Colored pencil

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Different colored pencils
Front view

A crayon , also colored pencil called, is a writing or drawing instrument with a colored mine ( color leads pen ). Varnished wood is often used as a cover for the mine, as is the case with copier or pencils .

history

Wood-cased red and pastel pencils

The history of the colored pencil is closely linked to the artisanal production of wood-cased pencils . Pencil makers took advantage of their manufacturing technique - the cutting of a mine and their integration into a wooden version - later than the first half of the 18th century for handcrafted wood-cased red chalk and pastel pencils . The production centers of such handcrafted colored pencils with cut leads were Paris , Nuremberg , Augsburg , Schwabach and Potsdam . The wooden version replaced other holding techniques for colored leads, such as reeds , paper sleeves or metal clamp holders .

Wood-cased red and pastel pencils in the 18th century reduced the problem of the great fragility of writing materials and the contamination of the hands when drawing . Red pencils already covered a color spectrum from light to dark red as well as purple red and reddish brown. However, they were to no fine lines, because they only poorly because of the fragility of the cut mine pointed left. In addition, the cut red helmets varied in their hardness and color. Wood-cased pastel pencils were demonstrably manufactured in Nuremberg in various colors at the beginning of the 19th century. They were not suitable for writing , only for drawing. However, the pastel pencil paint adhered relatively poorly to paper and was easy to smudge.

Invention of the crayon based on oil chalk

Color table of the Creta Polycolor colored pencils manufactured by JS Staedtler.

In the centers of lead and colored pencil production in Paris and Nuremberg, craftsmen tried to develop a process for the production of sharpenable, color and hardness constant colored leads analogous to the Conte process or the Viennese method for the production of pencil leads invented by Joseph Hardtmuth . In 1821 the Joel brothers from Paris received a Brevet d'Invention for a manufacturing process for “colored pencil leads”, which, however, did not gain acceptance in craft or industrial production due to the health risks involved in using the colored pencil made in this way.

After multiple attempts in 1834, the Nuremberg pencil maker Johann Sebastian Staedtler succeeded in producing a wood-cased red colored pencil which "could be sharpened to the finest possible level like a pencil" and which had a constant color and hardness. He had developed a process for the production of differently colored oil chalk leads , in which color pigments were first mixed with binding agents , then ground several times, pressed and dried in the oven. In a second step, the dried leads were impregnated with wax. The multi-stage manufacturing process and the impregnation of the leads with wax were the two decisive technological steps from pastel chalk to the basic shape of today's colored pencil, whose inventor Johann Sebastian Staedtler is considered to be the inventor . The company JS Staedtler , which he founded in 1835, specialized in the production of this new wood-cased colored pencil. In 1860 the company produced colored pencils under the product brand "Creta Polycolor" in 100 different colors, for example in "English dark red", "sea green" or "azure blue".

Industrial production and further development

The wood-cased colored pencil based on oil chalk largely replaced the previous pastel and red pencils with their cut, difficult-to-sharpen, non-hardness and color-constant leads, except for artists' needs . From 1857, other companies in Germany as well as in France, Austria and the USA began producing colored pencils on an oil chalk basis on an industrial scale, such as JJ Rehbach in Regensburg or Eberhard Faber in New York . The large industrial manufacturers of pencils, Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth in Budweis and AW Faber in Stein near Nuremberg, who had previously purchased oil chalk mines from JS Staedtler, also started manufacturing oil chalk mines in the late 1850s. Colored wood-cased pencils became an industrially manufactured mass product.

Other colored lead pencils for differentiated applications and different compositions of the mines developed, the 1875 by the Nuremberg pencil factory Swan introduced to the market stylus , the colored carpenter's pencil, the anatomy pin Krokierstift and various fat Mine pins on other substrates as paper, such as about glass, stuck. In the 1920s, the water-soluble watercolor pencil came on the market.

terminology

The terminology for colored wood-cased pencils reflects their technological development and differentiation. While the designation of red, pastel and oil chalk pencils was based on the material or method of manufacture of the lead, from the 2nd half of the 19th century onwards the use of "artist pencil" came to the fore. As a generic name for the various colored wood-cased pencils, the term “colored pencil” became established around 1850: in 1868, for example, the Nuremberg Trade Association examined binders for “colored pencils”. From the last third of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century, the stationery manufacturers mainly used the term “colored pencil” for wooden-cased colored pencils in their catalogs without establishing a generally recognized nomenclature for writing implements. In common parlance, from the end of the 1960s onwards, “colored pencil” was increasingly replaced by the synonymous “colored pencil” and between 1975 and 1995 also by “crayon”. The impetus for this was presumably given by the language used by children after the main use of colored pencils had narrowed to children’s painting and drawing at the end of the 20th century . German manufacturers of colored pencils replaced the term “colored pencil” from around 2000 in their catalogs with “colored pencil”.

