monthly magazine for the Central German homeland. 8th vol., Heft 5, 1939, ZDB -ID 401002-4 , pp. 203-209.
- ↑ Detlef Ignasiak: On the Saale and in the woodland. A cultural and historical guide. P. 66.
