Third Czechoslovak Republic
As Third Czechoslovak Republic which is Czechoslovakia referred to in the time from 1945 to 1948.
Shortly before the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, Czechoslovakia disappeared from the map of Europe (cf. smashing the rest of the Czech Republic ). The restoration of Czechoslovakia, later unofficially also the Third Czechoslovak Republic (Czech: Třetí Československá Republika , Slovak: Tretia Československá republika ), was the result of the efforts of the government-in-exile in London with the victorious western allies of the anti-Hitler coalition : France , Great Britain and the United States .
liberation
The Third Czechoslovak Republic was liberated mainly by the Red Army , with intensive support from the Czechoslovak Army formed in the Soviet Union . This took Bratislava on April 4 and Prague on May 9, 1945. The south-western Czech Republic was liberated by the 3rd US Army ( General Patton ). The Prague Uprising broke out in the capital between May 5th and 9th . The occupation of Prague by the Red Army on May 9th also ended the struggle of the Czechoslovak resistance against the Nazi regime .
On April 4, 1945, the Red Army occupied Bratislava ; from this point on, the entire Slovak territory was under Soviet control. Tiso fled to Bavaria in the Reich territory . The escape of the rest of the government did not come to an end until May 8, 1945, when they were in Kremsmünster, Austria, before XX. US Corps under General Walton Walker signed the surrender .
After Berlin fell on May 2, 1945, the Prague uprising against the Germans broke out on May 5 . On the night of May 6th, the insurgents asked the Allies for support. The right flank of the 1st Ukrainian Front began the attack a day earlier than the rest of the troops; it reached the northern Ore Mountains towards the evening of May 7th and intervened in the fighting for Dresden , which was completely occupied on May 8th.
On the morning of May 7th, the other two fronts began their attacks. They forced the 1st Panzer Army , which would have threatened the encirclement, to retreat east of Olomouc .
The 3rd and 4th Guards Army of the 1st Ukrainian Front advanced 80 kilometers on the night of May 9, took the Czechoslovak capital together with partisans in the morning and thus encircled the main forces of the German group north of Prague. May 11th and 11th were taken prisoner of war.
On May 10, the Red Army met the Americans near Chemnitz and on May 11 near Budweis .
Territorial reorganization
Czechoslovakia was restored to its 1937 borders. The Carpathian Ukraine remained in spite of the occupation by the Soviet Union still part of the state, near Bratislava in 1946 the so-called could also Pressburger bridgehead at the expense of Hungary enlarged and a 4400 km² large land strips as in Plan Morgenthau be purchased in the East was originally planned. This was the largest expansion of Czechoslovakia after World War II.
Bratislava bridgehead
The Czechoslovak delegation was at the Paris Peace Conference in 1946 , the enlargement of the bridgehead by the inclusion of five Hungarian towns ( Rusovce / Karlsburg / Oroszvár , Jarovce / Croatian Jahrndorf / Horvátjárfalu , Čunovo / Sarndorf / Dunacsúny , Rajka / Rage village and Bezenye / Pallersdorf / kroat. Bizonja ) in order to strategically protect the Slovak capital.
Finally, the peace conference divided the area in question in a ratio of 3: 2, so that Rajka and Bezenye remained with Hungary , while Jarovce, Rusovce and Čunovo came to Czechoslovakia. On October 15, 1947 then the assignment on the part of Hungary and was handed over the 65 square kilometer area of the former Czechoslovakia, which the Okres Bratislava V struck. However, part of the bridgehead returned to Hungary in 1947.