Manufacturing

Colored polymer leads in retail packaging

The lead of the colored pencil consists of color pigments , cellulose derivatives as binders , talc and kaolin as fillers, and fats and waxes as impregnating agents . To enable water-soluble additives, such as emulsifiers and surfactants , are added. After the individual components have been mixed together, they are pressed, air-dried and given a wooden casing. In fine lead pencils, however, polymer colored leads are used.

Phthalic acid is often used as a plasticizer in the coating of colored pencils . Phthalate plasticizers include a. For children who chew on crayons, harmful to health for a longer period of time and already banned for toys in the EU .

application

Different colored pencils

In contrast to the pencil , the leads of colored pencils do not draw gray-black, but colored. Colored areas can also be created using closely set lines ( hatching ). By changing the pressure, the intensity of the color applied to the paper can be varied. Thick, soft colored pencils in bright colors are used as highlighters . Colored pencils or crayons are particularly suitable as a starting material for artistic representation techniques, as they combine elements of drawing and painting.

Artist colored pencils can be roughly divided into two categories. A distinction is made between wax-based and oil-based colored pencils. Well-known brands include Cretacolor , Sanford Prismacolor , Faber-Castell Polychromos , Derwent Artist and Coloursoft , Caran d'Ache Pablo and Lyra Rembrandt Polycolor . These pens are available in large assortment boxes containing up to 132 colors. With high-quality colored pencils you can create almost photo-realistic images.

Color pencils are also popular with fashion designers for drawing and coloring. Karl Lagerfeld , for example, used Polychromos pencils for his designs.

Glazing techniques are possible with colored pencils . The pigments of so-called watercolor pencils can be painted with water afterwards . The main difference compared to pencils is that it is very difficult, and often not at all, to erase the lines from commercially available colored pencils .

In the case , which is often used for school use, there are slots for colored pencils.

literature

  • Johannes Bischoff: On the family history of old Nuremberg pencil makers. Nuremberg 1939.
  • Johann Sebastian Staedtler. In: Barbara Christoph, Günter Dippold (Ed.): Patents Franconia. Bayreuth, 2nd edition 2017.
  • Rudolf Geiger: The pencil makers Staedtler and their significance for the history of the pencil. A contribution to the history of Nuremberg's craft and industry. Sebaldus-Verlag, Nuremberg 1952, ISBN 978-3-16-148410-0 .
  • August Jegel: The economic development of Nuremberg-Fürth, Stein and the Nuremberg area since 1806. Spindler, Nuremberg 1952.
  • Eduard Schwanhäußer: The Nuremberg pencil industry and its workers in the past and present. Schrag Verlag, Nuremberg 1895.
  • Ernst Schwanhäusser: pencils, colored pencils, copier pens. In: W. Foerst (Ed.): Ullmanns Encyklopadie der technischen Chemie. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich 3rd edition 1964, pp. 343–347.
  • Jutta Ströter-Bender and Annette Wiegelmann-Bals (eds.): Historical and current children's drawings. A research workshop. Tectum Verlag, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8288-3991-5 .
  • Brigitte Waldschmidt: Mixing colors. The basic book for artists. English publisher , Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 978-3-8241-1377-4 .
  • Paul Wiessner: The beginnings of the Nuremberg factory industry. Pöppinghaus, Langendreer 1929.