Loss of Carpathian Ukraine
The territory of Carpathian Ukraine was temporarily again part of Czechoslovakia, and a Czechoslovak delegation was sent to the area. But real power lay in the hands of the local national committees formed everywhere, whose contact with the Czechoslovak authorities was systematically prevented by the Soviets. Edvard Beneš banned the activities of the Hungarian, German and Russophile parties as well as the fascist Fencik party . Practically only the Communists and the Prague supporters were left. On November 26, 1944, a meeting of the national committees in Mukacheve, on the initiative of the communists of Mukacheve, finally spoke out in favor of affiliation with the Soviet Union as "Transcarpathian Ukraine". This was a decision by Josef Stalin himself. After subsequent negotiations between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, in which the communists from Czechoslovakia (who had been partly controlled from Moscow since the Second World War ) persuaded Beneš to cede the area to the Soviet Union, it was agreed to hand over the area to the Soviet Union in 1946. In July 1948 the area was officially ceded to the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union.
Borders with Hungary
When the Kingdom of Hungary was occupied by the Red Army on April 4, 1945 , the borders with the Third Republic did not change, only the Carpathian Ukraine and a strip of land in eastern Hungary, between the Carpathian Ukraine and occupied by the Czechoslovak troops before the complete occupation of Hungary Romania, came under Czechoslovak administration. At the Paris Peace Conference of 1946 , Hungary had to surrender southern Slovakia, which it had acquired in the First Vienna Arbitration Award in 1938 , and the annexed part in eastern Slovakia . In return, Czechoslovakia returned the 4400 km² strip to Hungary in 1946.
Residents
After the Second World War, Czechoslovakia suffered around 150,000 military and 418,000 civilian casualties. Of these, 350,000 were Jews who perished in the Holocaust . At the end of 1945 around 100,000 Carpathian Germans were expelled from Slovakia. In April and May 1945 an estimated 1.6 million Germans were evacuated from Polish Silesia and resettled to Bohemia and Moravia. In May 1945 an estimated 4.5 million Germans remained on the territory of Czechoslovakia. In July 1945 Czechoslovakia had around 14,882 million inhabitants. Due to the forced resettlement , the number of inhabitants in the 1947 census (see below) fell to approx. 12.5 million. The population density was approx. 78.9 (1946) inhabitants per km².
Situation of the Jews
The Jewish population of Czechoslovakia had fallen sharply due to the Holocaust . Only about 15,000 Carpathian-Ruthenian Jews survived in the east of the country . As a reaction to the occupation of the Carpathian Ukraine by the Soviet Union , around 8,500 surviving Jews decided to emigrate from the Carpathian Ukraine to the unoccupied state and were given the new Czechoslovak citizenship between 1946/47. Old Jewish communities that survived the annihilation were re-established. In November 1946, the number of Jews in Slovakia was estimated at 30,000, of which 24,000 were Orthodox Jews. In the Czech lands there were 24,395 people of Jewish faith, of whom 19,123 were Orthodox.
Members of the Zionist youth group Mizrahi Bene Akiva (financed by the Joint Distribution Committee ) together with the re-established Jewish Party of Czechoslovakia supported the preparation of the state of Israel . Still, the Jewish survivors faced numerous difficulties. The majority had no relatives and economic resources were lacking. Many obstacles have made returning property difficult. In addition, numerous Jews belonging to the minorities were often excluded and refused to leave the country. In some cases, the KSČ deprived minority Jews of their regained property. The new judicial procedures from 1946 on property restitution were often extremely slow and were mostly abandoned after the end of the Third Republic. But there were also cases in which German-speaking Jews were expelled. Hostility towards the non-Czechoslovak population of Jewish faith reached a climax in the Topoľčany pogrom in the Slovak city of Topoľčany , in which 47 Jews were injured.
The core structure for new Jewish life in post-war Czechoslovakia often consisted of Jewish religious communities. In 1947 the government officially recognized 32 such communities in Bohemia (before the war there were 162), 13 in Moravia (previously 45) and 6 in Silesia (previously 11). There were 79 parishes that were revived in Slovakia. For this, religious life had to be severely restricted.
In September 1945, the Council of Jewish Religious Communities in Bohemia and Moravia was founded under the leadership of Arnošt Frischer . The organization was mainly active in Slovakia and was a great supporter of Emanuel Frieder , the most active Jewish supporter of Beneš. Since he, as President, promised the Jews a new social position. Although many Jewish associations in the country's interior ministry were allowed to participate in their pre-war activities, the Jews lacked numerous arguments against the anti-Semitic KSČ, which, contrary to Beneš's compromise, was preparing to restrict Czechoslovak Jewry .
In 1948, of the original 54,000 Jews, only 20,000 Jewish residents remained in the Third Republic, and more than 24,000 Jews emigrated to Israel and overseas. There were about 4,500 Jews in Carpathian Ukraine. The communist coup on February 25 marked a new period in Czechoslovak Jewish history.
Attempted resettlement by Roma
During the Second World War , a large part of the Roma in Czechoslovakia disappeared . Shortly after the war there were around 600 to 1000 Roma in Carpathian Ukraine. The first official census in 1947 registered over 101,190 Roma in the territory of Czechoslovakia (including Carpathian Ukraine), of whom 16,752 lived in the Czech part of the country and the remaining 84,438 in Slovakia and Carpathian Ukraine. The rapid growth of the Roma population in the Czech part was caused by mass migration from Slovakia and Carpathian Ukraine. The decisive factor here was the need to compensate for the loss of population in the border areas. In post-war Czechoslovakia, to compensate for the population loss, Slovak, Romanian and Hungarian Roma as well as Roma from the Soviet Union were increasingly settled in the Czech border areas, in which German Bohemians and German Moravians had lived up to that point , as well as in industrial areas such as today's Ústecký kraj , Liberecký kraj or Moravskoslezský kraj .
The 1947 census
Since the province of Carpathian Ukraine, which is under Soviet administration, and the Bratislava bridgehead were excluded from the 1947 census, dates from 1945 were given in advance. Compared with the results of 1945, the census showed a dramatic decrease in the number of people due to the expulsion of the Germans. Another very noticeable change was in Slovakia. Despite emigrating to Bohemia, the number of Roma in Slovakia rose from almost 85,000 in 1945 to 93,000 in 1947. Apart from this exception, the number of ethnic minorities generally declined - a process that had been going on throughout the 20th century. It has lasted in the 19th century, but may have accelerated through nationalist pressure, but above all through the desolate economic conditions of the Third Republic. In addition, there was a shift in the ethnic majority in some areas due to the immigration of several thousand Czechoslovak war refugees from Hungary and the eastern regions of the German Empire between 1945 and 1946 and from the province of Carpathian Ukraine after 1945. Accordingly, the ethnic image of the province of Carpathian Ukraine and Pressburg also changed Bridgehead in which the census could not be carried out. Especially in the areas where the Magyars made up the majority of the population before 1945, the ethnic composition is likely to have developed in the direction of Hungarian homogeneity. Before 1945, in addition to the Hungarian minority, there was also a strong minority of Sudeten Germans, who made up around three million. The Jewish population in Prague remained stable.
Military situation
On May 25, 1945, the provisional organization of the Czechoslovak Army , the Czechoslovak Army in Exile, set up a new army, consisting of all Czechoslovak soldiers who fought against National Socialism on all fronts in World War II and supported the Allies. When the Czechoslovak Corps from the USSR took the Carpathian Ukraine in October 1944, the military began to mobilize the population of the region and pulled in almost all of the residents who were fit for military service. In Kassa program cooperation with the Soviet Union was committed. In May 1945 the re-established Czechoslovak army was divided into over 16 infantry divisions, supplemented by several tank corps and artillery divisions. In March 1946, the army had around 750,000 soldiers. However, there was a lack of material and money. After the war, the army was also given the task of expelling the Germans. In 1947 the army was greatly reduced and a number of units disappeared. After the seizure of power, many army officers were dismissed and replaced by pro-communist ones. In addition, generals who fought on the side of the Western powers during World War II were convicted in political show trials.