Web links

Commons : colored pencil  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: colored pencil  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
  • Anja Kummerow: The colored pencil is 180 years old - an invention from Franconia is going around the world. ( Website article ) In: Mediennetzwerk Bayern. September 24, 2014, accessed May 21, 2020.
  • Julia Sterzik: The crayon celebrates its 175th birthday. ( Website article ) In: wasistwas.de. February 17, 2009, accessed May 21, 2020.
  • Matthias Weinrich: Staedtler Mars - writing and drawing equipment factories. ( Website article ) In: nuernberginfos.de. History, stories and faces of a city. Retrieved May 27, 2020.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ In Nuremberg, for example, wood-cased red pencils can be identified from 1734. Rudolf Geiger: The pencil makers Staedtler and their significance for the history of the pencil. A contribution to the history of Nuremberg's craft and industry. Sebaldus-Verlag, Nuremberg 1952, ISBN 978-3-16-148410-0 , p. 29.
  2. ↑ Johan Heinrich Moritz Poppe: Technological Lexicon or precise description of all mechanical arts, crafts, manufactories and factories, the necessary handles, means, tools and machines, with constant consideration of the needs of the latest times, the most important inventions and discoveries the most tested chemical and mechanical principles to be applied and a complete literature of all branches of technology, including an explanation of all made-up terms. Volume 9, Cotta, Stuttgart 1819, p. 369 ( digitized version ).
  3. ↑ Rudolf Geiger: The pencil makers Staedtler and their significance for the history of the pencil. A contribution to the history of Nuremberg's craft and industry. Sebaldus-Verlag, Nuremberg 1952, ISBN 978-3-16-148410-0 , pp. 9-11.
  4. ↑ Anja Kummerow: The colored pencil is 180 years old - an invention from Franconia is going around the world. ( Website article ) In: Mediennetzwerk Bayern. September 24, 2014, accessed May 21, 2020.
  5. ↑ Unknown author: Something about the production of manufactured goods in Nuremberg. Manuscript, Nuremberg 1808, point 10 (Nuremberg City Archives. Signature HV 4666).
  6. ↑ Rudolf Geiger: The pencil makers Staedtler and their significance for the history of the pencil. A contribution to the history of Nuremberg's craft and industry. Sebaldus-Verlag, Nuremberg 1952, ISBN 978-3-16-148410-0 , pp. 51-52.
  7. ↑ IX. Making colored pencils. In: Johann Gottfried Dingler (Ed.): Dingler's Polytechnisches Journal. Vol. 29, 1828, pp. 38-39 ( digitized version ).
  8. ^ Johann Sebastian Staedtler: To a highly esteemed audience. In: The correspondent from and for Germany. No. 57, Nuremberg 1834.
  9. ↑ Julia Sterzik: The crayon celebrates its 175th birthday. ( Website article ) In: wasistwas.de. February 17, 2009, accessed May 21, 2020.
  10. ^ Price List of JS Staedtler Nuremberg (Germany). Mittler & Eckhardt, London 1860, p. 10 (Staedtler Mars company archive, signature: STUA D 0102 D2).
  11. ↑ Rudolf Geiger: The pencil makers Staedtler and their significance for the history of the pencil. A contribution to the history of Nuremberg's craft and industry. Sebaldus-Verlag, Nuremberg 1952, ISBN 978-3-16-148410-0 , p. 53.
  12. ↑ Ernst Schwanhäußer: Pencils, colored pencils, copier pens. In: W. Foerst (Ed.): Ullmanns Encyklopadie der technischen Chemie. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich 3rd edition 1964, pp. 343–347.
  13. ↑ Color pencil, der ( database lemma ) In: Digital dictionary of the German language, accessed on April 30, 2020.
  14. ↑ Nuremberg City Archives, signature II.8.4., No. 299.
  15. ↑ ZBJS Staedtler (ed.): Illustrated price list. Nuremberg 1908 (Nuremberg City Archives).
  16. ↑ Buntstift, der ( database lemma ) In: Digital dictionary of the German language, accessed on April 30, 2020.
  17. ↑ Malstift, der ( database lemma ) In: Digital dictionary of the German language, accessed on April 30, 2020.
  18. ↑ In 2003 Staedtler Mars replaced “colored pencils” with “colored pencils”. Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co KG (ed.): Edition 2003. Nuremberg 2003 (Nuremberg City Archives).
  19. ↑ Mines - COLOR MINES. ( PDF (approx. 2.3 MB)) In: Faber-Castell - Consumer handbook. faber-castell.de, p. 47 , accessed on December 18, 2017 .
  20. ↑ Refills - POLYMER COLOR MINES. ( PDF (approx. 2.3 MB)) In: Faber-Castell - Consumer handbook. faber-castell.de, p. 47 , accessed on December 18, 2017 .
  21. ^ Back to school: Pollutants in pens, paints and erasers , Stiftung Warentest, September 3, 2008 (accessed online on February 26, 2013).