German prisoners of war
A total of around half a million German soldiers were in Czechoslovak captivity in 1945, and around 130,000 of them were released again very quickly. The Third Republic of the Soviet Union made the remaining prisoners of war available for the reconstruction of their country. Czechoslovakia alone forced around 50,000 prisoners to do forced labor as deminers or to repair the damage caused. Some had to work in harsh mining conditions. Many were only able to return home in 1947. For those who were sent into Soviet captivity, the chance of survival was poor; around 30 percent of the prisoners extradited to the Soviet Union died. The last survivors did not return to Germany until 1956.
Mine clearings 1944 to 1947
One of the most important tasks of the Czechoslovak Army after World War II was mine clearance. During nationwide mine clearance operations from 1944 to 1947, around 12.5 million mines and 74 million pieces of ammunition (bombs, cartridges, etc.) were found and destroyed. 23,000 soldiers were deployed, 3470 of whom were killed in the removal.
Arms production and armament
In 1945, the ČSR and the Soviet Union signed a contract for the delivery of military equipment and the granting of license replicas for the equivalent of 700 million US dollars. As counter-financing, the Czechoslovak state ran a strong arms production facility by copying weapons and vehicles of the former Wehrmacht and then handing them over to the Soviet Union, which, however, put a heavy strain on the weak economy. The development of the armaments industry and the further armament and modernization of the re-established army, especially in the transport sector, served primarily to defend the state. The defense budget rose from 2.4 billion kroner in 1945 to 2.7 billion kroner in 1947, which was the third highest armaments budget in Europe at the time. As of January 1, 1948, the army had 756,481 soldiers and of the 164 active generals 37 were members of the Soviet Army.
Arms deliveries to Israel
Between June 1947 and October 31, 1949, the Third Czechoslovak Republic and its successor state supplied the Israeli army with weapons, some of which were former weapons of the German armed forces that had remained on the territory of the state. One of the first major contracts, signed on January 14, 1948, included an arms delivery of 200 MG-34 machine guns, 4,500 P-18 rifles and 50,400,000 rounds of ammunition. Israel paid around 700 million US dollars for the weapons and also received weapons from the Soviet Union through its partner Czechoslovakia .
Annual history
| Chronology 1945–1948 | |
|---|---|
| April 1945: | Establishment of the Third Republic and installation of the Czechoslovak government in Košice |
| May 8, 1945: | Prague uprising |
| Nov 28, 1945: | First nationalizations of banks, insurance companies and two thirds of industry. |
| 1946: | Czechoslovak parliamentary elections of 1946, the KSČ triumphs and receives 93 seats in parliament. |
| 1947: | economic and political crisis. Foreign aid and accession to the Marshall Plan are rejected under pressure from the Soviet Union |
| Feb. 20, 1948: | Resignation of all ministers |
| March 1948: | literary dissolution of the Third Republic |
1945
The so-called Third Republic (1945–1948) was established in April 1945. The government was installed in Košice on April 4 and moved to Prague in May , where a coalition of the National Front and the three socialist parties - KSČ , Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party and Czech National Social Party was built. The Slovak People's Party was banned for collaborating with the Nazis. Other conservative, still democratic parties, such as the Republican Party , were hindered from resuming activities in the post-war period. The Catholic People's Party (in Moravia) and the Slovak Democratic Party were considered acceptable non-socialist parties in the coalition. In addition, 61.2 percent of the state's industrial workforce was nationalized. A provisional national assembly was elected on October 14, 1945, which began with the slow rebuilding of democracy. Beneš tried to contain the KSČ in order to avoid a coup in the post-war period, but he was so naive to hope that the democratic process would be restored with a more equitable distribution of power. Beneš had negotiated a Soviet alliance, but at the same time hoped to be able to install Czechoslovakia as a “bridge” between East and West, and therefore maintained contacts with both sides. The first party secretary of KSČ Klement Gottwald was already planning a coup at this time. The KSČ used the enthusiasm that Czechoslovakia had shown for the Soviet liberators to shape its profile. Since the Czechoslovaks were still bitterly disappointed by the West because of the Munich Agreement , 30% of the people reacted positively to the KSČ and the Soviet Alliance. The communists had established themselves as a strong representation among the people and so 94 of the 120 representatives of the Central Council of Trade Unions were communists. Between May 1945 and May 1946 the KSČ grew from 27,000 to over 1.1 million members.
1946
In the May 1946 elections, KSČ won in the Czech part of the country (40.17%), while the anti-communist Democratic Party in Slovakia won (62%). The KSČ was, however, 38% strong overall, making it the strongest party in the country. Beneš remained President of the Republic, and Jan Masaryk , the son of the founding father, continued to be Foreign Minister. Gottwald became the new Prime Minister and was thus able to take control of some key ministries such as the Ministry of Commerce, Finance and the Ministry of the Interior (including the police apparatus). This enabled the communists to suppress the non-communist opposition and thus created a basis for a takeover attempt.
The election results in detail in 1946:
| Political party | Brief description | Mandate share |
Number of mandates |
|---|---|---|---|
| Komunistická strana Československa (KSČ) | Czech communists | 31.05% | 93 |
| Československá strana národně socialistická (ČSNS) | People's Socialists | 18.29% | 55 |
| Československá strana lidová (ČSL) | People's Party | 15.64% | 46 |
| Democratická strana (DS) | Democrats | 14.07% | 43 |
| Československá sociálně Demokratická strana dělnická (ČSDSD) | Social democrats | 12.05% | 37 |
| Komunistická strana Slovenska (KSS) | Slovak communists | 6.89% | 21st |
| Strana slobody (SSL) | Party of freedom | 0.85% | 3 |
| Strana práce (SP) | Slovak Social Democrats | 0.71% | 2 |
| total | 100% | 300 | |
1947
The KSČ could continue to proclaim its national and democratic orientation. The turning point came in the summer of 1947. In July, the Czechoslovak government, with the approval of the KSČ, received an invitation to participate in the Marshall Plan . The Soviet Union reacted immediately to the Czechoslovak move; forced by Stalin, the KSČ withdrew its decision. In the months that followed, the party showed a clear radicalization of its tactics. The KSČ argued that a reactionary coup was imminent and that immediate action was necessary to prevent it. She intensified her activities through the media and the police. At the KSČ meeting in November 1947, the new party program was announced across the country. In addition, the state got into economic problems due to the bad harvests in autumn and the failure of the Marshall Plan. The US and Canada offered free help; However, the KSČ caused the purchase of grain and potatoes in the Soviet Union and thus became economically dependent.
1948
In January 1948, almost all interior ministries in Czechoslovakia were under communist control; in the Czechoslovak security forces, non-communists were replaced by communists. At the same time, the KSČ started new nationalizations. A government crisis coincided with the February coup . The KSČ had managed to suppress the non-communists with the Ministry of the Interior and the police and security forces. Other non-communist parties then called for this oppression to be stopped. That is why the People's Socialists resigned from the cabinet in protest on February 20 . The Catholic People's Party and the Slovak Democratic Party followed. The twelve non-communist ministers resigned to persuade Beneš to hold the early elections, as large communist losses were expected from the recent failed KSČ tactic. A poll in January showed a drop in communist election support of over 10 percent. The People's Socialists moved out of parliament without sufficient clarification with Beneš. But the democratic parties made no effort to secure popular support. The Czechoslovak Army remained neutral despite the great danger. On February 25, Beneš resigned, perhaps out of fear of Soviet intervention. He accepted the resignation of all ministers and appointed a new cabinet from a list submitted by Gottwald. The new cabinet was dominated by communists and pro-Soviet social democrats. This act marked the beginning of communist rule in Czechoslovakia and ended the Third Republic.
The successor state was the Czechoslovak Republic (1948–1960)
politics
In the Third Czechoslovak Republic, part of the Czechoslovak policy was dependent on the Soviet Union, this process was prepared by the KSČ, which was in Moscow during the war. The public mood at the time was fixated on the liberation and the end of Nazi Germany and was strongly pro-Soviet. The original original multi-party system was greatly reduced, so that there were eventually four parties in the Czech Republic - the strongest was the Communist Party (which won 40.17% of the vote in the elections that year, followed by the CSNS with 23.36%, the Czechoslovak People's Party with 20.24% and the CSSD with 15.58%). After the elections, Klement Gottwald became the state's Prime Minister. Numerous bourgeois reforms were suspended by the abolition of private property and the guarantee of monopoly power. As early as October 1945, the vast majority of industrial companies, banks and insurance companies were nationalized. On March 1, 1947 alone, more than 3,000 companies were nationalized, employing 61% of the country's total population. There have also been numerous political and economic changes in agriculture; during this time large agricultural companies were nationalized. The February coup automatically overruled all other political parties and opinions and marked the beginning of the Cold War . After Beneš's resignation, Jan Masaryk died in the third lintel in Prague, thus ending the era of the Masaryk family.
Foreign policy
The fate of the Third Republic was decided by foreign policy. The National Front government advocated a close alliance with the Soviet Union. Although the motif bridge between East and West was very popular among the population, it was not the aim of Jan Masaryk's foreign policy . As a result of this failure, the state gradually came under the rule of the Soviet Union. This fact determined the attitude of Czechoslovakia from 1947 onwards. As the United States began to expand its influence into Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union reacted and tried increasingly to influence the Czechoslovak government. As a result, the Czechoslovak government refused to participate in the Marshall Plan in 1947 . Stalin said that Czechoslovak participation in the Marshall Plan was an act directed against the Soviet Union.
Relations with the Soviet Union
In December 1943 a new alliance treaty (for the next 20 years) was signed in Moscow , which guaranteed the military liberation of Czechoslovakia and promised military cooperation between the two countries. From 1944 to May 1945 the Red Army liberated the entire Czechoslovak state. As a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1946 and Poland's shift to the west, the Soviet Union bordered on Czechoslovakia for the first time in history. After the war, the Soviet Union gave a huge loan to the Third Republic and had a strong influence on Czechoslovak foreign policy and the rising power of the KSČ. The activities of the non-communist parties in the Czechoslovak government were systematically prevented. Friendship with the Soviet Union was the main goal of the Third Republic's foreign policy.
Relations with the Western Powers
After the Second World War, relations with the Western powers were strained. Relations with the United States were restored to normal, but were often tense. Relations with Great Britain and France were resumed, despite opposition from their own people. In the post-war period, at the end of 1945, many British joined the Czechs, such as Winston Churchill , and protested against the betrayal of the Munich Agreement , which resulted in an improvement in relations. Relations with the former alliance partner France remained chilled until 1946. A turning point came in 1947 with the Marshall Plan, France and Great Britain strongly advocating the accession of Czechoslovakia. In 1948 the new rulers froze relations with the West for the time being.
Relations with Israel
Czechoslovak-Israeli relations were good from 1947 until the dissolution of the Third Republic. From 1947 to the beginning of 1949, Czechoslovak-Israeli relations were initially untroubled. As part of the UN, the republic supported the formation of a Jewish state in part of Palestine . Czechoslovakia was very interested in a Jewish state in order to offer its own Jewish population another opportunity to leave the country. She hoped to achieve this goal with the establishment of a Jewish state and therefore voted with the USA on January 29, 1947 in the UN General Assembly for the partition of Palestine. The ČSR supplied Israel with weapons (above), provided economic aid and made it possible for numerous Jews to immigrate to Israel. The enthusiasm of the Czechoslovak Jews for the new state of Israel, which was expressed in a mass campaign by the Jewish party in September 1947, was soon dampened by the February revolution.
In 1948, Czechoslovakia was also one of the first countries to recognize Israel. Prague had strongly supported the struggle to establish the country.
Bridge between East and West
Although the Czechoslovak government in exile showed a certain ambition for the new motto Bridge between East and West at the end of the Second World War , in order to be able to exist neutrally between the USSR and the Western powers, the Czech and especially the Ukrainian inhabitants signaled a pro-Soviet attitude. The reasons for this were the disappointment with the Munich Agreement , the Soviet liberation and the Soviet-Czechoslovak alliance treaty of 1943 . In 1944, Stalin promised Beneš not to interfere in Czechoslovak domestic politics, giving Jan Masaryk and other parties a chance to achieve their political goal through the press and radio. However, numerous concessions were made by the Soviet Union and the growing power of the KSČ posed a threat to Massarky's policies. After the 1946 elections, the target was only popular with a third of the population and the Jewish Party of Czechoslovakia was the only one to appear Promoter of the motto. After the rejection of the Marshall Plan, the goal had failed and any political remembrance was eliminated by the KSČ in 1948 at the latest.
economy
The Czechoslovak economy was in excellent shape after World War II. With the exception of a few air raids on the Škoda plants in Pilsen , the economy remained practically untouched by the war. There was capacity, technology and professionals. The Third Republic was forced to reject the Marshall Plan in 1947 by direct order from Moscow . As a result of this decision, the state ran into economic problems and had to buy grain and potatoes from the Soviet Union. The Czechoslovak industry began to orient itself to the east and the era of socialist planning and five-year plans came. Nevertheless, the term Bohemia Crystal , for example, was very well known in the world. The glass industry, but also the textile and chemical industries, maintained their top level during the Third Republic. The war reparations from Hungary in the amount of $ 100,000,000 and economic aid from the West in 1945/46 also helped.
The first nationalizations began on November 28, 1945, and by the end of 1947 around two thirds of the banks and companies had been nationalized by the KSČ. The regenerating Jewish economy was also affected. It was the largest nationalization of the post-war period.
The former stamps from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia were changed by stamps as a sign of victory.
A monument to Josef Stalin (left) and Klement Gottwald (right)
Passport issued in the Third Czechoslovak Republic in 1947
News of the German surrender on May 9, 1945
See also
literature
- John E. Jessup: A chronology of conflict and resolution. Greenwood Press, New York et al. a. 1989, ISBN 0-313-24308-5 .
- Václav Veber: Osudové únorové dny. Nakl. Lidové Noviny, Prague 2008, ISBN 978-80-7106-941-6 . (Czech)
- Karel Kaplan: Pravda o Československu 1945–1948. Panorama, Prague 1990, ISBN 80-7038-193-0 .
Web links
- Map of Czechoslovakia based on the Morgenthau Plan
- Treaty of friendship, mutual aid and cooperation after the war between the Czechoslovak Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Individual evidence
- ↑ Members of the Slovak government had the document of surrender both before General Walton Walker and - such as B. in Hoensch (p. 246 , 304) and mentioned in another source - to be signed in front of the US Brigadier General WA Collier named there.
- ↑ zgv.de ( Memento from October 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ yivoencyclopedia.org
- ↑ Book Československá milost, Chapter 24.
- ↑ zpravy.idnes.cz
- ↑ Výsledky voleb v Československu, online at: www.czso.cz (Czech Stat. Office) (PDF; 1.1 MB), Czech, accessed on December 2, 2010.
- ^ Rüdiger Alte: The Foreign Policy of Czechoslovakia and the Development of International Relations 1946-1947.
- ^ Katrin Bock: The Jewish community in Prague in the 20th century. Report on Radio Prague on April 9, 2005
- ↑ ips.stanford.edu ( Memento of the original from March 18, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The history of the Czech economy
